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Zhou T, Xing Q, Bu J, Han W, Shen Z. Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis reveals the regulatory mechanisms of flavonoid and alkaloid biosynthesis in the new and old leaves of Murraya tetramera Huang. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:499. [PMID: 38840069 PMCID: PMC11151518 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05066-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Murraya tetramera Huang is a traditional Chinese woody medicine. Its leaves contain flavonoids, alkaloids, and other active compounds, which have anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, as well as hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering effects, and anti-tumor effects. There are significant differences in the content of flavonoids and alkaloids in leaves during different growth cycles, but the synthesis mechanism is still unclear. RESULTS In April 2021, new leaves (one month old) and old leaves (one and a half years old) of M. tetramera were used as experimental materials to systematically analyze the changes in differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) with transcriptomics and metabolomics technology. This was done to identify the signaling pathways of flavonoid and alkaloid synthesis. The results showed that the contents of total alkaloids and flavonoids in old leaves were significantly higher than those in new leaves. Thirteen flavonoid compounds, three isoflavone compounds, and nineteen alkaloid compounds were identified, and 125 and 48 DEGs related to flavonoid and alkaloid synthesis were found, respectively. By constructing the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) network of DEGs and DAMs, it was shown that the molecular mechanism of flavonoid biosynthesis in M. tetramera mainly focuses on the "flavonoid biosynthetic pathway" and the "flavonoid and flavonol biosynthetic pathway". Among them, p-Coumaryl alcohol, Sinapyl alcohol, Phloretin, and Isoquercitrin were significantly accumulated in old leaves, the up-regulated expression of CCR (cinnamoyl-CoA reductase) might promote the accumulation of p-Coumaryl alcohol, upregulation of F5H (ferulate-5-hydroxylase) might promote Sinapyl alcohol accumulation. Alkaloids, including indole alkaloids, pyridine alkaloids, imidazole alkaloids, and quinoline alkaloids, were significantly accumulated in old leaves, and a total of 29 genes were associated with these substances. CONCLUSIONS These data are helpful to better understand the biosynthesis of flavonoids and alkaloids in M. tetramera and provide a scientific basis for the development of medicinal components in M. tetramera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhou
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, No.498, South Shaoshan Road, Changsha, 410004, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qinqin Xing
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, No.498, South Shaoshan Road, Changsha, 410004, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jiahao Bu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, No.498, South Shaoshan Road, Changsha, 410004, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wenjun Han
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, No.498, South Shaoshan Road, Changsha, 410004, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Zhiguo Shen
- Henan Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan Province, China.
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Jiang S, Zou M, Zhang C, Ma W, Xia C, Li Z, Zhao L, Liu Q, Yu F, Huang D, Xia Z. A high-quality haplotype genome of Michelia alba DC reveals differences in methylation patterns and flower characteristics. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2024; 4:23. [PMID: 38807235 PMCID: PMC11134676 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-024-00098-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Michelia alba DC is a highly valuable ornamental plant of the Magnoliaceae family. This evergreen tropical tree commonly grows in Southeast Asia and is adored for its delightful fragrance. Our study assembled the M. alba haplotype genome MC and MM by utilizing Nanopore ultralong reads, Pacbio Hifi long reads and parental second-generation data. Moreover, the first methylation map of Magnoliaceae was constructed based on the methylation site data obtained using Nanopore data. Metabolomic datasets were generated from the flowers of three different species to assess variations in pigment and volatile compound accumulation. Finally, transcriptome data were generated to link genomic, methylation, and morphological patterns to reveal the reasons underlying the differences between M. alba and its parental lines in petal color, flower shape, and fragrance. We found that the AP1 and AP2 genes are crucial in M. alba petal formation, while the 4CL, PAL, and C4H genes control petal color. The data generated in this study serve as a foundation for future physiological and biochemical research on M. alba, facilitate the targeted improvement of M. alba varieties, and offer a theoretical basis for molecular research on Michelia L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirong Jiang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Meiling Zou
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | | | - Wanfeng Ma
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Chengcai Xia
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zixuan Li
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | | | - Qi Liu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Fen Yu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Dongyi Huang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Xia
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China.
