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Shen X, Sun M, Nie B, Li X. Physiological adaptation of Cyperus esculentus L. seedlings to varying concentrations of saline-alkaline stress: Insights from photosynthetic performance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 214:108911. [PMID: 38976943 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Soil salinization effects plant photosynthesis in a number of global ecosystems. In this study, photosynthetic and physiological parameters were used to elucidate the impacts of saline-alkaline stress on Cyperus esculentus L. (C. esculentus) seedling photosynthesis. The results demonstrate that salt stress, alkali stress and mixed salt and alkali stress treatments all have similar bell-shaped influences on photosynthesis. At low concentrations (0-100 mmol L-1), saline-alkaline stress promoted net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and water use efficiency in C. esculentus. However, as the treatments increased in intensity (100-200 mmol L-1), plant photosynthetic parameters began to decline. We interpreted this as the capacity of C. esculentus to improve osmoregulatory capacity in low saline-alkaline stress treatments by accumulating photosynthetic pigment, proline and malondialdehyde to counterbalance the induced stress - an adaptive mechanism that failed once concentrations reached a critical threshold (100 mmol L-1). Stomatal conductance, maximum photosynthetic rate and actual photosynthetic rate all decreased with increasing concentration of the stress treatments, and intercellular carbon dioxide showed a decreasing and then increasing trend. These results indicated that when the saline-alkaline stress concentrations were low, C. esculentus seedlings showed obvious adaptive ability, but when the concentration increased further, the physiological processes of C. esculentus seedlings were significantly affected, with an obvious decrease in photosynthetic efficiency. This study provides a new understanding of the photosynthetic adaptation strategies of C. esculentus seedlings to varying concentrations of saline-alkaline stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 83001, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Plant Roots Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Cele National Station of Observation and Research for Desert-Grassland Ecosystems, Cele, 848300, Xinjiang, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mengxin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 83001, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bixia Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 83001, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Plant Roots Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Cele National Station of Observation and Research for Desert-Grassland Ecosystems, Cele, 848300, Xinjiang, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiangyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 83001, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Plant Roots Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Cele National Station of Observation and Research for Desert-Grassland Ecosystems, Cele, 848300, Xinjiang, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Sha S, Wang G, Liu J, Wang M, Wang L, Liu Y, Geng G, Liu J, Wang Y. Regulation of photosynthetic function and reactive oxygen species metabolism in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) cultivars under waterlogging stress and associated tolerance mechanisms. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 210:108651. [PMID: 38653098 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is an economically important sugar crop worldwide that is susceptible to sudden waterlogging stress during seedling cultivation, which poses a major threat to sugar beet development and production. Our understanding of the physiological basis of waterlogging tolerance in sugar beet is limited. To investigate the photosynthetic adaptation strategies of sugar beet to waterlogging stress conditions, the tolerant cultivar KUHN1260 (KU) and sensitive cultivar SV1433 (SV) were grown under waterlogging stress, and their photosynthetic function and reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism were assessed. Our results showed that waterlogging stress significantly reduced the photosynthetic pigment content, rubisco activity, and expression level of the photosynthetic enzyme genes SvRuBP, SvGAPDH, and SvPRK, gas exchange parameters, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, induced damage to the ultrastructure of the chloroplast of the two sugar beet cultivars, inhibited the photosynthetic carbon assimilation capacity of sugar beet leaves, damaged the structural stability of photosystem II (PSII), and disturbed the equilibrium between electrons at the acceptor and donor sides of PSII, which was the result of stomatal and non-stomatal limiting factors. Moreover, the level of ROS, H2O2, and O2▪-, antioxidant enzyme activity, and gene expression levels in the leaves of the two sugar beet cultivars increased over time under waterlogging stress; ROS accumulation was lower and antioxidant enzyme activities and gene expression levels were higher in the waterlogging-tolerant cultivar (KU) than the waterlogging-sensitive cultivar (SV). In sum, these responses in the more tolerant cultivars are associated with their resistance to waterlogging stress. Our findings will aid the breeding of waterlogging-tolerant sugar beet cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Sha
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education & Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region & School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China; School of Food Engineering, Harbin University, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education & Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region & School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Jinling Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education & Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region & School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China; National Sugar Crop Improvement Centre, College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China; Heilongjiang Sugar Beet Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Meihui Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education & Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region & School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China; National Sugar Crop Improvement Centre, College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China; Heilongjiang Sugar Beet Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education & Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region & School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Yonglong Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education & Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region & School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China; National Sugar Crop Improvement Centre, College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China; Heilongjiang Sugar Beet Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Gui Geng
