1
|
Fradera-Soler M, Mravec J, Harholt J, Grace OM, Jørgensen B. Cell wall polysaccharide and glycoprotein content tracks growth-form diversity and an aridity gradient in the leaf-succulent genus Crassula. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14007. [PMID: 37882271 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall traits are believed to be a key component of the succulent syndrome, an adaptive syndrome to drought, yet the variability of such traits remains largely unknown. In this study, we surveyed the leaf polysaccharide and glycoprotein composition in a wide sampling of Crassula species that occur naturally along an aridity gradient in southern Africa, and we interpreted its adaptive significance in relation to growth form and arid adaptation. To study the glycomic diversity, we sampled leaf material from 56 Crassula taxa and performed comprehensive microarray polymer profiling to obtain the relative content of cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins. This analysis was complemented by the determination of monosaccharide composition and immunolocalization in leaf sections using glycan-targeting antibodies. We found that compact and non-compact Crassula species occupy distinct phenotypic spaces in terms of leaf glycomics, particularly in regard to rhamnogalacturonan I, its arabinan side chains, and arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). Moreover, these cell wall components also correlated positively with increasing aridity, which suggests that they are likely advantageous in terms of arid adaptation. These differences point to compact Crassula species having more elastic cell walls with plasticizing properties, which can be interpreted as an adaptation toward increased drought resistance. Furthermore, we report an intracellular pool of AGPs associated with oil bodies and calcium oxalate crystals, which could be a peculiarity of Crassula and could be linked to increased drought resistance. Our results indicate that glycomics may be underlying arid adaptation and drought resistance in succulent plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Fradera-Soler
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Royal Botanic Gardens, London, UK
| | - Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
| | | | - Olwen M Grace
- Royal Botanic Gardens, London, UK
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bodil Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Leszczuk A, Szczuka E, Lewtak K, Chudzik B, Zdunek A. Effect of Low Temperature on Changes in AGP Distribution during Development of Bellis perennis Ovules and Anthers. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081880. [PMID: 34440649 PMCID: PMC8391657 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are a class of heavily glycosylated proteins occurring as a structural element of the cell wall-plasma membrane continuum. The features of AGPs described earlier suggest that the proteins may be implicated in plant adaptation to stress conditions in important developmental phases during the plant reproduction process. In this paper, the microscopic and immunocytochemical studies conducted using specific antibodies (JIM13, JIM15, MAC207) recognizing the carbohydrate chains of AGPs showed significant changes in the AGP distribution in female and male reproductive structures during the first stages of Bellis perennis development. In typical conditions, AGPs are characterized by a specific persistent spatio-temporal pattern of distribution. AGP epitopes are visible in the cell walls of somatic cells and in the megasporocyte walls, megaspores, and embryo sac at every stage of formation. During development in stress conditions, the AGP localization is altered, and AGPs entirely disappear in the embryo sac wall. In the case of male development, AGPs are present in the tapetum, microsporocytes, and microspores in normal conditions. In response to development at lower temperature, AGPs are localized in the common wall of microspores and in mature pollen grains. Additionally, they are accumulated in remnants of tapetum cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 20-290 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ewa Szczuka
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (E.S.); (K.L.)
| | - Kinga Lewtak
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (E.S.); (K.L.)
| | - Barbara Chudzik
- Department of Biological and Environmental Education with Zoological Museum, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 20-290 Lublin, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Płachno BJ, Kapusta M, Świątek P, Banaś K, Miranda VFO, Bogucka-Kocka A. Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Cell Wall Components in the Placentas, Ovules and Female Gametophytes of Utricularia during Pollination. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115622. [PMID: 34070693 PMCID: PMC8199428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In most angiosperms, the female gametophyte is hidden in the mother tissues and the pollen tube enters the ovule via a micropylar canal. The mother tissues play an essential role in the pollen tube guidance. However, in Utricularia, the female gametophyte surpasses the entire micropylar canal and extends beyond the limit of the integument. The female gametophyte then invades the placenta and a part of the central cell has direct contact with the ovary chamber. To date, information about the role of the placenta and integument in pollen tube guidance in Utricularia, which have extra-ovular female gametophytes, has been lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of the placenta, central cell and integument in pollen tube pollen tube guidance in Utricularia nelumbifolia Gardner and Utricularia humboldtii R.H. Schomb. by studying the production of arabinogalactan proteins. It was also determined whether the production of the arabinogalactan proteins is dependent on pollination in Utricularia. In both of the examined species, arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) were observed in the placenta (epidermis and nutritive tissue), ovule (integument, chalaza), and female gametophyte of both pollinated and unpollinated flowers, which means that the production of AGPs is independent of pollination; however, the production of some AGPs was lower after fertilization. There were some differences in the production of AGPs between the examined species. The occurrence of AGPs in the placental epidermis and nutritive tissue suggests that they function as an obturator. The production of some AGPs in the ovular tissues (nucellus, integument) was independent of the presence of a mature embryo sac.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Jan Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Małgorzata Kapusta
