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Wen Z, Yang M, Fazal A, Han H, Lin H, Yin T, Zhu Y, Yang S, Niu K, Sun S, Qi J, Lu G, Yang Y. Harnessing the power of microbes: Enhancing soybean growth in an acidic soil through AMF inoculation rather than P-fertilization. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae067. [PMID: 38725460 PMCID: PMC11079484 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The low phosphorus (P) availability of acidic soils severely limits leguminous plant growth and productivity. Improving the soil P nutritional status can be achieved by increasing the P-content through P-fertilization or stimulating the mineralization of organic P via arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) application; however, their corresponding impacts on plant and soil microbiome still remain to be explored. Here, we examined the effects of AMF-inoculation and P-fertilization on the growth of soybean with different P-efficiencies, as well as the composition of rhizo-microbiome in an acidic soil. The growth of recipient soybean NY-1001, which has a lower P-efficiency, was not significantly enhanced by AMF-inoculation or P-fertilization. However, the plant biomass of higher P-efficiency transgenic soybean PT6 was significantly increased by 46.74%-65.22% through AMF-inoculation. Although there was no discernible difference in plant biomass between PT6 and NY-1001 in the absence of AMF-inoculation and P-fertilization, PT6 had approximately 1.9-2.5 times the plant biomass of NY-1001 after AMF-inoculation. Therefore, the growth advantage of higher P-efficiency soybean was achieved through the assistance of AMF rather than P-fertilization in available P-deficient acidic soil. Most nitrogen (N)-fixing bacteria and some functional genes related to N-fixation were abundant in endospheric layer, as were the P-solubilizing Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, and annotated P-metabolism genes. These N-fixing and P-solubilizing bacteria were positive correlated with each other. Lastly, the two most abundant phytopathogenic fungi species accumulated in endospheric layer, they exhibited positive correlations with N-fixing bacteria, but displayed negative interactions with the majority of the other dominant non-pathogenic genera with potential antagonistic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongling Wen
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Minkai Yang
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Aliya Fazal
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Hongwei Han
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- School of Life Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Second Normal University, Nanjing 210013, China
| | - Hongyan Lin
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Tongming Yin
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yuelin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shouping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kechang Niu
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shucun Sun
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jinliang Qi
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Guihua Lu
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an 223300, China
| | - Yonghua Yang
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Marques ACR, Tiecher TL, Brunetto G, Vendruscolo D, De Conti L, Ambrosini VG, Miotto A, Rosa DJ, da Silva ICB, Trentin E, Ferreira PAA, Jacques RJS, Pescador R, Comin JJ, Ceretta CA, de Melo GWB, Parent LÉ. Phytoremediation of Cu-contaminated vineyard soils in Brazil: A compendium of Brazilian pot studies. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2023; 52:1024-1036. [PMID: 37533339 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Vineyard soils can be contaminated by copper (Cu) due to successive applications of fungicides and organic fertilizers. Soil remediation can be addressed by altering soil properties or selecting efficient Cu-extracting cover crops tolerant to Cu toxicity. Our objectives were to synthesize the Cu-extracting efficiency by plant species tested in Brazil, classify them according to Cu resistance to toxicity, and assess the effect of soil properties on attenuating Cu toxicity. We retrieved results from 41 species and cultivars, totaling 565 observations. Freshly added Cu varied between 50 and 600 mg Cu kg-1 of soil across studies. The partition of Cu removal between the above- and below-ground portions was scaled as a logistic variable to facilitate data synthesis. The data were analyzed using the Adaboost machine learning model. Model accuracy (predicted vs. actual values) reached R2 = 0.862 after relating species, cultivar, Cu addition, clay, SOM, pH, soil test P, and Cu as features to predict the logistic target variable. Tissue Cu concentration varied between 7 and 105 mg Cu kg-1 in the shoot and between 73 and 1340 mg Cu kg-1 in the roots. Among soil properties, organic matter and soil test Cu most influenced the accuracy of the model. Phaseolus vulgaris, Brassica juncea, Ricinus communis, Hordeum vulgare, Sorghum vulgare, Cajanus cajan, Solanum lycopersicum, and Crotolaria spectabilis were the most efficient Cu-extracting cover crops, as shown by positive values of the logistic variable (shoot removal > root removal). Those Cu-tolerant plants showed differential capacity to extract Cu in the long run.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tadeu Luis Tiecher