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education & Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region & School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China; National Sugar Crop Improvement Centre, College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China; Heilongjiang Sugar Beet Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
| | - Jiahui Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education & Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region & School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China; National Sugar Crop Improvement Centre, College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China; Heilongjiang Sugar Beet Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Yuguang Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education & Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region & School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China; National Sugar Crop Improvement Centre, College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China; Heilongjiang Sugar Beet Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
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Gao X, Xin D, Zhao Y, Li J, Cao Y, Zhang S, Guo J. Potential molecular mechanism of photosynthesis regulation by PeMPK7 in poplar under para-hydroxybenzoic acid stress. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 276:116329. [PMID: 38626604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Due to continuous plantation of poplar, its growth and biomass accumulation may be negatively affected by the accumulation of allelochemicals such as para-hydroxybenzoic acid (pHBA) in soil. As photosynthesis is the most fundamental process in plants, it can be negatively impacted by pHBA stress. Therefore, it is crucial to improve photosynthetic capacity under pHBA stress to facilitate poplar plant growth. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade pathway is widely involved in environmental stress responses in plants. However, the regulation mechanisms of photosynthesis-related pathways by MAPK pathway genes under pHBA stress are still unclear. In this study, through transcriptome analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis, we observed that PeMPK7 overexpression in poplar can regulate the expression of photosynthesis-related genes and transcription factor genes, namely, WRKY1, WRKY33, and ERF3, during the early stage of pHBA stress. In addition, PeMPK7 can improve photosynthesis in poplar under long-term pHBA stress. Moreover, yeast two-hybrid and pull-down assays confirmed the interaction between PeMPK7 and PeMKK7/10. Based on these results, a schematic diagram of the pathways involved in the regulation of photosynthesis by PeMPK7 was constructed. This study provided novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of regulation of pHBA stress via MAPK cascade pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Gao
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Di Xin
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Junru Li
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yangfan Cao
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Shuyong Zhang
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Jing Guo
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
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Mo Q, Liu Y, Wei H, Jiang L, Wu E, Lin L, Yang Q, Yu X, Yan L, Li Y. Salt Tolerance in Machilus faberi: Elucidating Growth and Physiological Adaptations to Saline Environments. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:75. [PMID: 38392294 PMCID: PMC10886294 DOI: 10.3390/biology13020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Adversity stress is the main environmental factor limiting plant growth and development, including salt and other stress factors. This study delves into the adaptability and salt tolerance mechanisms of Machilus faberi Hemsl, a species with potential for cultivation in salinized areas. We subjected the plants to various salt concentrations to observe their growth responses and to assess key physiological and biochemical indicators. The results revealed that under high salt concentrations (500 and 700 mmol-1/L), symptoms such as leaf yellowing, wilting, and eventual death were observed. Notably, plant height and shoot growth ceased on the 14th day of exposure. Chlorophyll content (a, b, total a + b, and the a/b ratio) initially increased but subsequently decreased under varying levels of salt stress. Similarly, the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, leaf water content, and root activity significantly declined under these conditions. Moreover, we observed an increase in malondialdehyde levels and relative conductivity, indicative of cellular damage and stress. The activity of superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase initially increased and then diminished with prolonged stress, whereas peroxidase activity consistently increased. Levels of proline and soluble protein exhibited an upward trend, contrasting with the fluctuating pattern of soluble sugars, which decreased initially but increased subsequently. In conclusion, M. faberi exhibits a degree of tolerance to salt stress, albeit with growth limitations when concentrations exceed 300 mmol-1/L. These results shed light on the plant's mechanisms of responding to salt stress and provide a theoretical foundation for its cultivation and application in salt-affected regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Mo
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Botanical Garden, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Mid-Subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, Changsha 410005, China
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Mid-Subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, Changsha 410005, China
