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Major structure-activity relationships of resolvins, protectins, maresins and their analogues. Future Med Chem 2022; 14:1943-1960. [PMID: 36449363 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2022-0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Resolvins, protectins and maresins are a series of polyunsaturated fatty acid-derived molecules which play important roles in the resolution of inflammation. They are termed specialized proresolving mediators and facilitate a return to homeostasis following an inflammatory response. These molecules are currently the focus of intensive investigation, primarily for their ability to suppress inflammation in chronic disease states. Researchers have employed different synthetic approaches to assess whether various structural modifications of these compounds could provide access to future therapeutics. This review summarizes the modifications made thus far and focuses on the key structure-activity relationships which have been uncovered for resolvins, protectins, maresins and their analogues.
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Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators in Neuroinflammation: Overview of Studies and Perspectives of Clinical Applications. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154836. [PMID: 35956787 PMCID: PMC9370036 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) are lipid mediators derived from poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) which have been demonstrated to have an important role in the inflammation environment, preventing an overreaction of the organism and promoting the resolution of inflammation. Our purpose was to point out the current evidence for specialized pro-resolving mediators, focusing on their role in neuroinflammation and in major neurological diseases.
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3
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Kotlyarov S, Kotlyarova A. Molecular Pharmacology of Inflammation Resolution in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094808. [PMID: 35563200 PMCID: PMC9104781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the most important problems of modern medicine as it is the leading cause of hospitalizations, disability, and mortality. The key role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis is the imbalance between the activation of inflammation in the vascular wall and the mechanisms of its control. The resolution of inflammation is the most important physiological mechanism that is impaired in atherosclerosis. The resolution of inflammation has complex, not fully known mechanisms, in which lipid mediators derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play an important role. Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) represent a group of substances that carry out inflammation resolution and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. SPMs include lipoxins, resolvins, maresins, and protectins, which are formed from PUFAs and regulate many processes related to the active resolution of inflammation. Given the physiological importance of these substances, studies examining the possibility of pharmacological effects on inflammation resolution are of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kotlyarov
- Department of Nursing, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Kotlyarova
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia;
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Nshimiyimana R, Lam TF, Aggarwal S, Serhan CN, Petasis NA. First stereoselective total synthesis of 4( S),5( S)-oxido-17( S)-hydroxy-6( E),8( E),10( Z),13( Z),15( E),19( Z)-docosahexaenoic acid, the biosynthetic precursor of resolvins D3 and D4. RSC Adv 2022; 12:11613-11618. [PMID: 35481084 PMCID: PMC9015894 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01537d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The first total convergent synthesis of 4(S),5(S)-oxido-17(S)-hydroxy-6(E),8(E),10(Z),13(Z),15(E),19(Z)-docosahexaenoic acid (1) is described. The reported synthesis led to confirmation of the native epoxydocosahexaenoic acid as the biosynthetic precursor of lipid mediators resolvin D3 and resolvin D4. These potent enzymatic products of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are important signaling molecules in the resolution of inflammation. A stereocontrolled and chiral pool-based synthetic strategy was employed, with key features including epoxide transposition under basic conditions to form the oxirane ring, and a cis-selective Wittig reaction to secure the target docosahexaenoate backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nshimiyimana
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia 90089USA
| | - Ting Fung Lam
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia 90089USA
| | - Shubhangi Aggarwal
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia 90089USA
| | - Charles N. Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts 02115USA
| | - Nicos A. Petasis
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia 90089USA
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5
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Ismael A, Zeeshan M, Hansen JH. Synthesis of aromatic lactone analogues of Lipoxin A4. BMC Res Notes 2022; 15:30. [PMID: 35139886 PMCID: PMC8827294 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-05917-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Synthesis of novel aromatic Lipoxin A4 lactone analogues. Results Novel para-substituted aromatic lactone analogues of Lipoxin A4 have been synthesized in a convergent manner with six steps in the longest linear sequence in 12–13% yields, employing 2-deoxy-d-ribose as a chiral pool starting material and the classical E-selective Wittig olefination. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13104-022-05917-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Ismael
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Synthesis and Analysis Division, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Muhammad Zeeshan
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Synthesis and Analysis Division, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jørn H Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Synthesis and Analysis Division, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
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6
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Kolawole OR, Kashfi K. NSAIDs and Cancer Resolution: New Paradigms beyond Cyclooxygenase. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1432. [PMID: 35163356 PMCID: PMC8836048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute inflammation or resolved inflammation is an adaptive host defense mechanism and is self-limiting, which returns the body to a state of homeostasis. However, unresolved, uncontrolled, or chronic inflammation may lead to various maladies, including cancer. Important evidence that links inflammation and cancer is that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin, reduce the risk and mortality from many cancers. The fact that NSAIDs inhibit the eicosanoid pathway prompted mechanistic drug developmental work focusing on cyclooxygenase (COX) and its products. The increased prostaglandin E2 levels and the overexpression of COX-2 in the colon and many other cancers provided the rationale for clinical trials with COX-2 inhibitors for cancer prevention or treatment. However, NSAIDs do not require the presence of COX-2 to prevent cancer. In this review, we highlight the effects of NSAIDs and selective COX-2 inhibitors (COXIBs) on targets beyond COX-2 that have shown to be important against many cancers. Finally, we hone in on specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) that are biosynthesized locally and, in a time, -dependent manner to promote the resolution of inflammation and subsequent tissue healing. Different classes of SPMs are reviewed, highlighting aspirin's potential in triggering the production of these resolution-promoting mediators (resolvins, lipoxins, protectins, and maresins), which show promise in inhibiting cancer growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwafunke R. Kolawole
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA;
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA;
- Graduate Program in Biology, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, NY 10091, USA
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7
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Pascoal LB, Palma BB, Chaim FHM, de Castro MM, Damázio TA, Franceschini APMDF, Milanski M, Velloso LA, Leal RF. New translational and experimental insights into the role of pro-resolving lipid mediators in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Exp Med 2022; 12:1-15. [PMID: 35096550 PMCID: PMC8771592 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v12.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The resolution of inflammation is an active process, guided by specialized pro-resolution lipid mediators (SPMs). These mediators originate from polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as omega-3. Sufficient evidence suggests that the beneficial effects attributed to omega-3 are, at least in part, the result of the immunomodulatory action of the SPMs, which act systemically by overcoming inflammation and repairing tissue damage, without suppressing the immune response. Recent studies suggest that an imbalance in the synthesis and/or activity of these compounds may be associated with the pathogenesis of several inflammatory conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Thus, this review highlights the advances made in recent years with regard to the endo-genous synthesis and the biological role of lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins, as well as their precursors, in the regulation of inflammation; and provides an update on the participation of these mediators in the development and evolution of IBD and the therapeutic approaches that these immunomodulating substances are involved in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Bitencourt Pascoal
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Laboratory, Colorectal Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-878, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Biazon Palma
