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Chen G, Chen Y, Hong J, Gao J, Xu Z. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside regulates estrogen receptor expression to ameliorate OVX-induced osteoporosis. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:792. [PMID: 37875947 PMCID: PMC10594807 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-04284-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) is a phytoestrogen that has been reported to improve postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) caused by estrogen deficiency. In our work, we aimed to investigate the mechanism of SDG in regulating the expressions of ERs on PMOP model rats. METHODS Ovariectomization (OVX) was used to establish PMOP model in rats. The experiment was allocated to Sham, OVX, SDG and raloxifene (RLX) groups. After 12-week treatment, micro-CT was used to detect the transverse section of bone. Hematoxylin and Eosin staining and Safranine O-Fast Green staining were supplied to detect the femur pathological morphology of rats. Estradiol (E2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), bone formation and bone catabolism indexes in serum were detected using ELISA. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining was used to detect the osteogenic ability of chondrocytes. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were applied to detect the protein expressions of estrogen receptors (ERs) in the femur of rats. RESULTS Compared with the OVX group, micro-CT results showed SDG could lessen the injury of bone and improve femoral parameters, including bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD). Pathological results showed SDG could reduce pathological injury of femur in OVX rats. Meanwhile, SDG decreased the level of IL-6 and regulated bone formation and bone catabolism indexes. Besides, SDG increased the level of E2 and conversed OVX-induced decreased the expression of ERα and ERβ. CONCLUSION The treatment elicited by SDG in OVX rats was due to the reduction of injury and inflammation and improvement of bone formation index, via regulating the expression of E2 and ERs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofang Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou, 311200, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Yansong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou, 311200, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Junyi Hong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou, 311200, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Junwei Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou, 311200, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhikun Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou, 311200, Zhejiang Province, China
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Al-Madhagy S, Ashmawy NS, Mamdouh A, Eldahshan OA, Farag MA. A comprehensive review of the health benefits of flaxseed oil in relation to its chemical composition and comparison with other omega-3-rich oils. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:240. [PMID: 37464425 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01203-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L) is an ancient perennial plant species regarded as a multipurpose plant owing to its richness in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) including α-linolenic acid (ALA). The extensive biochemical analysis of flaxseed resulted in the identification of its bioactive, i.e., lignans with potential application in the improvement of human health. Flaxseed oil, fibers, and lignans exert potential health benefits including reduction of cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, diabetes, cancer, arthritis, osteoporosis, and autoimmune and neurological disorders that have led to the diversification of flaxseed plant applications. This comprehensive review focuses on flaxseed oil as the major product of flaxseed with emphasis on the interrelationship between its chemical composition and biological effects. Effects reviewed include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, antiulcer, anti-osteoporotic, cardioprotective, metabolic, and neuroprotective. This study provides an overview of flaxseed oil effects with the reported action mechanisms related to its phytochemical composition and in comparison, to other PUFA-rich oils. This study presents the most updated and comprehensive review summarizing flaxseed oil's health benefits for the treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaia Al-Madhagy
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Naglaa S Ashmawy
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Ayat Mamdouh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Omayma A Eldahshan
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
- Center of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