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza St., 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Piotr Świątek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Institute of Biology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Bankowa St., 40-007 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Banaś
- Department of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza St., 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Vitor F. O. Miranda
- Laboratory of Plant Systematics, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal CEP 14884-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Anna Bogucka-Kocka
- Chair and Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Płachno BJ, Kapusta M, Świątek P, Stolarczyk P, Kocki J. Immunodetection of Pectic Epitopes, Arabinogalactan Proteins, and Extensins in Mucilage Cells from the Ovules of Pilosella officinarum Vaill. and Taraxacum officinale Agg. (Asteraceae). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9642. [PMID: 33348898 PMCID: PMC7766254 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to compare the cytological difference between ovular mucilage cells in two Asteraceae species-Pilosella officinarum and Taraxacum officinale-in order to determine whether pectic epitopes, arabinogalactan proteins, or extensins are present. The immunocytochemical technique was used. Both the Taracacum and Pilosella genera have been used recently as models for understanding the mechanisms of apomixis. Knowledge of the presence of signal molecules (pectic epitopes, arabinogalactan proteins, and extensins) can help better understand the developmental processes in these plants during seed growth. The results showed that in Pilosella officinarum, there was an accumulation of pectins in the mucilage, including both weakly and highly esterified pectins, which was in contrast to the mucilage of Taraxacum officinale, which had low amounts of these pectins. However, Taraxacum protoplasts of mucilage cells were rich in weakly methyl-esterified pectins. While the mucilage contained arabinogalactan proteins in both of the studied species, the types of arabinogalactan proteins were different. In both of the studied species, extensins were recorded in the transmitting tissues. Arabinogalactan proteins as well as weakly and highly esterified pectins and extensins occurred in close proximity to calcium oxalate crystals in both Taraxacum and Pilosella cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz J. Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kapusta
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, University of Gdańsk, 59. Wita Stwosza St., 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Piotr Świątek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Bankowa St., 40-007 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Piotr Stolarczyk
- Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 29 Listopada 54 Ave., 31-425 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Janusz Kocki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 11 Radziwiłowska St., 20-080 Lublin, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Losada JM, Herrero M. Arabinogalactan proteins mediate intercellular crosstalk in the ovule of apple flowers. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2019; 32:291-305. [PMID: 31049682 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-019-00370-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
AGP-rich glycoproteins mediate pollen-ovule interactions and cell patterning in the embryo sac of apple before and after fertilization. Glycoproteins are significant players in the dialog that takes place between growing pollen tubes and the stigma and style in the angiosperms. Yet, information is scarce on their possible involvement in the ovule, a sporophytic organ that hosts the female gametophyte. Apple flowers have a prolonged lapse of time between pollination and fertilization, offering a great system to study the developmental basis of glycoprotein secretion and their putative role during the last stages of the progamic phase and early seed initiation. For this purpose, the sequential pollen tube elongation within the ovary was examined in relation to changes in arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) in the tissues of the ovule before and after fertilization. To evaluate what of these changes are developmentally regulated, unpollinated and pollinated flowers were compared. AGPs paved the pollen tube pathway in the ovules along the micropylar canal, and the nucellus entrance toward the synergids, which also developmentally accumulated AGPs at the filiform apparatus. Glycoproteins vanished from all these tissues following pollen tube passage, strongly suggesting a role in pollen-ovule interaction. In addition, AGPs marked the primary cell walls of the haploid cells of the female gametophyte, and they further built up in the cell walls of the embryo sac and developing embryo, layering the interactive walls of the three generations hosted in the ovule, the maternal sporophytic tissues, the female gametophyte, and the developing embryo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Losada
- Pomology Department, Aula Dei Experimental Station-CSIC, Avda Montañana 1005, 50059, Saragossa, Spain.
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 1300 Centre St., Boston, MA, 02131, USA.
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora-CSIC-UMA, Avda. Dr. Wienberg s/n. Algarrobo-Costa, 29750, Málaga, Spain.