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Laboratory, Colorectal Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-878, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio Henrique Mendonça Chaim
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Laboratory, Colorectal Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-878, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Moreira de Castro
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Laboratory, Colorectal Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-878, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-878, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago Andrade Damázio
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Laboratory, Colorectal Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-878, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Menezes de Freitas Franceschini
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Laboratory, Colorectal Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-878, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marciane Milanski
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Laboratory, Colorectal Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-878, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-878, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lício Augusto Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-864, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Franco Leal
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Laboratory, Colorectal Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-878, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ríos JD, Hughes CK, Lally J, Wienandt N, Esquivel C, Serhan CN, Weitzel EK. Neuroprotectin D1 Attenuates Blast Overpressure Induced Reactive Microglial Cells in the Cochlea. Laryngoscope 2021; 131:E2018-E2025. [PMID: 33427310 DOI: 10.1002/lary.29337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS We examined a neuroinflammatory response associated with glial activation in the cochlea exposed to blast overpressure and evaluated the potential therapeutic efficacy of specialized pro-resolving mediators such as neuroprotectin D1, NPD1; (10R, 17S-dihydroxy-4Z, 7Z, 11E, 13E, 15Z, 19Z-docosahexaenoic acid) in a rodent blast-induced auditory injury model. STUDY DESIGN Animal Research. METHODS A compressed-air driven shock tube was used to expose anesthetized adult male Long-Evan rats to shock waves simulating an open-field blast exposure. Approximately 30 minutes after blast exposure, rats were treated with NPD1 (100 ng/kg body wt.) or vehicle delivered intravenously via tail vein injection. Rats were then euthanized 48 hours after blast exposure. Unexposed rats were included as controls. Tissue sections containing both middle and inner ear were prepared with hematoxylin-eosin staining to elucidate histopathological changes associated with blast exposure. Cochlear tissues were evaluated for relative expression of ionized calcium-binding adaptor 1 (Iba1), as an indicator of microglial activation by immunohistochemistry and western blot analyses. RESULTS Our animal model resulted in an acute injury mechanism manifested by damage to the tympanic membrane, hemorrhage, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and increased expression of Iba1 protein. Moreover, therapeutic intervention with NPD1 significantly reduced Iba1 expression in the cochlea, suggesting a reduction of a neuroinflammatory response caused by blast overpressure. CONCLUSIONS Blast overpressure resulted in an increased expression of proteins involved in gliosis within the auditory system, which were reduced by NPD1. Treatment of NPD1 suggests an effective strategy to reduce or halt auditory microglial cell activation due to primary blast exposure. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 131:E2018-E2025, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- José David Ríos
- US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Charlotte K Hughes
- US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A
| | - John Lally
- US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Nathan Wienandt
- US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Carlos Esquivel
- Department of Defense (DoD) Hearing Center of Excellence, Defense Health Agency, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Erik K Weitzel
- US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A.,Department of Defense (DoD) Hearing Center of Excellence, Defense Health Agency, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A
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9
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Trojan E, Bryniarska N, Leśkiewicz M, Regulska M, Chamera K, Szuster-Głuszczak M, Leopoldo M, Lacivita E, Basta-Kaim A. The Contribution of Formyl Peptide Receptor Dysfunction to the Course of Neuroinflammation: A Potential Role in the Brain Pathology. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:229-249. [PMID: 31629396 PMCID: PMC7327951 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666191019170244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory processes within the central nervous system (CNS) are in part responsible for the development of neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. These processes are associated with, among other things, the increased and disturbed activation of microglia and the elevated production of proinflammatory factors. Recent studies indicated that the disruption of the process of resolution of inflammation (RoI) may be the cause of CNS disorders. It is shown that the RoI is regulated by endogenous molecules called specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), which interact with specific membrane receptors. Some SPMs activate formyl peptide receptors (FPRs), which belong to the family of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors take part not only in the proinflammatory response but also in the resolution of the inflammation process. Therefore, the activation of FPRs might have complex consequences. This review discusses the potential role of FPRs, and in particular the role of FPR2 subtype, in the brain under physiological and pathological conditions and their involvement in processes underlying neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders as well as ischemia, the pathogenesis of which involves the dysfunction of inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Trojan
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St. 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Natalia Bryniarska
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St. 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Leśkiewicz
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St. 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Regulska
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St. 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Chamera
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St. 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Szuster-Głuszczak
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St. 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcello Leopoldo
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Enza Lacivita
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St. 31-343 Krakow, Poland
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10
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Fu T, Mohan M, Brennan EP, Woodman OL, Godson C, Kantharidis P, Ritchie RH, Qin CX. Therapeutic Potential of Lipoxin A 4 in Chronic Inflammation: Focus on Cardiometabolic Disease. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:43-55. [PMID: 32259087 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that failure to resolve inflammation may contribute to the progression of many chronic inflammatory disorders. It has been suggested targeting the resolution of inflammation might be a novel therapeutic approach for chronic inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, diabetic complications, and cardiometabolic disease. Lipoxins [LXs] are a class of endogenously generated mediators that promote the resolution of inflammation. Biological actions of LXs include inhibition of neutrophil infiltration, promotion of macrophage polarization, increase of macrophage efferocytosis, and restoration of tissue homeostasis. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that LXs and synthetic analogues protect tissues from acute and chronic inflammation. The mechanism includes down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (e.g., interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α), inhibition of the activation of the master pro-inflammatory pathway (e.g., nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells pathway) and increased release of the pro-resolving cytokines (e.g., interleukin-10). Three generations of LXs analogues are well described in the literature, and more recently a fourth generation has been generated that appears to show enhanced potency. In this review, we will briefly discuss the potential therapeutic opportunity provided by lipoxin A4 as a novel approach to treat chronic inflammatory disorders, focusing on cardiometabolic disease and the current drug development in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Fu
- Heart Failure Pharmacology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Muthukumar Mohan
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Eoin P Brennan
- UCD Diabetes Complications Research Centre, UCD Conway Institute, UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Owen L Woodman
- Heart Failure Pharmacology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Catherine Godson
- UCD Diabetes Complications Research Centre, UCD Conway Institute, UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Phillip Kantharidis
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Rebecca H Ritchie
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Heart Failure Pharmacology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Cheng Xue Qin
- Heart Failure Pharmacology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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11