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Omer M, Ngo C, Ali H, Orlovskaya N, Cheong VS, Ballesteros A, Garner MT, Wynn A, Martyniak K, Wei F, Collins BE, Yarmolenko SN, Asiatico J, Kinzel M, Ghosh R, Meckmongkol T, Calder A, Dahir N, Gilbertson TA, Sankar J, Coathup M. The Effect of Omega-9 on Bone Viscoelasticity and Strength in an Ovariectomized Diet-Fed Murine Model. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051209. [PMID: 36904208 PMCID: PMC10005705 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Few studies have investigated the effect of a monosaturated diet high in ω-9 on osteoporosis. We hypothesized that omega-9 (ω-9) protects ovariectomized (OVX) mice from a decline in bone microarchitecture, tissue loss, and mechanical strength, thereby serving as a modifiable dietary intervention against osteoporotic deterioration. Female C57BL/6J mice were assigned to sham-ovariectomy, ovariectomy, or ovariectomy + estradiol treatment prior to switching their feed to a diet high in ω-9 for 12 weeks. Tibiae were evaluated using DMA, 3-point-bending, histomorphometry, and microCT. A significant decrease in lean mass (p = 0.05), tibial area (p = 0.009), and cross-sectional moment of inertia (p = 0.028) was measured in OVX mice compared to the control. A trend was seen where OVX bone displayed increased elastic modulus, ductility, storage modulus, and loss modulus, suggesting the ω-9 diet paradoxically increased both stiffness and viscosity. This implies beneficial alterations on the macro-structural, and micro-tissue level in OVX bone, potentially decreasing the fracture risk. Supporting this, no significant differences in ultimate, fracture, and yield stresses were measured. A diet high in ω-9 did not prevent microarchitectural deterioration, nevertheless, healthy tibial strength and resistance to fracture was maintained via mechanisms independent of bone structure/shape. Further investigation of ω-9 as a therapeutic in osteoporosis is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Omer
- Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Christopher Ngo
- Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Hessein Ali
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Nina Orlovskaya
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Vee San Cheong
- Insigneo Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | | | | | - Austin Wynn
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Kari Martyniak
- Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Fei Wei
- Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Boyce E. Collins
- Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Biomaterials, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Sergey N. Yarmolenko
- Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Biomaterials, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Jackson Asiatico
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Michael Kinzel
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Ranajay Ghosh
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Teerin Meckmongkol
- Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
- Department of General Surgery, Nemours Children’s Hospital, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Ashley Calder
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Naima Dahir
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | | | - Jagannathan Sankar
- Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Biomaterials, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Melanie Coathup
- Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-407-266-7184
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Omer M, Ali H, Orlovskaya N, Ballesteros A, Cheong VS, Martyniak K, Wei F, Collins BE, Yarmolenko SN, Asiatico J, Kinzel M, Ngo C, Sankar J, Calder A, Gilbertson T, Meckmongkol T, Ghosh R, Coathup M. Omega-9 Modifies Viscoelasticity and Augments Bone Strength and Architecture in a High-Fat Diet-Fed Murine Model. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153165. [PMID: 35956341 PMCID: PMC9370223 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of diet on the development of osteoporosis is significant and not fully understood. This study investigated the effect of diets of varying lipid profiles and ω-3, ω-6 and ω-9 composition on the structural and mechanical properties of bone. The hypothesis studied was that a diet high in saturated fat would induce osteoporosis and produce an overall increased detrimental bony response when compared with a diet high in unsaturated ω-6, or ω-9. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed either a control diet, 50:50 mix (saturated:unsaturated) high in ω-9 (HFD50:50), a diet high in saturated fat (HSF) or a polyunsaturated fat diet high in ω-6 (PUFA) over an 8-week duration. Tibiae were retrieved and evaluated using DMA, 3-point-bending, histomorphometry, and microCT. Mice fed a HSF diet displayed key features characteristic of osteoporosis. The loss tangent was significantly increased in the HFD50:50 diet group compared with control (p = 0.016) and PUFA-fed animals (p = 0.049). HFD50:50-fed mice presented with an increased viscous component, longer tibiae, increased loss modulus (p = 0.009), and ultimate stress, smaller microcracks (p < 0.001), and increased trabecular width (p = 0.002) compared with control animals. A diet high in ω-9 resulted in an overall superior bone response and further analysis of its role in bone health is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Omer
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (H.A.); (N.O.); (J.A.); (M.K.); (R.G.)
- Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (A.B.); (K.M.); (F.W.); (C.N.); (T.M.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Hessein Ali
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (H.A.); (N.O.); (J.A.); (M.K.); (R.G.)
| | - Nina Orlovskaya
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (H.A.); (N.O.); (J.A.); (M.K.); (R.G.)
| | - Amelia Ballesteros
- Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (A.B.); (K.M.); (F.W.); (C.N.); (T.M.); (M.C.)