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China.
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Xiao Y, Zhang X, Liu J, Li H, Jiang J, Li Y, Diao S. Prediction of cyanidin 3-rutinoside content in Michelia crassipes based on near-infrared spectroscopic techniques. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1346192. [PMID: 38766470 PMCID: PMC11099265 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1346192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Currently the determination of cyanidin 3-rutinoside content in plant petals usually requires chemical assays or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which are time-consuming and laborious. In this study, we aimed to develop a low-cost, high-throughput method to predict cyanidin 3-rutinoside content, and developed a cyanidin 3-rutinoside prediction model using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with partial least squares regression (PLSR). We collected spectral data from Michelia crassipes (Magnoliaceae) tepals and used five different preprocessing methods and four variable selection algorithms to calibrate the PLSR model to determine the best prediction model. The results showed that (1) the PLSR model built by combining the blockScale (BS) preprocessing method and the Significance multivariate correlation (sMC) algorithm performed the best; (2) The model has a reliable prediction ability, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.72, a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.04%, and a residual prediction deviation (RPD) of 2.06. The model can be effectively used to predict the cyanidin 3-rutinoside content of the perianth slices of M. crassipes, providing an efficient method for the rapid determination of cyanidin 3-rutinoside content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguang Xiao
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoshu Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - He Li
- Research Institute of Landscape Plants, Guizhou Academy of Forestry, Guiyang, China
| | - Jingmin Jiang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanjie Li
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu Diao
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
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Shen X, Niu X, Yang Y, Yang D, Li J, Yu F, Sun X, Meng X. Widely targeted metabolomics combined with E-tongue and E-nose reveal dynamic changes of tender coconut water in responses to the infection of Ceratocystis paradoxa. Food Chem 2024; 439:138035. [PMID: 38039614 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Ceratocystis paradoxa is a major cause of postharvest disease in tender coconuts worldwide. We conducted a comprehensive study using widely targeted metabolomics, electronic tongue (E-tongue), and electronic nose (E-nose) analyses to investigate the impacts of C. paradoxa invasion on the quality of tender coconut water (TCW) from fresh control (FC), uninoculated (UN), skin-inoculated (SI), and deep-inoculated (DI) nuts. DI exhibited significantly higher taste indicators associated with bitterness, saltiness, astringency aftertaste, and bitter aftertaste, as well as odor sensor values related to various compounds such as long-chain alkanes, hydrides, methane, organic sulfides, etc. Invasion of C. paradoxa into the endosperm altered the flavor characteristics of TCW mainly through the modulation of carbohydrate and secondary metabolite pathways. Furthermore, significant correlations were observed between the differentially expressed flavorful metabolites and the sensor indicators of the E-nose and E-tongue. These findings offer valuable insights into understanding the impact of C. paradoxa infection on coconuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Shen
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China
| | - Xiaoqing Niu
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China; The Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province, China.