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Hansen TV, Vik A, Serhan CN. The Protectin Family of Specialized Pro-resolving Mediators: Potent Immunoresolvents Enabling Innovative Approaches to Target Obesity and Diabetes. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1582. [PMID: 30705632 PMCID: PMC6344435 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A western type diet and lifestyle play an important role in the development of chronic diseases, yet little insight into the precise cellular and biomolecular mechanisms has emerged. It is known that an unbalanced diet may result in obesity and diabetes. Sufficient amounts and proper balance of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is key for maintenance of health. The resolution of inflammation is now held to be a biosynthetically actively driven process precisely regulated and controlled by a superfamily of specialized pro-resolving mediators. Specialized pro-resolving mediators are biosynthesized from both omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and are resolution agonists acting on distinct G-coupled protein receptors. These mediators display potent anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving bioactions with EC50-values in the low nanomolar to picomolar range. The protectin (PD) family of specialized pro-resolving mediators is biosynthesized from the two omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and n–3 docosapentaenoic acid (n–3 DPA). All of the PDs display interesting bioactions as anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving agents. This review covers the bioactions, G-coupled protein receptors pharmacology, biosynthesis, and medicinal chemistry of the PD family of specialized pro-resolving mediators with an emphasis on obesity and anti-diabetic effects. In order to enable drug development and medicinal chemistry efforts against these diseases, stereoselective total organic synthesis of each of these mediators is required for confirmation of structure, stereochemical biosynthesis, and their functions. We provide an overview of our ongoing efforts and the current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trond Vidar Hansen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Vik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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12
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Chen QF, Hao H, Kuang XD, Hu QD, Huang YH, Zhou XY. BML-111, a lipoxin receptor agonist, protects against acute injury via regulating the renin angiotensin-aldosterone system. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2018; 140:9-17. [PMID: 30412790 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The renin angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and lipoxins (LXs) have similar roles in many processes. We previously reported that BML-111, a Lipoxin receptor agonist, inhibited chronic injury hepatic fibrosis by regulating RAAS, but whether LXs are involved in BML-111-mediated protection from acute injury is unclear still. METHODS We established models of acute liver/lung injury and confirmed them with histopathology and myeloperoxidase (MPO) measurements. BML-111, a lipoxin receptor agonist, was applied to mimic the effects of LXs. The contents and activities of angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE) and angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE2) were measured through ELISA and activity assay kits respectively. Angiotensin II (AngII), angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-1-7), AngII type 1 receptor (AT1R), and Mas receptor were quantified with ELISA and Western blot. RESULTS Models of acute injury were established successfully and BML-111 protected LPS-induced acute lung injury and LPS/D-GalN-induced acute liver injury. BML-111 repressed the activity of ACE, but increased the activity of ACE2. BML-111 decreased the expression levels of ACE, AngII, and AT1R, meanwhile increased the levels of ACE2, Ang-(1-7), and Mas. Furthermore, BOC-2, an inhibitor of lipoxin receptor, reversed all the effects. CONCLUSION BML-111 could protect against acute injury via regulation RAAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong-Feng Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Hua Hao
- Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Kuang
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Quan-Dong Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yong-Hong Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Etiology and Molecular Pathology, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Etiology and Molecular Pathology, Nanchang 330006, China.
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13
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Qu L, Caterina MJ. Accelerating the reversal of inflammatory pain with NPD1 and its receptor GPR37. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3246-3249. [PMID: 30010628 DOI: 10.1172/jci122203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Resolution of inflammation is a critical process that is facilitated by specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs). In this issue, Bang et al. show that the G protein-coupled receptor GPR37 is a receptor for one such SPM, neuroprotectin D1. They also show that GPR37 activation in macrophages enhances phagocytosis, shifts cytokine release toward an antiinflammatory profile, and thereby helps to reverse inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lintao Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery.,Neurosurgery Pain Research Institute
| | - Michael J Caterina
- Department of Neurosurgery.,Neurosurgery Pain Research Institute.,Department of Biological Chemistry, and.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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14
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Vik A, Dalli J, Hansen TV. Recent advances in the chemistry and biology of anti-inflammatory and specialized pro-resolving mediators biosynthesized from n-3 docosapentaenoic acid. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2259-2266. [PMID: 28408222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several novel oxygenated polyunsaturated lipid mediators biosynthesized from n-3 docosapentaenoic acid were recently isolated from murine inflammatory exudates and human primary cells. These compounds belong to a distinct family of specialized pro-resolving mediators, and display potent in vivo anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution effects. The endogenously formed specialized pro-resolving mediators have attracted a great interest as lead compounds in drug discovery programs towards the development of new classes of drugs that dampen inflammation without interfering with the immune response. Detailed information on the chemical structures, cellular functions and distinct biosynthetic pathways of specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators is a central aspect of these biological actions. Herein, the isolation, structural elucidation, biosynthetic pathways, total synthesis and bioactions of the n-3 docosapentaenoic acid derived mediators PD1n-3 DPA and MaR1n-3 DPA are discussed. In addition, a brief discussion of a novel family of mediators derived from n-3 docosapentaenoic acid, termed 13-series resolvins is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Vik
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jesmond Dalli
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Trond Vidar Hansen
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
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15
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Homann J, Suo J, Schmidt M, de Bruin N, Scholich K, Geisslinger G, Ferreirós N. In Vivo Availability of Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators in Oxazolone Induced Dermal Inflammation in the Mouse. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143141. [PMID: 26599340 PMCID: PMC4658101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation and infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are critical key steps in inflammation. PMN-mediated inflammation is limited by anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving mechanisms, including specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPM). We examined the effects of 15-epi-LXA4 on inflammation and the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins, leukotriene B4 and various hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids and SPM, in an oxazolone (OXA)-induced hypersensitivity model for dermal inflammation. 15-epi-LXA4 (100 μM, 5 μL subcutaneously injected) significantly (P < 0.05) reduced inflammation in skin, 24 hours after the OXA challenge, as compared to skin treated with vehicle. No significant influence on the biosynthesis of prostaglandins or leukotriene B4 was observed, whereas the level of 15S-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the skin areas treated with 15-epi-LXA4. In spite of the use of a fully validated analytical procedure, no SPM were detected in the biological samples. To investigate the reason for the lack of analytical signal, we tried to mimic the production of SPM (lipoxins, resolvins, maresin and protectin) by injecting them subcutaneously into the skin of mice and studying the in vivo availability and distribution of the compounds. All analytes showed very little lateral distribution in skin tissue and their levels were markedly decreased (> 95%) 2 hours after injection. However, docosahexaenoic acid derivatives were biologically more stable than SPM derived from arachidonic acid or eicosapentaenoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Homann
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jing Suo
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mike Schmidt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Project Group TMP, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Natasja de Bruin
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Project Group TMP, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Klaus Scholich
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Project Group TMP, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nerea Ferreirós
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
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16