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (A.C.); (T.G.)
| | - Vee San Cheong
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, Insigneo Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK;
| | - Kari Martyniak
- Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (A.B.); (K.M.); (F.W.); (C.N.); (T.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Fei Wei
- Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (A.B.); (K.M.); (F.W.); (C.N.); (T.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Boyce E. Collins
- Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Biomaterials, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (B.E.C.); (S.N.Y.); (J.S.)
| | - Sergey N. Yarmolenko
- Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Biomaterials, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (B.E.C.); (S.N.Y.); (J.S.)
| | - Jackson Asiatico
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (H.A.); (N.O.); (J.A.); (M.K.); (R.G.)
| | - Michael Kinzel
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (H.A.); (N.O.); (J.A.); (M.K.); (R.G.)
| | - Christopher Ngo
- Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (A.B.); (K.M.); (F.W.); (C.N.); (T.M.); (M.C.)
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (A.C.); (T.G.)
| | - Jagannathan Sankar
- Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Biomaterials, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (B.E.C.); (S.N.Y.); (J.S.)
| | - Ashley Calder
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (A.C.); (T.G.)
| | - Timothy Gilbertson
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (A.C.); (T.G.)
| | - Teerin Meckmongkol
- Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (A.B.); (K.M.); (F.W.); (C.N.); (T.M.); (M.C.)
- Department of General Surgery, Nemours Children’s Hospital, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Ranajay Ghosh
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (H.A.); (N.O.); (J.A.); (M.K.); (R.G.)
| | - Melanie Coathup
- Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (A.B.); (K.M.); (F.W.); (C.N.); (T.M.); (M.C.)
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (A.C.); (T.G.)
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Abstract
The relationships between both dietary and empty body fatty acid composition and the morphometry, densitometry, geometry and biomechanical properties of the femur of growing pigs were analysed. A total of thirty-two pigs aged 115 d were divided into four groups (n 8 per group). The pigs were fed either a control diet (group C) or a diet supplemented with linseed oil (rich in α-linolenic acid (C18 : 3n-3), group L), fish oil (rich in EPA (C20 : 5n-3) and DHA (C22 : 6n-3), group F) and beef tallow (rich in SFA, group T). The diets differed in n-3 PUFA contents (0·63-18·52 g/kg) and n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios (0·91-14·51). At 165 d of age, the pigs were slaughtered and the fatty acids in the empty body were determined. Moreover, the left femur was dissected. The cortical wall thickness, cross-sectional area, cortical index, bone mineral content, bone mineral density, maximum elastic strength and maximum strength were lower (P<0·05) in the femurs of pigs from groups C and T than in those from groups F and L. Significant positive correlations were found between the densitometry, geometry and biomechanical properties of the femur and both dietary and empty body n-3 PUFA content, whereas significant negative correlations were observed between the same properties and both dietary and empty body n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio. The results of the present study suggest that in growing pigs α-linolenic acid has a similar positive effect on bone health to that of EPA and DHA.