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Haohui Wei
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Mid-Subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, Changsha 410005, China
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410128, China
| | | | - En Wu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Mid-Subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, Changsha 410005, China
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Ling Lin
- School of Economics, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Qihong Yang
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Mid-Subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, Changsha 410005, China
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiaoying Yu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Mid-Subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, Changsha 410005, China
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Lihong Yan
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Botanical Garden, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yanlin Li
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Mid-Subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, Changsha 410005, China
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410128, China
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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Trivellini A, Carmassi G, Scatena G, Vernieri P, Ferrante A. Molecular and physiological responses to salt stress in salinity-sensitive and tolerant Hibiscus rosa-sinensis cultivars. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2023; 3:28. [PMID: 38115113 PMCID: PMC10731769 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-023-00075-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Ornamental plants are used to decorate urban and peri-urban areas, and during their cultivation or utilisation, they can be exposed to abiotic stress. Salinity is an abiotic stress factor that limits plant growth and reduces the ornamental value of sensitive species. In this study, transcriptomic analysis was conducted to identify genes associated with tolerance or sensitivity to salinity in two hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.) cultivars, 'Porto' and 'Sunny wind'. The physiological and biochemical parameters of plants exposed to 50, 100, or 200 mM NaCl and water (control) were monitored. Salinity treatments were applied for six weeks. After four weeks, differences between cultivars were clearly evident and 'Porto' was more tolerant than 'Sunny wind'. The tolerant cultivar showed lower electrolyte leakage and ABA concentrations, and higher proline content in the leaves. Accumulation of Na in different organs was lower in the flower organs of 'Porto'. At the molecular level, several differential expressed genes were observed between the cultivars and flower organs. Among the highly expressed DEGs, coat protein, alcohol dehydrogenase, and AP2/EREBP transcription factor ERF-1. Among the downregulated genes, GH3 and NCED were the most interesting. The differential expression of these genes may explain the salt stress tolerance of 'Porto'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Trivellini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Giulia Carmassi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Scatena
- Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research - ISPRA, Via del Cedro 38, 57122, Leghorn, Italy
| | - Paolo Vernieri
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Ferrante
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
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Sukhova E, Sukhov V. Photosynthesis under actions of abiotic stressors: Phenomenology, mechanisms of changes, simulation, and remote sensing. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 196:171-173. [PMID: 36716691 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Sukhova
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia.
| | - Vladimir Sukhov
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
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Wang K, Xu L, Wang Y, Ying J, Li J, Dong J, Li C, Zhang X, Liu L. Genome-wide characterization of homeodomain-leucine zipper genes reveals RsHDZ17 enhances the heat tolerance in radish (Raphanus sativus L.). PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13789. [PMID: 36183327 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) transcription factors are involved in various biological processes of plant growth, development, and abiotic stress response. However, how they regulate heat stress (HS) response remains largely unclear in plants. In this study, a total of 83 RsHD-Zip genes were firstly identified from the genome of Raphanus sativus. RNA-Seq, RT-qPCR and promoter activity assays revealed that RsHDZ17 from HD-Zip Class I was highly expressed under heat, salt, and Cd stresses. RsHDZ17 is a nuclear protein with transcriptional activity at the C-terminus. Ectopic overexpression (OE) of RsHDZ17 in Arabidopsis thaliana enhanced the HS tolerance by improving the survival rate, photosynthesis capacity, and scavenging for reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, transient OE of RsHDZ17 in radish cotyledons impeded cell injury and augmented ROS scavenging under HS. Moreover, yeast one-hybrid, dual-luciferase assay, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that RsHDZ17 could bind to the promoter of HSFA1e. Collectively, these pieces of evidence demonstrate that RsHDZ17 could play a positive role in thermotolerance, partially through up-regulation of the expression of HSFA1e in plants. These results provide novel insights into the role of HD-Zips in radish and facilitate genetical engineering and development of heat-tolerant radish in breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOAR, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOAR, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOAR, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiali Ying
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOAR, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxue Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOAR, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhui Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOAR, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOAR, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOAR, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOAR, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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