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Sul (IFRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Brunetto
- Department of Soil, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Diogo Vendruscolo
- Riograndense Association of Technical Assistance and Rural Extension Enterprises (EMATER / RS), Pinhal Grande, Brazil
| | - Lessandro De Conti
- Farroupilha Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Santo Augusto, Brazil
| | | | - Alcione Miotto
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Santa Catarina, São Miguel do Oeste, Brazil
| | - Daniel José Rosa
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Edicarla Trentin
- Department of Soil, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rosete Pescador
- Department of Phytotechnics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Jucinei José Comin
- Department of Phytotechnics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | | | - Léon-Étienne Parent
- Department of Soils and Agrifood Engineering, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
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Rangel TS, Santana NA, Jacques RJS, Ramos RF, Scheid DL, Koppe E, Tabaldi LA, de Oliveira Silveira A. Organic fertilization and mycorrhization increase copper phytoremediation by Canavalia ensiformis in a sandy soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:68271-68289. [PMID: 37119494 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Organic fertilization and mycorrhization can increase the phytoremediation of copper-contaminated soils. The time of vermicomposting alters the properties of vermicompost, which can affect copper's availability and uptake. Therefore, this study sought to evaluate the effect of different organic fertilizers and mycorrhization on copper-contaminated soil phytoremediation. The soil was contaminated with 100 mg Cu kg-1 dry soil and received mineral fertilizer (MIN), bovine manure (CM), and vermicompost produced in 45 days (V45) or 120 days (V120), all in doses equivalent to 40 mg kg-1 dry soil of phosphorus. Half of the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) plants were inoculated with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus clarus. At plant flowering, the dry mass and concentrations of Cu, Zn, Mn, Ca, Mg, P, and K in the soil, solution, and plant tissue were determined, in addition to mycorrhizal colonization, nodulation, photosynthetic pigments, and oxidative stress enzyme activity. Organic fertilization increased plant growth and copper accumulation in aerial tissues. These effects were more evident with the V120, making it suitable for use in copper phytoextraction. Mycorrhization increased root and nodule dry mass, making it recommended for phytostabilization. C. ensiformis nodulation in Cu-contaminated soils depends on vermicompost fertilization and mycorrhization. Hence, the copper phytoremediation by C. ensiformis is increased by using organic fertilization and mycorrhization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tauiris Santos Rangel
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Roraima Ave., 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97119-900, Brazil
| | - Natielo Almeida Santana
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Roraima Ave., 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97119-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Rodrigo Ferraz Ramos
- Department of Soil, Federal University of Santa Maria, Roraima Ave., 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97119-900, Brazil
| | - Douglas Leandro Scheid
- Department of Soil, Federal University of Santa Maria, Roraima Ave., 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97119-900, Brazil
| | - Ezequiel Koppe
- Department of Soil, Federal University of Santa Maria, Roraima Ave., 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97119-900, Brazil
| | - Luciane Almeri Tabaldi
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Andressa de Oliveira Silveira
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Roraima Ave., 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97119-900, Brazil
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Zhou H, Zhou KH, Zhao G, Wang PP, Yang DG, Ma XF, Gao JS. Physiological and Biochemical Properties of Cotton Seedlings in Response to Cu 2+ Stress. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:4050-4062. [PMID: 37232727 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45050258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper(II) (Cu2+) is essential for plant growth and development. However, high concentrations are extremely toxic to plants. We investigated the tolerance mechanism of cotton under Cu2+ stress in a hybrid cotton variety (Zhongmian 63) and two parent lines with different Cu2+ concentrations (0, 0.2, 50, and 100 μM). The stem height, root length, and leaf area of cotton seedlings had decreased growth rates in response to increasing Cu2+ concentrations. Increasing Cu2+ concentration promoted Cu2+ accumulation in all three cotton genotypes' roots, stems, and leaves. However, compared with the parent lines, the roots of Zhongmian 63 were richer in Cu2+ and had the least amount of Cu2+ transported to the shoots. Moreover, excess Cu2+ also induced changes in cellular redox homeostasis, causing accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Conversely, antioxidant enzyme activity increased, while photosynthetic pigment content decreased. Our findings indicated that the hybrid cotton variety fared well under Cu2+ stress. This creates a theoretical foundation for the further analysis of the molecular mechanism of cotton resistance to copper and suggests the potential of the large-scale planting of Zhongmian 63 in copper-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Ke-Hai Zhou
