1
|
Salipalli S, Singh PK, Borlak J. Recent advances in live cell imaging of hepatoma cells. BMC Cell Biol 2014; 15:26. [PMID: 25005127 PMCID: PMC4108253 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-15-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Live cell imaging enables the study of dynamic processes of living cells in real time by use of suitable reporter proteins and the staining of specific cellular structures and/or organelles. With the availability of advanced optical devices and improved cell culture protocols it has become a rapidly growing research methodology. The success of this technique relies mainly on the selection of suitable reporter proteins, construction of recombinant plasmids possessing cell type specific promoters as well as reliable methods of gene transfer. This review aims to provide an overview of the recent developments in the field of marker proteins (bioluminescence and fluorescent) and methodologies (fluorescent resonance energy transfer, fluorescent recovery after photobleaching and proximity ligation assay) employed as to achieve an improved imaging of biological processes in hepatoma cells. Moreover, different expression systems of marker proteins and the modes of gene transfer are discussed with emphasis on the study of lipid droplet formation in hepatocytes as an example.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jürgen Borlak
- Centre for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str, 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zheng C, Baum BJ. All human EF1α promoters are not equal: markedly affect gene expression in constructs from different sources. Int J Med Sci 2014; 11:404-8. [PMID: 24688302 PMCID: PMC3970091 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.8033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The promoter is a major element in the expression cassette of gene therapy vectors. Optimal promoter selection can enhance target specificity and gene expression. Recently, we evaluated three different human elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1α) promoters. The three promoters were put into the same expression vector, pAC-luc, driving expression of the luciferase cDNA. The activity from one EF1α promoter (termed EF1α -3), obtained in a commercial vector, was markedly lower when tested in vitro (from 50 - 500 x) in four cell lines and in vivo in rat submandibular glands (~250 x). Sequence differences in the EF1α -3 promoter likely account for the activity differences seen. Investigators need to recognize that all promoters of the same name may not be equivalent in driving transgene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changyu Zheng
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892-1190
| | - Bruce J Baum
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892-1190
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Holden KM, Browning GF, Noormohammadi AH, Markham PF, Marenda MS. TonB is essential for virulence in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 35:129-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
4
|
Lee KT, Byun MJ, Lim D, Kang KS, Kim NS, Oh JH, Chung CS, Park HS, Shin Y, Kim TH. Full-length enriched cDNA library construction from tissues related to energy metabolism in pigs. Mol Cells 2009; 28:529-36. [PMID: 19937143 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-009-0147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome sequencing of the pig is being accelerated because of its importance as an evolutionary and biomedical model animal as well as a major livestock animal. However, information on expressed porcine genes is insufficient to allow annotation and use of the genomic information. A series of expressed sequence tags of 5' ends of five full-length enriched cDNA libraries (SUSFLECKs) were functionally characterized. SUSFLECKs were constructed from porcine abdominal fat, induced fat cells, loin muscle, liver, and pituitary gland, and were composed of non-normalized and normalized libraries. A total of 55,658 ESTs that were sequenced once from the 5' ends of clones were produced and assembled into 17,684 unique sequences with 7,736 contigs and 9,948 singletons. In Gene Ontology analysis, two significant biological process leaf nodes were found: gluconeogenesis and translation elongation. In functional domain analysis based on the Pfam database, the beta transducin repeat domain of WD40 protein was the most frequently occurring domain. Twelve genes, including SLC25A6, EEF1G, EEF1A1, COX1, ACTA1, SLA, and ANXA2, were significantly more abundant in fat tissues than in loin muscle, liver, and pituitary gland in the SUSFLECKs. These characteristics of SUSFLECKs determined by EST analysis can provide important insight to discover the functional pathways in gene networks and to expand our understanding of energy metabolism in the pig.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Tai Lee