| | - Yaodong Yang
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China
| | - Dejie Yang
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China; The Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province, China
| | - Jing Li
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China
| | - Fengyu Yu
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China; The Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province, China
| | - Xiwei Sun
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China
| | - Xiuli Meng
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China; The Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province, China
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Zhang YC, Zhuang LH, Zhou JJ, Song SW, Li J, Huang HZ, Chi BJ, Zhong YH, Liu JW, Zheng HL, Zhu XY. Combined metabolome and transcriptome analysis reveals a critical role of lignin biosynthesis and lignification in stem-like pneumatophore development of the mangrove Avicennia marina. PLANTA 2023; 259:12. [PMID: 38057597 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04291-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Transcriptional and metabolic regulation of lignin biosynthesis and lignification plays crucial roles in Avicennia marina pneumatophore development, facilitating its adaptation to coastal habitats. Avicennia marina is a pioneer mangrove species in coastal wetland. To cope with the periodic intertidal flooding and hypoxia environment, this species has developed a complex and extensive root system, with its most unique feature being a pneumatophore with a distinct above- and below-ground morphology and vascular structure. However, the characteristics of pneumatophore lignification remain unknown. Studies comparing the anatomy among above-ground pneumatophore, below-ground pneumatophore, and feeding root have suggested that vascular structure development in the pneumatophore is more like the development of a stem than of a root. Metabolome and transcriptome analysis illustrated that the accumulation of syringyl (S) and guaiacyl (G) units in the pneumatophore plays a critical role in lignification of the stem-like structure. Fourteen differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) and 10 differentially expressed genes involved in the lignin biosynthesis pathway were targeted. To identify genes significantly associated with lignification, we analyzed the correlation between 14 genes and 8 metabolites and further built a co-expression network between 10 transcription factors (TFs), including 5 for each of MYB and NAC, and 23 enzyme-coding genes involved in lignin biosynthesis. 4-Coumarate-CoA ligase, shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and peroxidase were identified to be strongly correlated with these TFs. Finally, we examined 9 key candidate genes through quantitative real-time PCR to validate the reliability of transcriptome data. Together, our metabolome and transcriptome findings reveal that lignin biosynthesis and lignification regulate pneumatophore development in the mangrove species A. marina and facilitate its adaptation to coastal habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361105, Fujian, China
| | - Li-Han Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361105, Fujian, China
| | - Jia-Jie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361105, Fujian, China
| | - Shi-Wei Song
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361105, Fujian, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361105, Fujian, China
| | - He-Zi Huang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361105, Fujian, China
| | - Bing-Jie Chi
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361105, Fujian, China
| | - You-Hui Zhong
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361105, Fujian, China
| | - Jing-Wen Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361105, Fujian, China
| | - Hai-Lei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361105, Fujian, China.
| | - Xue-Yi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361105, Fujian, China.
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Kang Y, Li Y, Zhang T, Wang P, Liu W, Zhang Z, Yu W, Wang J, Wang J, Zhou Y. Integrated metabolome, full-length sequencing, and transcriptome analyses unveil the molecular mechanisms of color formation of the canary yellow and red bracts of Bougainvillea × buttiana 'Chitra'. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:1441-1461. [PMID: 37648415 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Bougainvillea is a typical tropical flower of great ornamental value due to its colorful bracts. The molecular mechanism behind color formation is not well-understood. Therefore, this research conducted metabolome analysis, transcriptome analysis, and multi-flux full-length sequencing in two color bracts of Bougainvillea × buttiana 'Chitra' to investigate the significantly different metabolites (SDMs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Overall, 261 SDMs, including 62 flavonoids and 26 alkaloids, were detected, and flavonols and betalains were significantly differentially accumulated among the two bracts. Furthermore, the complete-length transcriptome of Bougainvillea × buttiana was also developed, which contained 512 493 non-redundant isoforms. Among them, 341 210 (66.58%) displayed multiple annotations in the KOG, GO, NR, KEGG, Pfam, Swissprot, and NT databases. RNA-seq findings revealed that 3610 DEGs were identified between two bracts. Co-expression analysis demonstrated that the DEGs and SDMs involved in flavonol metabolism (such as CHS, CHI, F3H, FLS, CYP75B1, kaempferol, and quercetin) and betacyanin metabolism (DODA, betanidin, and betacyanins) were the main contributors for the canary yellow and red bract formation, respectively. Further investigation revealed that several putative transcription factors (TFs) might interact with the promoters of the genes mentioned above. The expression profiles of the putative TFs displayed that they may positively and negatively regulate the structural genes' expression profiles. The data revealed a potential regulatory network between important genes, putative TFs, and metabolites in the flavonol and betacyanin biosynthesis of Bougainvillea × buttiana 'Chitra' bracts. These findings will serve as a rich genetic resource for future studies that could create new color bracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Kang