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Pei-Pei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Dai-Gang Yang
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Xiong-Feng Ma
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Jun-Shan Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Zheng J, Xie X, Li C, Wang H, Yu Y, Huang B. Regulation mechanism of plant response to heavy metal stress mediated by endophytic fungi. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2023; 25:1596-1613. [PMID: 36786203 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2023.2176466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi exist widely in plants and play an important role in the growth and adaptation of plants. They could be used in phytoremediation techniques against heavy metal contaminated soil since beneficial microbial symbionts can endow plants with resistance to external heavy metal stresses. This review summarized the regulation mechanism of plant response to heavy metal stress mediated by endophytic fungi. Potential endophytic fungi in enhancing plant's adaption to heavy metal stresses include arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, dark septate endophytic fungi, plant growth promoting endophytic fungi. The mechanisms involve coevolution strategy, immune regulation and detoxification transport to improve the ability of plants to adapt to heavy metal stress. They can increase the synthesis of host hormones and maintaining the balance of endogenous hormones, strengthen osmotic regulation, regulate carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and increase immune activity, antioxidant enzyme and glutathione activity. They also help to improve the detoxification transport and heavy metal emission capacity of the host by significantly producing iron carrier, metallothionein and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase. The combination of endophytic fungi and hyperaccumulation plants provides a promising technology for the ecological restoration of heavy metal contaminated soil. Endophytic fungi reserves further development on enhancing host plant's adaptability to heavy metal stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadong Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xingguang Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yaru Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Baokang Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Juang KW, Lo YJ, Chen BC. Modeling Alleviative Effects of Ca, Mg, and K on Cu-Induced Oxidative Stress in Grapevine Roots Grown Hydroponically. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175356. [PMID: 34500790 PMCID: PMC8434496 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the pattern of alleviation effects of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K) on copper (Cu)-induced oxidative toxicity in grapevine roots. Root growth, Cu and cation accumulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and antioxidant activities were examined in grapevine roots grown in nutrient solutions. The experimental setting was divided into three sets; each set contained a check (Hoagland solution only) and four treatments of simultaneous exposure to 15 μM Cu with four cation levels (i.e., Ca set: 0.5, 2.5, 5, and 10 mM Ca; Mg set: 0.2, 2, 4, and 8 mM Mg; K set: 0.6, 2.4, 4.8, and 9.6 mM K). A damage assessment model (DAM)-based approach was then developed to construct the dose-effect relationship between cation levels and the alleviation effects on Cu-induced oxidative stress. Model parameterization was performed by fitting the model to the experimental data using a nonlinear regression estimation. All data were analyzed by a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by multiple comparisons using the least significant difference (LSD) test. The results showed that significant inhibitory effects on the elongation of roots occurred in grapevine roots treated with 15 μM Cu. The addition of Ca and Mg significantly mitigated phytotoxicity in root growth, whereas no significant effect of K treatment on root growth was found. With respect to oxidative stress, ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, as well as antioxidant (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)) activities, were stimulated in the roots after exposure to 15 μM Cu for three days. Moreover, H2O2 levels decreased significantly as Ca, Mg, and K concentrations increased, indicating that the coexistence of these cations effectively alleviated Cu-induced oxidative stress; however, alleviative effects were not observed in the assessment of the MDA content and antioxidant enzyme activities. Based on the DAM, an exponential decay equation was developed and successfully applied to characterize the alleviative effects of Ca, Mg, and K on the H2O2 content induced by Cu in the roots. In addition, compared with Mg and K, Ca was the most effective cation in the alleviation of Cu-induced ROS. Based on the results, it could be concluded that Cu inhibited root growth and Ca and Mg absorption in grapevines, and stimulated the production of ROS, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, the alleviation effects of cations on Cu-induced ROS were well described by the DAM-based approach developed in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Wei Juang