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Dunn HC, Ager RR, Baglietto-Vargas D, Cheng D, Kitazawa M, Cribbs DH, Medeiros R. Restoration of lipoxin A4 signaling reduces Alzheimer's disease-like pathology in the 3xTg-AD mouse model. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 43:893-903. [PMID: 25125468 DOI: 10.3233/jad-141335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The initiation of an inflammatory response is critical to the survival of an organism. However, when inflammation fails to reach resolution, a chronic inflammatory state may occur, potentially leading to bystander tissue damage. Accumulating evidence suggests that chronic inflammation contributes to the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and identifying mechanisms to resolve the pro-inflammatory environment stimulated by AD pathology remains an area of active investigation. Previously, we found that treatment with the pro-resolving mediator aspirin-triggered lipoxin A4 (ATL), improved cognition, reduced Aβ levels, and enhanced microglia phagocytic activity in Tg2576 transgenic AD mice. Here, we evaluated the effect of aging on brain lipoxin A4 (LXA4) levels using non-transgenic and 3xTg-AD mice. Additionally, we investigated the effect of ATL treatment on tau pathology in 3xTg-AD mice. We found that LXA4 levels are reduced with age, a pattern significantly more impacted in 3xTg-AD mice. Moreover, ATL delivery enhanced the cognitive performance of 3xTg-AD mice and reduced Aβ levels, as well as decreased the levels of phosphorylated-tau (p-tau). The decrease in p-tau was due in part to an inhibition of the tau kinases GSK-3β and p38 MAPK. In addition, microglial and astrocyte reactivity was inhibited by ATL treatment. Our results suggest that the inability to resolve the immune response during aging might be an important feature that contributes to AD pathology and cognitive deficits. Furthermore, we demonstrate that activation of LXA4 signaling could serve as a potential therapeutic target for AD-related inflammation and cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley C Dunn
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rahasson R Ager
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - David Baglietto-Vargas
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - David Cheng
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Masashi Kitazawa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - David H Cribbs
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rodrigo Medeiros
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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17
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Higgins G, Ringholz F, Buchanan P, McNally P, Urbach V. Physiological impact of abnormal lipoxin A₄ production on cystic fibrosis airway epithelium and therapeutic potential. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:781087. [PMID: 25866809 PMCID: PMC4383482 DOI: 10.1155/2015/781087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxin A4 has been described as a major signal for the resolution of inflammation and is abnormally produced in the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). In CF, the loss of chloride transport caused by the mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl(-) channel gene results in dehydration, mucus plugging, and reduction of the airway surface liquid layer (ASL) height which favour chronic lung infection and neutrophil based inflammation leading to progressive lung destruction and early death of people with CF. This review highlights the unique ability of LXA4 to restore airway surface hydration, to stimulate airway epithelial repair, and to antagonise the proinflammatory program of the CF airway, circumventing some of the most difficult aspects of CF pathophysiology. The report points out novel aspects of the cellular mechanism involved in the physiological response to LXA4, including release of ATP from airway epithelial cell via pannexin channel and subsequent activation of and P2Y11 purinoreceptor. Therefore, inadequate endogenous LXA4 biosynthesis reported in CF exacerbates the ion transport abnormality and defective mucociliary clearance, in addition to impairing the resolution of inflammation, thus amplifying the vicious circle of airway dehydration, chronic infection, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Higgins
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Fiona Ringholz
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Paul Buchanan
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Paul McNally
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Valérie Urbach
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U845, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Site Necker, 156 rue Vaugirard, 75015 Paris, France
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18
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Abstract
The resolution of inflammation (RoI), once believed to be a passive process, has lately been shown to be an active and delicately orchestrated process. During the resolution phase of acute inflammation, novel mediators, including lipoxins and resolvins, which are members of the specialized pro-resolving mediators of inflammation, are produced. FPR2/ALXR, a receptor modulated by some of these lipids as well as by peptides (e.g., annexin A1), has been shown to be one of the receptors involved in the RoI. The aim of this perspective is to present the concept of the RoI from a medicinal chemistry point of view and to highlight the effort of the research community to discover and develop anti-inflammatory/pro-resolution small molecules to orchestrate inflammation by activation of FPR2/ALXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Corminboeuf
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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19
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Solvent-induced 7R-dioxygenase activity of soybean 15-lipoxygenase-1 in the formation of omega-3 DPA-derived resolvin analogs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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20
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Higgins G, Buchanan P, Perriere M, Al-Alawi M, Costello RW, Verriere V, McNally P, Harvey BJ, Urbach V. Activation of P2RY11 and ATP release by lipoxin A4 restores the airway surface liquid layer and epithelial repair in cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:178-90. [PMID: 24588705 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0424oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In cystic fibrosis (CF), the airway surface liquid (ASL) height is reduced as a result of impaired ion transport, which favors bacterial colonization and inflammation of the airway and leads to progressive lung destruction. Lipoxin (LX)A4, which promotes resolution of inflammation, is inadequately produced in the airways of patients with CF. We previously demonstrated that LXA4 stimulates an ASL height increase and epithelial repair. Here we report the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes. We found that LXA4 (1 nM) induced an apical ATP release from non-CF (NuLi-1) and CF (CuFi-1) airway epithelial cell lines and CF primary cultures. The ATP release induced by LXA4 was completely inhibited by antagonists of the ALX/FPR2 receptor and Pannexin-1 channels. LXA4 induced an increase in intracellular cAMP and calcium, which were abolished by the selective inhibition of the P2RY11 purinoreceptor. Pannexin-1 and ATP hydrolysis inhibition and P2RY11 purinoreceptor knockdown all abolished the increase of ASL height induced by LXA4. Inhibition of the A2b adenosine receptor did not affect the ASL height increase induced by LXA4, whereas the PKA inhibitor partially inhibited this response. The stimulation of NuLi-1 and CuFi-1 cell proliferation, migration, and wound repair by LXA4 was inhibited by the antagonists of Pannexin-1 channel and P2RY11 purinoreceptor. Taken together, our results provide evidence for a novel role of LXA4 in stimulating apical ATP secretion via Pannexin-1 channels and P2RY11 purinoreceptors activation leading to an ASL height increase and epithelial repair.
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21
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Caligiuri SPB, Aukema HM, Ravandi A, Pierce GN. Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory oxylipins in older subjects are normalized by flaxseed consumption. Exp Gerontol 2014; 59:51-7. [PMID: 24747581 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Oxylipins, including eicosanoids, are highly bioactive molecules endogenously produced from polyunsaturated fatty acids. Oxylipins play a key role in chronic disease progression. It is possible, but unknown, if oxylipin concentrations change with the consumption of functional foods or differ with subject age. METHODS Therefore, in a parallel comparator trial, 20 healthy individuals were recruited into a younger (19-28years) or older (45-64years) age group (n=10/group). Participants ingested one muffin/day containing 30g of milled flaxseed (6g alpha-linolenic acid) for 4weeks. Plasma oxylipins were isolated through solid phase extraction, analyzed with HPLC-MS/MS targeted lipidomics, and quantified with the stable isotope dilution method. RESULTS At baseline, the older group exhibited 13 oxylipins ≥2-fold the concentration of the younger group. Specifically, pro-inflammatory oxylipins 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, 9,10,13-trihydroxyoctadecenoic acid, and 9,12,13-trihydroxyoctadecenoic acid were significantly greater in the older (1.1±0.23nM, 5.6±0.84nM, and 4.5±0.58nM, respectively) versus the younger group (0.34±0.12nM, 3.5±0.33nM, and 3.0±0.24nM, respectively) (p<0.05). After 4weeks of flaxseed consumption the number of oxylipins that were ≥2-fold higher in the older versus the younger group was reduced to 3. 5-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, 9,10,13-trihydroxyoctadecenoic acid, and 9,12,13-trihydroxyoctadecenoic acid decreased in the older group to concentrations equivalent to the younger group after flaxseed consumption. CONCLUSION These data suggest a potential role for oxylipins in the aging process and how nutritional interventions like flaxseed can beneficially disrupt these biological changes associated with inflammation and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie P B Caligiuri
- Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine (CCARM), 351 Taché Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada; The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Taché Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Physiology, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Harold M Aukema
- Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine (CCARM), 351 Taché Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada; Human Nutritional Sciences, W383 Duff Roblin Building, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Amir Ravandi
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Taché Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada; Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, 820 Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Grant N Pierce
- Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine (CCARM), 351 Taché Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada; The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Taché Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Physiology, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
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22
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Lin F, Yu X, Zhang X, Guo Y, Huang Y, Zhou J, Zeng P, Ye D, Huang Y. A synthetic analog of lipoxin A4 partially alleviates dexamethasone-induced fetal growth restriction in rats. Placenta 2013; 34:941-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Winkler JW, Uddin J, Serhan CN, Petasis NA. Stereocontrolled total synthesis of the potent anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving lipid mediator resolvin D3 and its aspirin-triggered 17R-epimer. Org Lett 2013; 15:1424-7. [PMID: 23510485 DOI: 10.1021/ol400484u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The first total synthesis of stereochemically pure resolvin D3 and aspirin-triggered resolvin D3 is reported. These enzymatic metabolites of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have potent anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving actions. The convergent synthetic strategy is based on enantiomerically pure starting materials, and it is highly stereocontrolled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W Winkler
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
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24
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Oger C, Balas L, Durand T, Galano JM. Are alkyne reductions chemo-, regio-, and stereoselective enough to provide pure (Z)-olefins in polyfunctionalized bioactive molecules? Chem Rev 2012. [PMID: 23194255 DOI: 10.1021/cr3001753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR CNRS 5247, Université Montpellier 1, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 av. Charles Flahault, Bât. D, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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25
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Börgeson E, Godson C. Resolution of inflammation: therapeutic potential of pro-resolving lipids in type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated renal complications. Front Immunol 2012; 3:318. [PMID: 23087692 PMCID: PMC3474937 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its associated complications is increasingly recognized. The resolution of inflammation is actively regulated by endogenously produced lipid mediators such as lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins. Here we review the potential role of these lipid mediators in diabetes-associated pathologies, specifically focusing on adipose inflammation and diabetic kidney disease, i.e., diabetic nephropathy (DN). DN is one of the major complications of T2DM and we propose that pro-resolving lipid mediators may have therapeutic potential in this context. Adipose inflammation is also an important component of T2DM-associated insulin resistance and altered adipokine secretion. Promoting the resolution of adipose inflammation would therefore likely be a beneficial therapeutic approach in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Börgeson
- UCD Diabetes Research Centre, UCD Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
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26
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Ramon S, Gao F, Serhan CN, Phipps RP. Specialized proresolving mediators enhance human B cell differentiation to antibody-secreting cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:1036-42. [PMID: 22711890 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The resolution of inflammation is an active and dynamic process critical in maintaining homeostasis. Newly identified lipid mediators have been recognized as key players during the resolution phase. These specialized proresolving mediators (SPM) constitute separate families that include lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins, each derived from essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. New results demonstrate that SPM regulate aspects of the immune response, including reduction of neutrophil infiltration, decreased T cell cytokine production, and stimulation of macrophage phagocytic activity. The actions of SPM on B lymphocytes remain unknown. Our study shows that the novel SPM 17-hydroxydosahexaenoic acid (17-HDHA), resolvin D1, and protectin D1 are present in the spleen. Interestingly, 17-HDHA and resolvin D1, but not protectin D1, strongly increase activated human B cell IgM and IgG production. Furthermore, increased Ab production by 17-HDHA is due to augmented B cell differentiation toward a CD27(+)CD38(+) Ab-secreting cell phenotype. The 17-HDHA did not affect proliferation and was nontoxic to cells. Increase of plasma cell differentiation and Ab production supports the involvement of SPM during the late stages of inflammation and pathogen clearance. The present study provides new evidence for SPM activity in the humoral response. These new findings highlight the potential applications of SPM as endogenous and nontoxic adjuvants, and as anti-inflammatory therapeutic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sesquile Ramon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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27
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Magdalon J, Vinolo MAR, Rodrigues HG, Paschoal VA, Torres RP, Mancini-Filho J, Calder PC, Hatanaka E, Curi R. Oral Administration of Oleic or Linoleic Acids Modulates the Production of Inflammatory Mediators by Rat Macrophages. Lipids 2012; 47:803-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-012-3687-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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The medicinal chemistry of stable synthetic leukotriene B3 and B4 analogues. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:1007-14. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotriene B3 and B4 are part of an important class of signaling molecules – the leukotrienes, implicated in the inflammation process. Their pro-inflammatory effects have been widely recognized for almost three decades but it is only recently that their benefit in host defense has begun to be acknowledged. Their use as therapeutic agents is, unfortunately, limited by rapid metabolism. However, over the past 25 years, a number of stable leukotriene B3 and B4 analogues have been produced. In this review, we examine their medicinal chemistry and biological evaluation.
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29
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Brightling CE, Gupta S, Gonem S, Siddiqui S. Lung damage and airway remodelling in severe asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 42:638-49. [PMID: 22192725 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03917.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe asthma is a heterogeneous disease with substantial unmet clinical need. Airway damage and remodelling is a consequence of complex host-environment interactions and is considered to be the cardinal feature leading onto the development and persistence of airflow obstruction. In this review, we shall bring together recent insights into the causes of airway damage and remodelling that propose key roles for pathogens and mechanical damage in addition to allergens, underlying genetic susceptibility, inflammatory and structural cell interactions, and impaired resolution of damage. We shall consider the consequences of airway remodelling in terms of airway geometry, mechanics and clinical expression of disease. Understanding the causes and consequences of airway damage and remodelling will shed light upon the structure-function relationships required to begin to unravel the complexity of severe asthma and will enable us to target current and novel therapies as we begin to move towards realizing personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Brightling
- Department of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
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30
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Dabdoub MJ, Dabdoub VB, Baroni ACM, Barbosa SL. Four- and Eight-Carbon Homologation of Benzaldehyde by (1Z,3Z)-Butyltelluro-1,3-Butadiene: Synthesis of Navenone B: Alarm Pheromone of the Mollusk Navanax inermis. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2010.528131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel J. Dabdoub
- a Laboratório de Síntese de Compostos Organocalcogênios, Departamento de Química FFCLRP , Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Vânia B. Dabdoub
- a Laboratório de Síntese de Compostos Organocalcogênios, Departamento de Química FFCLRP , Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Adriano C. M. Baroni
- b Departamento de Farmácia-Bioquímica , Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária , Campo Grande , Brazil
| | - Sandro L. Barbosa
- c Departamento de Farmácia-Bioquímica , Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri , Diamantina , Brazil
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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32