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry (School of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, School of Rural Revitalization), Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Li
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry (School of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, School of Rural Revitalization), Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry (School of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, School of Rural Revitalization), Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China
- Xiangyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangyang, 441057, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry (School of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, School of Rural Revitalization), Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Liu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry (School of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, School of Rural Revitalization), Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry (School of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, School of Rural Revitalization), Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wengang Yu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry (School of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, School of Rural Revitalization), Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry (School of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, School of Rural Revitalization), Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry (School of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, School of Rural Revitalization), Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry (School of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, School of Rural Revitalization), Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China
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Zhang T, Ma X, Zhou Y, Yang H, Wang Y, Chen T, Chen Q, Deng Y. Metabolite Profiling of External and Internal Petals in Three Different Colors of Tea Flowers ( Camellia sinensis) Using Widely Targeted Metabolomics. Metabolites 2023; 13:784. [PMID: 37512491 PMCID: PMC10386189 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The flower is the reproductive organ of the tea plant, while it is also processed into different kinds of products and thus of great significance to be utilized. In this study, the non-volatile secondary metabolites in the internal and external petals of white, white and pink, and pink tea flowers were studied using a widely targeted metabolomics method with ultra-high liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). A total of 429 metabolites were identified, including 195 flavonoids, 121 phenolic acids, 40 alkaloids, 29 lignans and coumarins, 19 tannins, 17 terpenoids, and 8 other metabolites. The metabolites in the internal and external petals of different colored flowers showed great changes in flavonoids. Most flavonoids and all tannins in the internal petals were higher compared with the external petals. Some phenolic acids were more accumulated in the external petals, while others showed opposite trends. The pink tea flower contained more flavonoids, alkaloids, lignans, coumarins, terpenoids, and tannins compared with white tea flowers. In addition, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside was more accumulated in the external petals of the pink flower, indicating that anthocyanin may be the main reason for the color difference between the pink and white tea flower. The enriched metabolic pathways of different colored flowers were involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. The findings of this study broaden the current understanding of non-volatile compound changes in tea plants. It is also helpful to lay a theoretical foundation for integrated applications of tea flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- College of Tea, Guizhou University, Jiaxiu South Road, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China; (T.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.W.); (T.C.)
| | - Xue Ma
- College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Qingshan Lake District, Nanchang 330045, China; (X.M.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Qingshan Lake District, Nanchang 330045, China; (X.M.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Hui Yang
- College of Tea, Guizhou University, Jiaxiu South Road, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China; (T.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.W.); (T.C.)
| | - Yuxin Wang
- College of Tea, Guizhou University, Jiaxiu South Road, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China; (T.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.W.); (T.C.)
| | - Taolin Chen
- College of Tea, Guizhou University, Jiaxiu South Road, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China; (T.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.W.); (T.C.)
| | - Qincao Chen
- College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Qingshan Lake District, Nanchang 330045, China; (X.M.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yanli Deng
- College of Tea, Guizhou University, Jiaxiu South Road, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China; (T.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.W.); (T.C.)