- Department of Agronomy, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City 600, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Jin Lo
- Agricultural Chemistry Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung City 413, Taiwan;
| | - Bo-Ching Chen
- Department of Natural Biotechnology, Nanhua University, Chiayi County 622, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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The Roles of Different Types of Trichomes in Tomato Resistance to Cold, Drought, Whiteflies, and Botrytis. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10030411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of the most popular vegetables in the world. In tomato production, due to the effects of diseases, insect pests, drought, and cold damage, large-scale production reduction is often caused. Plant trichomes are protruding attachments distributed on the surface of different plants, providing protection for plants. When the plant is under external stress, the trichomes can play an important role in protecting the plant from damage through its physical structure. The density and type of different trichomes are closely related to the stress resistance of tomatoes. The tomato wo mutant LA3186 (referred to herein as “3186M”), LA3186 (referred to herein as “3186L”), the ln mutant LA3-071 (referred to herein as “3-071”), and the tomato cultivar Jia Ren (referred to herein as “JR”, used as the control), which possess different numbers of trichomes on the surface of the leaves, were used as materials; the glandular characteristics, types, and densities of the trichomes were observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM); and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to observe the subcellular structure in the leaves. The relationship between the different tomato trichomes and stress resistance was investigated with treatments of low temperature, drought, disease, and insects. This study provides a theoretical foundation and practical basis for the further utilization and regulation of the trichome-related characteristics of tomatoes.
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Sun Y, Mu C, Liu X. Key factors identified by proteomic analysis in maize ( Zea mays L.) seedlings' response to long-term exposure to different phosphate levels. Proteome Sci 2018; 16:19. [PMID: 30479573 PMCID: PMC6247739 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-018-0147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Maize seedlings are constantly exposed to inorganic phosphate (Pi)-limited environments. To understand how maize cope with low Pi (LP) and high Pi (HP) conditions, physiological and global proteomic analysis of QXN233 genotype were performed under the long-term Pi starvation and supplementation. Methods We investigated the physiological response of QXN233 genotype to LP and HP conditions and detected the changes in ion fluxes by non-invasive micro-test technology and gene expression by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. QXN233 was further assessed using vermiculite assay, and then proteins were isolated and identified by nano-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results A negative relationship was observed between Na+ and Pi, and Na+ efflux was enhanced under HP condition. Furthermore, a total of 681 and 1374 were identified in the leaves and roots, respectively, which were mostly involved in metabolism, ion transport, and stress response. Importantly, several key Pi transporters were identified for breeding potential. Several ion transporters demonstrated an elaborate interplay between Pi and other ions, together contributing to the growth of QXN233 seedlings. Conclusion The results from this study provide insights into the response of maize seedlings to long-term Pi exposure. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12953-018-0147-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Sun
- 1Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Maize/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Northern Yellow-huai River Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan, 250100 China
| | - Chunhua Mu
- 1Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Maize/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Northern Yellow-huai River Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan, 250100 China
| | - Xia Liu
- 1Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Maize/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Northern Yellow-huai River Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan, 250100 China.,2College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250000 Shandong China
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