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Bekhit AEDA, Shavandi A, Jodjaja T, Birch J, Teh S, Mohamed Ahmed IA, Al-Juhaimi FY, Saeedi P, Bekhit AA. Flaxseed: Composition, detoxification, utilization, and opportunities. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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El-Sayed E, Ibrahim K. Effect of the types of dietary fats and non-dietary oils on bone metabolism. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 57:653-658. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.914889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Maditz KH, Smith BJ, Miller M, Oldaker C, Tou JC. Feeding soy protein isolate and oils rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids affected mineral balance, but not bone in a rat model of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease. BMC Nephrol 2015; 16:13. [PMID: 25886405 PMCID: PMC4357150 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-015-0005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polycystic kidney disease (PKD), a genetic disorder characterized by multiple cysts and renal failure at an early age. In children, kidney disease is often accompanied by disordered mineral metabolism, failure to achieve peak bone mass, and reduced adult height. Optimizing bone health during the growth stage may preserve against bone loss associated with early renal dysfunction in PKD. Dietary soy protein and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) have been reported to ameliorate PKD and to promote bone health. The study objective was to determine the bone effects of feeding soy protein and/or n-3 PUFAs in a rat model of PKD. Methods Weanling female PCK rats (n = 12/group) were randomly assigned to casein + corn oil (Casein + CO), casein + soybean oil (Casein + SO), soy protein isolate + soybean oil (SPI + SO) or soy protein isolate + 1:1 soybean oil:salmon oil blend (SPI + SB) for 12 weeks. Results Rats fed SPI + SO diet had shorter (P = 0.001) femur length than casein-fed rats. Rats fed SPI + SO and SPI + SB diet had higher (P = 0.04) calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) retention. However, there were no significant differences in femur and tibial Ca, P or bone mass between diet groups. There were also no significant difference in bone microarchitecture measured by micro-computed tomography or bone strength determined by three-point bending test between diet groups. Conclusions Early diet management of PKD using SPI and/or n-3 PUFAs influenced bone longitudinal growth and mineral balance, but neither worsened nor enhanced bone mineralization, microarchitecture or strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin H Maditz
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, 1038 Agricultural Sciences Bldg, P.O. Box 6108, Evansdale Campus, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26505, USA.
| | - Brenda J Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
| | - Matthew Miller
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, 1038 Agricultural Sciences Bldg, P.O. Box 6108, Evansdale Campus, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26505, USA.
| | - Chris Oldaker
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, 1038 Agricultural Sciences Bldg, P.O. Box 6108, Evansdale Campus, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26505, USA.
| | - Janet C Tou
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, 1038 Agricultural Sciences Bldg, P.O. Box 6108, Evansdale Campus, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26505, USA.
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Investigating the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in bone development using animal models. Molecules 2013; 18:14203-27. [PMID: 24248147 PMCID: PMC6270577 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181114203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorporating n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the diet may promote the development of a healthy skeleton and thereby reduce the risk of developing osteoporosis in later life. Studies using developing animal models suggest lowering dietary n-6 PUFA and increasing n-3 PUFA intakes, especially long chain n-3 PUFA, may be beneficial for achieving higher bone mineral content, density and stronger bones. To date, the evidence regarding the effects of α-linolenic acid (ALA) remain equivocal, in contrast to evidence from the longer chain products, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This review reports the results of investigations into n-3 PUFA supplementation on bone fatty acid composition, strength and mineral content in developing animal models as well as the mechanistic relationships of PUFA and bone, and identifies critical areas for future research. Overall, this review supports a probable role for essential (ALA) and long chain (EPA and DHA) n-3 PUFA for bone health. Understanding the role of PUFA in optimizing bone health may lead to dietary strategies that promote bone development and maintenance of a healthy skeleton.