- Division of Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hong SM, Kang SW, Goo TW, Kim NS, Lee JS, Kim KA, Nho SK. Two gap junction channel (innexin) genes of the Bombyx mori and their expression. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 54:180-191. [PMID: 17950307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2007] [Revised: 09/01/2007] [Accepted: 09/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Gap junctions are clusters of intercellular channels that are associated with embryonic development and neural signaling. Innexins, invertebrate gap junction proteins, have been identified in Drosophila and Caenorhabditis. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of two novel members of the insect innexin family, Bm inx2 and Bm inx4, from embryos of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, during the germ-band formation stage. Bm inx2 is a single copy gene with one exon, while Bm inx4 is a single copy gene with four exons and three introns. The predicted proteins show structural similarities with other innexin family members, including four transmembrane (TM) domains, two extracellular loops (ELs), one cytoplasmic loop (CL), and typical conserved amino acids. Bm inx2 is phylogenetically orthologous to the other insect inx2 genes, but Bm inx4 is not orthologous to any known innexin including Dm inx4. Interestingly, Northern blotting and in situ hybridization showed that Bm inx2 was variously expressed across all developmental stages and in various tissues, with high expression seen in the nervous system at the time of embryogenesis. In contrast, Bm inx4 was transiently expressed at the germ-band formation stage of embryogenesis, and was specifically expressed in the ovary and testis during the larval and pupal stages. The isolation and characterization of these novel genes should form the basis for further study of the functional events that occur during development and neuronal communication in B. mori.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Mee Hong
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702701, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang AG, Yoon SY, Oh JH, Jeon YJ, Kim M, Kim JM, Byun SS, Yang JO, Kim JH, Kim DG, Yeom YI, Yoo HS, Kim YS, Kim NS. Identification of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma related genes by comparison with normal liver tissues using expressed sequence tags. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 345:1022-32. [PMID: 16712791 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.04.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), a malignant tumor derived from the bile duct epithelium, is one of the leading causes of death from cancer, worldwide. However, the mechanisms related to it remain largely unknown. In this study, an analysis of the gene expression profiles for ICC was done using the frequency of the ESTs obtained from nine cDNA libraries that constructed from 4 ICC cell lines and 4 normal liver tissues. One hundred and thirty-seven genes were identified as being either up- or down-regulated in human ICC cells. Thirty genes were randomly selected to confirm their differential expression in 4 human ICC cell lines and 5 ICC tissues compared to normal liver tissues by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Among these genes, ANXA1, ANXA2, AMBP, and SERPINC1 were further verified by immunohistochemical analyses. In conclusion, these identified genes represent potential biomarkers for ICC and represent potential targets for elucidating the molecular mechanisms that are associated with ICC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Guo Wang
- Laboratory of Human Genomics, Genome Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kim TH, Kim NS, Lim D, Lee KT, Oh JH, Park HS, Jang GW, Kim HY, Jeon M, Choi BH, Lee HY, Chung HY, Kim H. Generation and analysis of large-scale expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from a full-length enriched cDNA library of porcine backfat tissue. BMC Genomics 2006; 7:36. [PMID: 16504160 PMCID: PMC1444929 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-7-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2005] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genome research in farm animals will expand our basic knowledge of the genetic control of complex traits, and the results will be applied in the livestock industry to improve meat quality and productivity, as well as to reduce the incidence of disease. A combination of quantitative trait locus mapping and microarray analysis is a useful approach to reduce the overall effort needed to identify genes associated with quantitative traits of interest. Results We constructed a full-length enriched cDNA library from porcine backfat tissue. The estimated average size of the cDNA inserts was 1.7 kb, and the cDNA fullness ratio was 70%. In total, we deposited 16,110 high-quality sequences in the dbEST division of GenBank (accession numbers: DT319652-DT335761). For all the expressed sequence tags (ESTs), approximately 10.9 Mb of porcine sequence were generated with an average length of 674 bp per EST (range: 200–952 bp). Clustering and assembly of these ESTs resulted in a total of 5,008 unique sequences with 1,776 contigs (35.46%) and 3,232 singleton (65.54%) ESTs. From a total of 5,008 unique