| | - María Herrero
- Pomology Department, Aula Dei Experimental Station-CSIC, Avda Montañana 1005, 50059, Saragossa, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lora J, Yang X, Tucker MR. Establishing a framework for female germline initiation in the plant ovule. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2937-2949. [PMID: 31063548 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Female gametogenesis in flowering plants initiates in the ovule, where a single germline progenitor differentiates from a pool of somatic cells. Germline initiation is a fundamental prerequisite for seed development but is poorly understood at the molecular level due to the location of the cells deep within the flower. Studies in Arabidopsis have shown that regulators of germline development include transcription factors such as NOZZLE/SPOROCYTELESS and WUSCHEL, components of the RNA-dependent DNA methylation pathway such as ARGONAUTE9 and RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE 6, and phytohormones such as auxin and cytokinin. These factors accumulate in a range of cell types from where they establish an environment to support germline differentiation. Recent studies provide fresh insight into the transition from somatic to germline identity, linking chromatin regulators, cell cycle genes, and novel mobile signals, capitalizing on cell type-specific methodologies in both dicot and monocot models. These findings are providing unique molecular and compositional insight into the mechanistic basis and evolutionary conservation of female germline development in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Lora
- Department of Subtropical Fruits, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Xiujuan Yang
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Mathew R Tucker
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Leszczuk A, Kozioł A, Szczuka E, Zdunek A. Analysis of AGP contribution to the dynamic assembly and mechanical properties of cell wall during pollen tube growth. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 281:9-18. [PMID: 30824065 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins as cell wall structural proteins are involved in fundamental processes during plant development and growth. The aim of this study was to evaluate AGP function in the distribution of pectin, cellulose and callose along Fragaria x ananassa pollen tube and to associate the cell wall structure with local mechanical properties. We used Yariv reagent which interacts with AGPs and allows the observation of the assembly of cell walls without AGPs performing their function. Cytochemical, immunofluorescence labelling and atomic force microscope have been used to characterize the changes in cell wall structure and stiffness. It was shown that disordering of the structure of AGP present in cell walls affects the localization of cellulose, pectins and the secretion of callose. Changes in cell wall assembly are relevant to pollen tube mechanical properties. The stiffness gradient lengthwise through the axis of the pollen tube has demonstrated a significantly higher Young's modulus of the shank region than the growth zone. It has been revealed that the apex of the pollen tube cultured in the presence of Yariv reagent is stiffer (1.68 MPa) than the corresponding region of the pollen tube grown under control conditions (0.13-0.27 MPa). AGP affects the structure of the cell wall by changing the distribution of other components and the modification of their localization, and hence it plays a significant role in the mechanical properties of the cell wall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Arkadiusz Kozioł
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Ewa Szczuka
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Leszczuk A, Szczuka E, Zdunek A. Arabinogalactan proteins: Distribution during the development of male and female gametophytes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 135:9-18. [PMID: 30496891 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), i.e. a subfamily of hydroxyproline-rich proteins (HRGPs), are widely distributed in the plant kingdom. For many years, AGPs have been connected with the multiple phases of plant reproduction and developmental processes. Currently, extensive knowledge is available about their various functions, i.e. involvement in pollen grain formation, initiation of pollen grain germination, pollen tube guidance in the transmission tissue of pistil and ovule nucellus, and function as a signaling molecule during cell-cell communication. Although many studies have been performed, the mechanism of action, the heterogeneous molecule structure, and the connection with other extracellular matrix components have not been sufficiently explained. The aim of this work was to gather and describe the most important information on the distribution of AGPs in gametophyte development. The present review provides a summary of the first reports about AGPs and the most recent knowledge about their functions during male and female gametophyte formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland.
| | - E Szczuka
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - A Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Leszczuk A, Chylińska M, Zięba E, Skrzypek T, Szczuka E, Zdunek A. Structural network of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) and pectins in apple fruit during ripening and senescence processes. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 275:36-48. [PMID: 30107880 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall is an essential framework determining the overall form of the plant cell. Our study was focused on the distribution of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), arabinan, and homogalacturonan in fruit cells during ripening and storage with emphasis on quantitative analysis of their presence in particular regions of the cell wall - plasma membrane. The localization of the examined compounds was determined with immunohistochemistry techniques and immunogold labelling. Spatio-temporal colocalization between AGPs epitopes - [βGlcA(1→3)-αGalA(1→2)Rha] recognized by JIM13 and MAC207 antibodies, and arabinan labelled by the LM16 antibody was detected in the inner cell wall layer, in association with the plasma membrane. The specific arrangement of AGP and arabinan epitopes differentiated them from homogalacturonan epitopes, consisting of GalA residues recognized by LM19 and LM20 antibodies in all the examined fruit maturity stages. The disruption of cell wall - plasma membrane continuum, observed during ripening-associated softening process, was associated with both the substantial decrease of AGPs, pectins content and with remodeling of their arrangement. The results indicate that the textural properties of fruit during growth and postharvest storage, an attribute of fruit quality becoming selection criteria for consumers, depend on the existence of dynamic network organizing polysaccharides and glycoproteins in the extracellular matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Monika Chylińska
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Emil Zięba
- Confocal and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Al. Kraśnicka 102, 20-718, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Skrzypek
- Confocal and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Al. Kraśnicka 102, 20-718, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Ewa Szczuka
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|