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Spite M, Serhan CN. Novel lipid mediators promote resolution of acute inflammation: impact of aspirin and statins. Circ Res 2010; 107:1170-84. [PMID: 21071715 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.223883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The resolution of acute inflammation is a process that allows for inflamed tissues to return to homeostasis. Resolution was held to be a passive process, a concept now overturned with new evidence demonstrating that resolution is actively orchestrated by distinct cellular events and endogenous chemical mediators. Among these, lipid mediators, such as the lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and newly identified maresins, have emerged as a novel genus of potent and stereoselective players that counter-regulate excessive acute inflammation and stimulate molecular and cellular events that define resolution. Given that uncontrolled, chronic inflammation is associated with many cardiovascular pathologies, an appreciation of the endogenous pathways and mediators that control timely resolution can open new terrain for therapeutic approaches targeted at stimulating resolution of local inflammation, as well as correcting the impact of chronic inflammation in cardiovascular disorders. Here, we overview and update the biosynthesis and actions of proresolving lipid mediators, highlighting their diverse protective roles relevant to vascular systems and their relation to aspirin and statin therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Spite
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Chen Y, Hao H, He S, Cai L, Li Y, Hu S, Ye D, Hoidal J, Wu P, Chen X. Lipoxin A4 and its analogue suppress the tumor growth of transplanted H22 in mice: the role of antiangiogenesis. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:2164-74. [PMID: 20682645 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis plays an essential role in carcinogenesis, cancer progression, and metastasis. Some studies indicate that lipoxins, endogenous anti-inflammatory lipid mediators, might be involved in tumor angiogenesis; however, the governing mechanisms are still unknown. In the present study, we examined the effects of exogenous lipoxin A(4) (LXA(4)) in mouse hepatocarcinoma cell line (H22) and H22-bearing mice model. It was found that in H22 cells, LXA(4) inhibited the production of vascular endothelial growth factor and reduced hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha level. In addition, its analogue, BML-111, blocked the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in serum and tumor sections from H22-bearing mice. H&E staining and immunostaining with antibodies against CD34 revealed that BML-111 suppressed tumor-related angiogenesis in vivo, but LXA(4) could not influence the proliferation of primary cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The tumor growth was also inhibited by BML-111. We also found that BML-111 enhanced the in situ apoptosis while inhibiting macrophage infiltration in tumor tissue. The results provide new evidence that LXA(4) suppresses the growth of transplanted H22 tumor in mice through inhibiting tumor-related angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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Duffy CD, Guiry PJ. Recent advances in the chemistry and biology of stable synthetic Lipoxin analogues. MEDCHEMCOMM 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0md00136h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chen Q, Zhou W, Pu D, Li Z, Huang Q, Chen Q. The inhibitory effect of 15-R-LXA4 on experimental endometriosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2009; 145:200-4. [PMID: 19523744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2009.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the pro-resolution actions of 15-R-LXA(4) (LXA(4)) on endometriotic lesions and on the expression of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in the murine endometriosis model. STUDY DESIGN In a prospective, placebo-controlled experimental study, endometriosis was induced in thirty BALB/c mice, and fifteen sham-operated mice served as negative controls. Among the thirty mice with induced endometriosis, fifteen were administered 15-R-LXA(4) and acted as study group (LXA(4) group) and the other fifteen were used as positive controls (EM group). Then all the mice were sacrificed and the endometriotic lesions were weighed. The mRNA and protein levels of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha in the peritoneal fluid were quantified by using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). RESULT(S) Compared with the positive controls, 15-R-LXA(4) reduced the weight of the endometriotic lesions, decreased the concentrations of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha, and lowered the mRNA levels of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha in peritoneal fluid cells. CONCLUSION(S) These findings suggest that 15-R-LXA(4) inhibits the progression of endometriosis possibly by suppressing the gene and protein expression of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qionghua Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
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Decker Y, McBean G, Godson C. Lipoxin A4 inhibits IL-1beta-induced IL-8 and ICAM-1 expression in 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 296:C1420-7. [PMID: 19357230 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00380.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing appreciation that endogenously produced mediators may actively promote the resolution of inflammation. Lipoxins (LX) are a group of recently discovered lipid mediators that have been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and proresolution effects on cells of myeloid and nonmyeloid origin. LXs mediate a number of processes, including regression of pro-inflammatory cytokine production, inhibition of cell proliferation, and stimulation of phagocytosis of apoptotic leukocytes by macrophages. Lipoxin A(4) (LXA(4)) is one of the principal LXs formed by mammalian cells. Recently, a G protein-coupled receptor that binds LXA(4,) the lipoxin A(4) receptor, was identified in astrocytes and microglia, suggesting that these cells may be a target for LX action in the brain. In this study, we have investigated the potential of LXA(4) to modify inflammatory responses of astrocytes, using the 1321N1 human astrocytoma cell line as a model system. As shown by quantitative RT-PCR, LXA(4) (10 nM) significantly inhibited (P < 0.05) the IL-1beta-induced stimulation of IL-8 and ICAM-1 expression in these cells. Furthermore, LXA(4) (10 nM) decreased the expression of IL-1beta-induced IL-8 protein levels (P < 0.05). LXA(4) (10 nM) was found to inhibit IL-1beta-induced degradation of IkappaBalpha (P < 0.05), and the activation of an NFkappaB regulated reporter gene construct (P < 0.05). Overall, these data suggest that LXA(4) exerts anti-inflammatory effects in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells at least in part via an NFkappaB-dependent mechanism. It is concluded that LXA(4) may represent a potentially novel therapeutic approach to acute or chronic inflammation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Decker
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Planaguma A, Levy BD. Uncontrolled airway inflammation in lung disease represents a defect in counter-regulatory signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 3:697-704. [PMID: 19293940 DOI: 10.2217/17460875.3.6.697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Counter-regulatory lipid mediators are generated during airway inflammation to promote resolution. Defects in the production of these lipid mediators have now been associated with several diseases of persistent airway inflammation. Lipoxins are the lead members of this class of anti-inflammatory and proresolving chemical mediators. Recently, several new families of fatty acid-derived counter-regulatory mediators have been discovered, including the resolvins and protectins. Diminished formation of these endogenous protective signals would interrupt the natural resolution of inflammation. Here, we review how rapidly emerging information on lipoxins, resolvins and protectins is providing new insights into the pathophysiology of chronic airway inflammation in several common illnesses, including asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Planaguma
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, USA Tel.: +1 617 525 8362
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Placenta growth factor induces 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein to increase leukotriene formation in sickle cell disease. Blood 2008; 113:1129-38. [PMID: 18945963 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-07-169821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD) have increased inflammation, a high incidence of airway hyperreactivity (AH), and increased circulating leukotrienes (LT). We show that expression of 5-lipoxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP), key catalytic molecules in the LT pathway, were significantly increased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) in patients with SCD, compared with healthy controls. Placenta growth factor (PlGF), elaborated from erythroid cells, activated MNC and THP-1 monocytic cells to induce LT production. PlGF-mediated increased FLAP mRNA expression occurred via activation of phosphoinositide-3 (PI-3) kinase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, and hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha). HIF-1alpha small interfering RNA (siRNA) reduced PlGF-induced FLAP expression. FLAP promoter-driven luciferase constructs demonstrated that PlGF-mediated luciferase induction was abrogated upon mutation of HIF-1alpha response element (HRE), but not the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) site in the FLAP promoter; a finding confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis. PlGF also increased HIF-1alpha binding to the HRE in the FLAP promoter. Therefore, it is likely that the intrinsically elevated levels of PlGF in SCD subjects contribute to increased LT, which in turn, mediate both inflammation and AH. Herein, we identify a mechanism of increased LT in SCD and show HIF-1alpha as a hypoxia-independent target of PlGF. These studies provide new avenues to ameliorate these complications.