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Ji N, Wang Q, Li S, Wen J, Wang L, Ding X, Zhao S, Feng H. Metabolic profile and transcriptome reveal the mystery of petal blotch formation in rose. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:46. [PMID: 36670355 PMCID: PMC9854060 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04057-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Petal blotch is a unique ornamental trait in angiosperm families, and blotch in rose petal is rare and has great esthetic value. However, the cause of the formation of petal blotch in rose is still unclear. The influence of key enzyme genes and regulatory genes in the pigment synthesis pathways needs to be explored and clarified. RESULTS In this study, the rose cultivar 'Sunset Babylon Eyes' with rose-red to dark red blotch at the base of petal was selected as the experimental material. The HPLC-DAD and UPLC-TQ-MS analyses indicated that only cyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside (Cy3G5G) contributed to the blotch pigmentation of 'Sunset Babylon Eyes', and the amounts of Cy3G5G varied at different developmental stages. Only flavonols but no flavone were found in blotch and non-blotch parts. As a consequence, kaempferol and its derivatives as well as quercetin and its derivatives may act as background colors during flower developmental stages. Despite of the differences in composition, the total content of carotenoids in blotch and non-blotch parts were similar, and carotenoids may just make the petals show a brighter color. Transcriptomic data, quantitative real-time PCR and promoter sequence analyses indicated that RC7G0058400 (F3'H), RC6G0470600 (DFR) and RC7G0212200 (ANS) may be the key enzyme genes for the early formation and color deepening of blotch at later stages. As for two transcription factor, RC7G0019000 (MYB) and RC1G0363600 (WRKY) may bind to the promoters of critical enzyme genes, or RC1G0363600 (WRKY) may bind to the promoter of RC7G0019000 (MYB) to activate the anthocyanin accumulation in blotch parts of 'Sunset Babylon Eyes'. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide a theoretical basis for the understanding of the chemical and molecular mechanism for the formation of petal blotch in rose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naizhe Ji
- Beijing Key Lab of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Academy of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Beijing, China
| | - Qianyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Wen
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liangsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohao Ding
- College of Food Science, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
| | - Shiwei Zhao
- Beijing Key Lab of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Academy of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Beijing, China.
| | - Hui Feng
- Beijing Key Lab of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Academy of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Beijing, China.
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Liu Q, Li L, Cheng H, Yao L, Wu J, Huang H, Ning W, Kai G. The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor TabHLH1 increases chlorogenic acid and luteolin biosynthesis in Taraxacum antungense Kitag. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:195. [PMID: 34465735 PMCID: PMC8408231 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00630-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols are the main active components of the anti-inflammatory compounds in dandelion, and chlorogenic acid (CGA) is one of the primary polyphenols. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the transcriptional regulation of CGA biosynthesis remains unclear. Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HQT2) is the last rate-limiting enzyme in chlorogenic acid biosynthesis in Taraxacum antungense. Therefore, using the TaHQT2 gene promoter as a probe, a yeast one-hybrid library was performed, and a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, TabHLH1, was identified that shared substantial homology with Gynura bicolor DC bHLH1. The TabHLH1 transcript was highly induced by salt stress, and the TabHLH1 protein was localized in the nucleus. CGA and luteolin concentrations in TabHLH1-overexpression transgenic lines were significantly higher than those in the wild type, while CGA and luteolin concentrations in TabHLH1-RNA interference (RNAi) transgenic lines were significantly lower. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that overexpression and RNAi of TabHLH1 in T. antungense significantly affected CGA and luteolin concentrations by upregulating or downregulating CGA and luteolin biosynthesis pathway genes, especially TaHQT2, 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (Ta4CL), chalcone isomerase (TaCHI), and flavonoid-3'-hydroxylase (TaF3'H). Dual-luciferase, yeast one-hybrid, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that TabHLH1 directly bound to the bHLH-binding motifs of proTaHQT2 and proTa4CL. This study suggests that TabHLH1 participates in the regulatory network of CGA and luteolin biosynthesis in T. antungense and might be useful for metabolic engineering to promote plant polyphenol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Liu
- Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, College of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, PR China
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem.Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Haitao Cheng
- College of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Lixiang Yao
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, 530023, PR China
| | - Jie Wu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, PR China
| | - Hui Huang
- Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, College of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, PR China
| | - Wei Ning
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, College of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, PR China.