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Implications of dietary α-linolenic acid in bone health. Nutrition 2011; 27:1101-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Chen J, Saggar JK, Ward WE, Thompson LU. Effects of flaxseed lignan and oil on bone health of breast-tumor-bearing mice treated with or without tamoxifen. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2011; 74:757-768. [PMID: 21541878 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2011.567950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that flaxseed lignan (secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, SDG) and oil (FO) inhibit established breast tumor growth in athymic mice with or without tamoxifen (TAM) treatment. TAM was found to increase bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) in breast cancer patients. It is not known whether SDG or FO alone or combined with TAM affects bone health. Hence, the effects of SDG and FO, alone or in combination, on BMC, BMD, and biomechanical bone strength in ovariectomized athymic mice with established human breast tumors (MCF-7) treated with or without TAM were studied. In a factorial design, mice were divided into four non-TAM and four TAM groups. Each group consisted of mice fed a basal diet (BD), SDG (1 g/kg), FO (38.5 g/kg) or SDG + FO (combination) diets. The TAM group had TAM implants that provide a 5-mg TAM dose released over 60 d. TAM exerted an overall significant effect in increasing BMC, BMD, and biomechanical strength in femurs and lumbar vertebra. Without TAM treatment, SDG produced significant lower femur BMD (6%) while FO produced lower vertebrae BMC (8%) and BMD (6%). With TAM treatment, SDG and FO did not exert an effect on BMC and BMD at the femur or vertebra. SDG and FO produced no marked effect on biomechanical bone strength with or without TAM treatment. In conclusion, FS components did not significantly attenuate the positive effects on bone induced by TAM in this model system, indicating no apparent adverse effects on bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Lau BY, Fajardo VA, McMeekin L, Sacco SM, Ward WE, Roy BD, Peters SJ, Leblanc PJ. Influence of high-fat diet from differential dietary sources on bone mineral density, bone strength, and bone fatty acid composition in rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2010; 35:598-606. [PMID: 20962915 DOI: 10.1139/h10-052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that high-fat diets adversely affect bone development. However, these studies included other dietary manipulations, including low calcium, folic acid, and fibre, and (or) high sucrose or cholesterol, and did not directly compare several common sources of dietary fat. Thus, the overall objective of this study was to investigate the effect of high-fat diets that differ in fat quality, representing diets high in saturated fatty acids (SFA), n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), or n-6 PUFA, on femur bone mineral density (BMD), strength, and fatty acid composition. Forty-day-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained for 65 days on high-fat diets (20% by weight), containing coconut oil (SFA; n = 10), flaxseed oil (n-3 PUFA; n = 10), or safflower oil (n-6 PUFA; n = 11). Chow-fed rats (n = 10), at 105 days of age, were included to represent animals on a control diet. Rats fed high-fat diets had higher body weights than the chow-fed rats (p < 0.001). Among all high-fat groups, there were no differences in femur BMD (p > 0.05) or biomechanical strength properties (p > 0.05). Femurs of groups fed either the high n-3 or high n-6 PUFA diets were stronger (as measured by peak load) than those of the chow-fed group, after adjustment for significant differences in body weight (p = 0.001). As expected, the femur fatty acid profile reflected the fatty acid composition of the diet consumed. These results suggest that high-fat diets, containing high levels of PUFA in the form of flaxseed or safflower oil, have a positive effect on bone strength when fed to male rats 6 to 15 weeks of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Y Lau
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
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Vertebrae of Developing Fat-1 Mice Have Greater Strength and Lower N-6/N-3 Fatty Acid Ratio. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2009; 234:632-8. [DOI: 10.3181/0808-rm-247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorporation of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) into bone may optimize bone development. The study objective was to use the fat-1 mouse, a transgenic model that synthesizes n-3 PUFA from n-6 PUFA, to determine if bone mineral density (BMD) and biomechanical bone strength were favourably modulated by lowering the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in vertebrae. Male and female wild-type and fat-1 mice were fed an AIN93-G diet containing 10% safflower oil from weaning through 12 weeks of age. Vertebrae BMD was determined by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and peak load, a surrogate measure of fracture risk, was measured by a materials testing system. Vertebrae fatty acid composition was measured by gas liquid chromatography. At 12 weeks of age, vertebrae peak load was higher in fat-1 mice compared to wild-type ( P = 0.026). Fat-1 mice also had lower n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in vertebrae than wild-type ( P < 0.001) and this ratio was negatively correlated with BMD and peak load ( P = 0.005). Moreover, n-3 PUFA including α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were positively correlated ( P < 0.05) with BMD and peak load. Therefore, a lower vertebrae n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio is associated with stronger vertebrae and suggests a positive role for n-3 PUFA in bone development.
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Flaxseed combined with low-dose estrogen therapy preserves bone tissue in ovariectomized rats. Menopause 2009; 16:545-54. [DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e31818fc00a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Femarelle® and bone mineral density - Scientific substantiation of a health claim related to “Femarelle®” and “induces bone formation and increases bone mineral density reducing the risk for osteoporosis and other bone disorders” pursuant to Article 14 of. EFSA J 2008. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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