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Functionalised butanediacetal-protected 1,2-diols as suitable partners for Pd-catalysed cross-coupling reactions. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Serhan CN, Chiang N. Endogenous pro-resolving and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators: a new pharmacologic genus. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 153 Suppl 1:S200-15. [PMID: 17965751 PMCID: PMC2268040 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Revised: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Complete resolution of an acute inflammatory response and its return to homeostasis are essential for healthy tissues. Here, we overview ongoing efforts to characterize cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern the resolution of self-limited inflammation. Systematic temporal analyses of evolving inflammatory exudates using mediator lipidomics-informatics, proteomics, and cellular trafficking with murine resolving exudates demonstrate novel endogenous pathways of local-acting mediators that share both anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving properties. In murine systems, resolving-exudate leukocytes switch their phenotype to actively generate new families of mediators from major omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA termed resolvins and protectins. Recent advances on their biosynthesis and actions are reviewed with a focus on the E-series resolvins (RvE1, RvE2), D series resolvins (RvD1, RvD2) and the protectins including neuroprotectin D1/protectin D1 (NPD1/PD1) as well as their aspirin-triggered epimeric forms. Members of each new family demonstrate potent stereo-specific actions, joining the lipoxins as endogenous local signals that govern resolution and endogenous anti-inflammation mechanisms. In addition to their origins and roles in resolution biology in the immune system, recent findings indicate that these new mediator families also display potent protective actions in lung, kidney, and eye as well as enhance microbial clearance. Thus, these endogenous agonists of resolution pathways constitute a novel genus of chemical mediators that possess pro-resolving, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic as well as host-directed antimicrobial actions. These may be useful in the design of new therapeutics and treatments for diseases with the underlying trait of uncontrolled inflammation and redox organ stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Serhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Haworth O, Levy BD. Endogenous lipid mediators in the resolution of airway inflammation. Eur Respir J 2008; 30:980-92. [PMID: 17978156 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00005807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute inflammation in the lung is fundamentally important to host defence, but chronic or excessive inflammation leads to several common respiratory diseases, including asthma and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The resolution of inflammation is an active process. In health, events at the onset of acute inflammation establish biosynthetic circuits for specific chemical mediators that later serve as agonists to orchestrate a return to tissue homeostasis. In addition to an overabundance of pro-inflammatory stimuli, pathological inflammation can also result from defects in resolution signalling. The understanding of anti-inflammatory, pro-resolution molecules and their counter-regulatory signalling pathways is providing new insights into the molecular pathophysiology of lung disease and opportunities for the design of therapeutic strategies. In the present review, the growing family of lipid mediators of resolution is examined, including lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, cyclopentenones and presqualene diphosphate. Roles are uncovered for these compounds, or their structural analogues, in regulating airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Haworth
- Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Design and synthesis of benzo-lipoxin A4 analogs with enhanced stability and potent anti-inflammatory properties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:1382-7. [PMID: 18249111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 12/31/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A new class of chemically and metabolically stable lipoxin analogs featuring a replacement of the tetraene unit of native LXA(4) with a substituted benzo-fused ring system have been designed and studied. These molecules were readily synthesized via a convergent synthetic route involving iterative palladium-mediated cross-coupling, and exhibit enhanced chemical stability, as well as resistance to metabolic inactivation via eicosanoid oxido-reductase. These new LX analogs were evaluated in a model of acute inflammation and were shown to exhibit potent anti-inflammatory properties, significantly decreasing neutrophil infiltration in vivo. The most potent among these was compound 9 (o-[9,12]-benzo-15-epi-LXA(4) methyl ester. Taken together, these findings help identify a new class of stable and easily prepared LX analogs that may serve as novel tools and as promising leads for new anti-inflammatory agents with improved therapeutic profile.
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O'Sullivan TP, Vallin KSA, Ali Shah ST, Fakhry J, Maderna P, Scannell M, Sampaio ALF, Perretti M, Godson C, Guiry PJ. Aromatic Lipoxin A4and Lipoxin B4Analogues Display Potent Biological Activities. J Med Chem 2007; 50:5894-902. [DOI: 10.1021/jm060270d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Levy BD, Lukacs NW, Berlin AA, Schmidt B, Guilford WJ, Serhan CN, Parkinson JF. Lipoxin A4 stable analogs reduce allergic airway responses via mechanisms distinct from CysLT1 receptor antagonism. FASEB J 2007; 21:3877-84. [PMID: 17625069 PMCID: PMC3005621 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-8653com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cellular recruitment during inflammatory/immune responses is tightly regulated. The ability to dampen inflammation is imperative for prevention of chronic immune responses, as in asthma. Here we investigated the ability of lipoxin A4 (LXA4) stable analogs to regulate airway responses in two allergen-driven models of inflammation. A 15-epi-LXA4 analog (ATLa) and a 3-oxa-15-epi-LXA4 analog (ZK-994) prevented excessive eosinophil and T lymphocyte accumulation and activation after mice were sensitized and aerosol-challenged with ovalbumin. At <0.5 mg/kg, these LXA4 analogs reduced leukocyte trafficking into the lung by >50% and to a greater extent than equivalent doses of the CysLT1 receptor antagonist montelukast. Distinct from montelukast, ATLa treatment led to marked reductions in cysteinyl leukotrienes, interleukin-4 (IL-4), and IL-10, and both ATLa and ZK-994 inhibited levels of IL-13. In cockroach allergen-induced airway responses, both intraperitoneal and oral administration of ZK-994 significantly reduced parameters of airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness in a dose-dependent manner. ZK-994 also significantly changed the balance of Th1/Th2-specific cytokine levels. Thus, the ATLa/LXA4 analog actions are distinct from CysLT1 antagonism and potently block both allergic airway inflammation and hyper-reactivity. Moreover, these results demonstrate these analogs' therapeutic potential as new agonists for the resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D Levy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Serhan CN. Resolution phase of inflammation: novel endogenous anti-inflammatory and proresolving lipid mediators and pathways. Annu Rev Immunol 2007; 25:101-37. [PMID: 17090225 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 724] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Resolution of inflammation and the return of tissues to homeostasis are essential. Efforts to identify molecular events governing termination of self-limited inflammation uncovered pathways in resolving exudates that actively generate, from essential omega fatty acids, new families of local-acting mediators. These chemical mediator families, termed resolvins and protectins, are potent stereoselective agonists that control the duration and magnitude of inflammation, joining the lipoxins as signals in resolution. This review examines the mapping of these circuits and recent advances in our understanding of the biosynthesis and actions of these novel proresolving lipid mediators. Aspirin jump-starts resolution by triggering biosynthesis of specific epimers of these mediators. In addition to their origins in inflammation resolution, these compounds also display potent protective roles in neural systems, liver, lung, and eye. Given the potent actions of lipoxins, resolvins, and protectins in models of human disease, deficiencies in resolution pathways may contribute to many diseases and offer exciting new potential for therapeutic control via resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Chanez P, Wenzel SE, Anderson GP, Anto JM, Bel EH, Boulet LP, Brightling CE, Busse WW, Castro M, Dahlen B, Dahlen SE, Fabbri LM, Holgate ST, Humbert M, Gaga M, Joos GF, Levy B, Rabe KF, Sterk PJ, Wilson SJ, Vachier I. Severe asthma in adults: what are the important questions? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119:1337-48. [PMID: 17416409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.11.702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Revised: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The term severe refractory asthma (SRA) in adults applies to patients who remain difficult to control despite extensive re-evaluation of diagnosis and management following an observational period of at least 6 months by a specialist. Factors that influence asthma control should be recognized and adequately addressed prior to confirming the diagnosis of SRA. This report presents statements according to the literature defining SRA in order address the important questions. Phenotyping SRA will improve our understanding of mechanisms, natural history, and prognosis. Female gender, obesity, and smoking are associated with SRA. Atopy is less frequent in SRA, but occupational sensitizers are common inducers of new-onset SRA. Viruses contribute to severe exacerbations and can persist in the airways for long periods. Inflammatory cells are in the airways of the majority of patients with SRA and persist despite steroid therapy. The T(H)2 immune process alone is inadequate to explain SRA. Reduced responsiveness to corticosteroids is common, and epithelial cell and smooth muscle abnormalities are found, contributing to airway narrowing. Large and small airway wall thickening is observed, but parenchymal abnormalities may influence airway limitation. Inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators are the mainstay of treatment, but patients with SRA remain uncontrolled, indicating a need for new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Chanez
- INSERM U454 and Clinique des Maladies Respiratoires, Montpellier, France.