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Shui L, Huo K, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Li Y, Niu J. Integrated metabolome and transcriptome revealed the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in developing Vernonia amygdalina leaves. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11239. [PMID: 33981500 PMCID: PMC8083182 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vernonia amygdalina as a tropical horticultural crop has been widely used for medicinal herb, feed, and vegetable. Recently, increasing studies revealed that this species possesses multiple pharmacological properties. Notably, V. amygdalina leaves possess an abundance of flavonoids, but the specific profiles of flavonoids and the mechanisms of fl avonoid bi osynthesis in developing leaves are largely unknown. Methods The total flavonoids of V. amygdalina leaves were detected using ultraviolet spectrophotometer. The temporal flavonoid profiles of V. amygdalina leaves were analyzed by LC-MS. The transcriptome analysis of V. amygdalina leaves was performed by Illumina sequencing. Functional annotation and differential expression analysis of V. amygdalina genes were performed by Blast2GO v2.3.5 and RSEM v1.2.31, respectively. qRT-PCR analysis was used to verify the gene expressions in developing V. amygdalina leaves. Results By LC-MS analysis, three substrates (p-coumaric acid, trans-cinnamic acid, and phenylalanine) for flavonoid biosynthesis were identified in V. amygdalina leaves. Additionally, 42 flavonoids were identified from V. amygdalina leaves, including six dihydroflavones, 14 flavones, eight isoflavones, nine flavonols, two xanthones, one chalcone, one cyanidin, and one dihydroflavonol. Glycosylation and methylation were common at the hydroxy group of C3, C7, and C4’ positions. Moreover, dynamic patterns of different flavonoids showed diversity. By Illumina sequencing, the obtained over 200 million valid reads were assembled into 60,422 genes. Blast analysis indicated that 31,872 genes were annotated at least in one of public databases. Greatly increasing molecular resources makes up for the lack of gene information in V. amygdalina. By digital expression profiling and qRT-PCR, we specifically characterized some key enzymes, such as Va-PAL1, Va-PAL4, Va-C4H1, Va-4CL3, Va-ACC1, Va-CHS1, Va-CHI, Va-FNSII, and Va-IFS3, involved in flavonoid biosynthesis. Importantly, integrated metabolome and transcriptome data of V. amygdalina leaves, we systematically constructed a flavonoid biosynthetic pathway with regards to material supplying, flavonoid scaffold biosynthesis, and flavonoid modifications. Our findings contribute significantly to understand the underlying mechanisms of flavonoid biosynthesis in V. amygdalina leaves, and also provide valuable information for potential metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanya Shui
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Kaisen Huo
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Zilin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yanfang Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jun Niu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
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Yin X, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Wang B, Zhao Y, Irfan M, Chen L, Feng Y. Regulation of MYB Transcription Factors of Anthocyanin Synthesis in Lily Flowers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:761668. [PMID: 34925411 PMCID: PMC8672200 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.761668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Flower color is the decisive factor that affects the commercial value of ornamental flowers. Therefore, it is important to study the regulation of flower color formation in lily to discover the positive and negative factors that regulate this important trait. In this study, MYB transcription factors (TFs) were characterized to understand the regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis in lily. Two R2R3-MYB TFs, LvMYB5, and LvMYB1, were found to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in lily flowers. LvMYB5, which has an activation motif, belongs to the SG6 MYB protein subgroup of Arabidopsis thaliana. Transient expression of LvMYB5 indicated that LvMYB5 can promote coloration in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, and that expression of LvMYB5 increases the expression levels of NbCHS, NbDFR, and NbANS. VIGS experiments in lily petals showed that the accumulation of anthocyanins was reduced when LvMYB5 was silenced. Luciferase assays showed that LvMYB5 can promote anthocyanin synthesis by activating the ANS gene promoter. Therefore, LvMYB5 plays an important role in flower coloration in lily. In addition, the transient expression experiment provided preliminary evidence that LvMYB1 (an R2R3-MYB TF) inhibits anthocyanin synthesis in lily flowers. The discovery of activating and inhibitory factors related to anthocyanin biosynthesis in lily provides a theoretical basis for improving flower color through genetic engineering. The results of our study provide a new direction for the further study of the mechanisms of flower color formation in lilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Yin
- Plant Protection College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yibing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Baohua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yidi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Lijing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Lijing Chen, ;
| | - Yulong Feng
- Plant Protection College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Yulong Feng, ;
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