sequences, 3,154 (62.98%) were similar to other sequences, and 1,854 (37.02%) were identified as having no hit or low identity (<95%) and 60% coverage in The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) gene index of Sus scrofa. Gene ontology (GO) annotation of unique sequences showed that approximately 31.7, 32.3, and 30.8% were assigned molecular function, biological process, and cellular component GO terms, respectively. A total of 1,854 putative novel transcripts resulted after comparison and filtering with the TIGR SsGI; these included a large percentage of singletons (80.64%) and a small proportion of contigs (13.36%). Conclusion The sequence data generated in this study will provide valuable information for studying expression profiles using EST-based microarrays and assist in the condensation of current pig TCs into clusters representing longer stretches of cDNA sequences. The isolation of genes expressed in backfat tissue is the first step toward a better understanding of backfat tissue on a genomic basis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hun Kim
- Division of Animal Genomics & Bioinformatics, National LivestockResearch Institute, Rural Development Administration, Omokchun-dong 564, Kwonsun-gu, Suwon, Korea
| | - Nam-Soon Kim
- Laboratory of Human Genomics, Genome Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dajeong Lim
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University San 56-1, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Kyung-Tai Lee
- Division of Animal Genomics & Bioinformatics, National LivestockResearch Institute, Rural Development Administration, Omokchun-dong 564, Kwonsun-gu, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Oh
- Laboratory of Human Genomics, Genome Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hye-Sook Park
- Division of Animal Genomics & Bioinformatics, National LivestockResearch Institute, Rural Development Administration, Omokchun-dong 564, Kwonsun-gu, Suwon, Korea
| | - Gil-Won Jang
- Division of Animal Genomics & Bioinformatics, National LivestockResearch Institute, Rural Development Administration, Omokchun-dong 564, Kwonsun-gu, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyung-Yong Kim
- Division of Animal Genomics & Bioinformatics, National LivestockResearch Institute, Rural Development Administration, Omokchun-dong 564, Kwonsun-gu, Suwon, Korea
| | - Mina Jeon
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University San 56-1, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Bong-Hwan Choi
- Division of Animal Genomics & Bioinformatics, National LivestockResearch Institute, Rural Development Administration, Omokchun-dong 564, Kwonsun-gu, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hae-Young Lee
- Division of Animal Genomics & Bioinformatics, National LivestockResearch Institute, Rural Development Administration, Omokchun-dong 564, Kwonsun-gu, Suwon, Korea
| | - HY Chung
- Division of Animal Genomics & Bioinformatics, National LivestockResearch Institute, Rural Development Administration, Omokchun-dong 564, Kwonsun-gu, Suwon, Korea
| | - Heebal Kim
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University San 56-1, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Oh JH, Yang JO, Hahn Y, Kim MR, Byun SS, Jeon YJ, Kim JM, Song KS, Noh SM, Kim S, Yoo HS, Kim YS, Kim NS. Transcriptome analysis of human gastric cancer. Mamm Genome 2005; 16:942-54. [PMID: 16341674 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-005-0075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2005] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the genetic events associated with gastric cancer, 124,704 cDNA clones were collected from 37 human gastric cDNA libraries, including 20 full-length enriched cDNA libraries of gastric cancer cell lines and tissues from Korean patients. An analysis of the collected ESTs revealed that 97,930 high-quality ESTs coalesced into 13,001 clusters, of which 11,135 clusters (85.6%) were annotated to known ESTs. The analysis of the full-length cDNAs also revealed that 4862 clusters (51.7%) contained at least one putative full-length cDNA clone with an initiation codon, with the average length of the 5' UTR of 140 bp. A large number appear to have a diverse transcription start site (TSS). An examination of the TSS of some genes, such as TEGT and GAPD, using 5' RACE revealed that the predicted TSSs are actually found in human gastric cancer cells and that several TSSs differ depending on the specific gastric cell line. Furthermore, of the human gastric ESTs, 766 genes (9.5%) were present as putative alternatively spliced variants. Confirmation of the predicted spliced isoforms using RT-PCR showed that the predicted isoforms exist in gastric cancer cells and some isoforms coexist in gastric cell lines. These results provide potentially useful information for elucidating the molecular mechanisms associated with gastric oncogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hwa Oh
- Laboratory of Human Genomics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon , 305-333, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|