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Kowal-Bielecka O, Kowal K, Distler O, Gay S. Mechanisms of Disease: leukotrienes and lipoxins in scleroderma lung disease--insights and potential therapeutic implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 3:43-51. [PMID: 17203008 DOI: 10.1038/ncprheum0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Scleroderma interstitial lung disease (SLD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic sclerosis. Although the pathogenesis of SLD is not clear, excessive fibrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration are the main histologic features of this disorder. Leukotrienes and lipoxins are two functionally different classes of lipoxygenase-derived eicosanoids. Leukotrienes are potent proinflammatory mediators and directly and indirectly stimulate fibroblast chemotaxis, proliferation, and collagen synthesis. Lipoxins counter-regulate the proinflammatory actions of leukotrienes and activate resolution of the inflammatory response. In addition, lipoxins inhibit growth-factor-induced fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis. Studies using bronchoalveolar lavage have revealed that there is an overproduction of proinflammatory and profibrotic leukotrienes in the lungs of patients with SLD, and that leukotriene levels correlate with inflammatory indices within the lungs. Moreover, the increased levels of leukotrienes in these patients are not balanced by an upregulation of anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic lipoxins. Unopposed actions of leukotrienes might, therefore, induce chronic inflammation and fibrosis in the lungs of SLD patients. Accordingly, pharmacologic correction of a leukotriene-lipoxin imbalance using leukotriene inhibitors or lipoxin analogs might be a new approach to the treatment of SLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otylia Kowal-Bielecka
- Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine, Medical University in Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
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Abstract
Historically, anti-inflammatory drugs had their origins in the serendipitous discovery of certain plants and their extracts being applied for the relief of pain, fever and inflammation. When salicylates were discovered in the mid-19th century to be the active components of Willow Spp., this enabled these compounds to be synthesized and from this, acetyl-salicylic acid or Aspirin was developed. Likewise, the chemical advances of the 19th-20th centuries lead to development of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), most of which were initially organic acids, but later non-acidic compounds were discovered. There were two periods of NSAID drug discovery post-World War 2, the period up to the 1970's which was the pre-prostaglandin period and thereafter up to the latter part of the last century in which their effects on prostaglandin production formed part of the screening in the drug-discovery process. Those drugs developed up to the 1980-late 90's were largely discovered empirically following screening for anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities in laboratory animal models. Some were successfully developed that showed low incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) side effects (the principal adverse reaction seen with NSAIDs) than seen with their predecessors (e.g. aspirin, indomethacin, phenylbutazone); the GI reactions being detected and screened out in animal assays. In the 1990's an important discovery was made from elegant molecular and cellular biological studies that there are two cyclo-oxygenase (COX) enzyme systems controlling the production of prostanoids [prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxane (TxA2)]; COX-1 that produces PGs and TxA2 that regulate gastrointestinal, renal, vascular and other physiological functions, and COX-2 that regulates production of PGs involved in inflammation, pain and fever. The stage was set in the 1990's for the discovery and development of drugs to selectively control COX-2 and spare the COX-1 that is central to physiological processes whose inhibition was considered a major factor in development of adverse reactions, including those in the GI tract. At the turn of this century, there was enormous commercial development following the introduction of two new highly selective COX-2 inhibitors, known as coxibs (celecoxib and rofecoxib) which were claimed to have low GI side effects. While found to have fulfilled these aims in part, an alarming turn of events took place in the late 2004 period when rofecoxib was withdrawn worldwide because of serious cardiovascular events and other coxibs were subsequently suspected to have this adverse reaction, although to a varying degree. Major efforts are currently underway to discover why cardiovascular reactions took place with coxibs, identify safer coxibs, as well as elucidate the roles of COX-2 and COX-1 in cardiovascular diseases and stroke in the hope that there may be some basis for developing newer agents (e.g. nitric oxide-donating NSAIDs) to control these conditions. The discovery of the COX isoforms led to establishing their importance in many non-arthritic or non-pain states where there is an inflammatory component to pathogenesis, including cancer, Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases. The applications of NSAIDs and the coxibs in the prevention and treatment of these conditions as well as aspirin and other analogues in the prevention of thrombo-embolic diseases now constitute one of the major therapeutic developments of the this century. Moreover, new anti-inflammatory drugs are being discovered and developed based on their effects on signal transduction and as anti-cytokine agents and these drugs are now being heralded as the new therapies to control those diseases where cytokines and other nonprostaglandin components of chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases are manifest. To a lesser extent safer application of corticosteroids and the applications of novel drug delivery systems for use with these drugs as well as with NSAIDs also represent newer technological developments of the 21st century. What started out as drugs to control inflammation, pain and fever in the last two centuries now has exploded to reveal an enormous range and type of anti-inflammatory agents and discovery of new therapeutic targets to treat a whole range of conditions that were never hitherto envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Rainsford
- Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Health & Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield, SI 1WB, UK.
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Bürli RW, Xu H, Zou X, Muller K, Golden J, Frohn M, Adlam M, Plant MH, Wong M, McElvain M, Regal K, Viswanadhan VN, Tagari P, Hungate R. Potent hFPRL1 (ALXR) agonists as potential anti-inflammatory agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3713-8. [PMID: 16697190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2006] [Revised: 04/20/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We report the discovery of potent agonists for the human formyl-peptide-like 1 receptor (hFPRL1). These compounds did not act at a closely related receptor denoted human formyl peptide receptor (hFPR) up to 10 microM concentration. Recent studies have indicated that agonizing this receptor may promote resolution of inflammation. In an exploratory study, a novel hFPRL1 agonist showed efficacy in a mouse ear inflammation model following oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland W Bürli
- Chemistry Research and Discovery, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
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