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Kuroyanagi G, Hioki T, Tachi J, Matsushima-Nishiwaki R, Iida H, Kozawa O, Tokuda H. Oncostatin M stimulates prostaglandin D 2-induced osteoprotegerin and interleukin-6 synthesis in osteoblasts. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2023; 192:102575. [PMID: 37094446 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2023.102575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Oncostatin M produced by osteal macrophages plays a significant role in fracture healing. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) secreted by osteoblasts, binds to the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK) ligand (RANKL) as a decoy receptor and prevents RANKL from binding to RANK, resulting in bone resorption suppression. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine and generally regulates bone resorption. However, accumulating evidence suggests that IL-6 plays pivotal roles in bone formation. We previously showed that prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) induces OPG synthesis by activating p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK), and p44/p42 MAP kinase in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that PGD2 stimulates IL-6 synthesis by activating p38 MAP kinase and p44/p42 MAP kinase in MC3T3-E1 cells. In the present study, we investigated whether oncostatin M affects PGD2-stimulated OPG and IL-6 synthesis in MC3T3-E1 cells through MAP kinase activation. The osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells and normal human osteoblasts were treated with oncostatin M and subsequently stimulated with PGD2. Consequently, oncostatin M significantly increased the PGD2-stimulated OPG and IL-6 release in both cells. Oncostatin M significantly enhanced mRNA expression levels of OPG and IL-6 induced by PGD2 similarly in both cells. Regarding the signaling mechanism, oncostatin M did not affect the phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase, SAPK/JNK, and p44/p42 MAP kinase. Our results suggest that oncostatin M upregulates the PGD2-stimulated OPG and IL-6 synthesis in osteoblasts and therefore affects bone remodeling. However, OPG and IL-6 synthesis are not mediated through p38 MAP kinase, p44/p42 MAP kinase, or SAPK/JNK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Kuroyanagi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Hioki
- Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Central Japan International Medical Center, Minokamo, 505-8510, Japan; Department of Metabolic Research, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Junko Tachi
- Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | | | - Hiroki Iida
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Osamu Kozawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan; Department of Metabolic Research, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Tokuda
- Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan; Department of Metabolic Research, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, 474-8511, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, 474-8511, Japan
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Fakhri S, Abbaszadeh F, Moradi SZ, Cao H, Khan H, Xiao J. Effects of Polyphenols on Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Interconnected Pathways during Spinal Cord Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:8100195. [PMID: 35035667 PMCID: PMC8759836 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8100195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite the progression in targeting the complex pathophysiological mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) and spinal cord injury (SCI), there is a lack of effective treatments. Moreover, conventional therapies suffer from associated side effects and low efficacy, raising the need for finding potential alternative therapies. In this regard, a comprehensive review was done regarding revealing the main neurological dysregulated pathways and providing alternative therapeutic agents following SCI. From the mechanistic point, oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways are major upstream orchestras of cross-linked dysregulated pathways (e.g., apoptosis, autophagy, and extrinsic mechanisms) following SCI. It urges the need for developing multitarget therapies against SCI complications. Polyphenols, as plant-derived secondary metabolites, have the potential of being introduced as alternative therapeutic agents to pave the way for treating SCI. Such secondary metabolites presented modulatory effects on neuronal oxidative stress, neuroinflammatory, and extrinsic axonal dysregulated pathways in the onset and progression of SCI. In the present review, the potential role of phenolic compounds as critical phytochemicals has also been revealed in regulating upstream dysregulated oxidative stress/inflammatory signaling mediators and extrinsic mechanisms of axonal regeneration after SCI in preclinical and clinical studies. Additionally, the coadministration of polyphenols and stem cells has shown a promising strategy for improving post-SCI complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Abbaszadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Zachariah Moradi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Hui Cao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo-Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo-Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Koyani CN, Kitz K, Rossmann C, Bernhart E, Huber E, Trummer C, Windischhofer W, Sattler W, Malle E. Activation of the MAPK/Akt/Nrf2-Egr1/HO-1-GCLc axis protects MG-63 osteosarcoma cells against 15d-PGJ2-mediated cell death. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 104:29-41. [PMID: 26801686 PMCID: PMC4782222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite considerable efforts to improve treatment modalities for osteosarcoma (OS), patient survival remains poor mainly due to pro-survival pathways in OS cells. Among others, prostaglandins (PGs) are the potent regulators of bone homoeostasis and OS pathophysiology. Therefore, the present study aimed to elucidate the impact of 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 (15d-PGJ2, a stable PGD2 degradation product) on cell death/cell survival pathways in p53-deficient MG-63 OS cells. Our findings show that 15d-PGJ2 induces generation of reactive oxygen species that promote p38 MAPK activation and subsequent Akt phosphorylation. This pathway induced nuclear expression of Nrf2 and Egr1, and increased transcription of haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and the catalytic subunit of glutamate cysteine ligase (GCLc), catalysing the first step in GSH synthesis. Silencing of Nrf2, Egr1 and HO-1 significantly elevated 15d-PGJ2-mediated reduction of cellular metabolic activity. Activation of cell survival genes including HO-1 and GCLc inhibited 15d-PGJ2-induced cleavage of pro-caspase-3 and PARP. Annexin V/propidium iodide staining showed an increase in early/late apoptotic cells in response to 15d-PGJ2. The observed 15d-PGJ2-mediated signalling events are independent of PGD2 receptors (DP1 and DP2) and PPARγ. In addition, the electrophilic carbon atom C9 is a prerequisite for the observed activity of 15d-PGJ2. The present data show that the intracellular redox imbalance acted as a node and triggered both death and survival pathways in response to 15d-PGJ2. Pharmacological or genetic interference of the pro-survival pathway, the p38 MAPK/Akt/Nrf2-Egr1/HO-1-GCLc axis, sensitizes MG-63 cells towards 15d-PGJ2-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chintan N Koyani
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Kerstin Kitz
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescence Medicine, Research Unit of Osteological Research and Analytical Mass Spectrometry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christine Rossmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Bernhart
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Evelyn Huber
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescence Medicine, Research Unit of Osteological Research and Analytical Mass Spectrometry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christopher Trummer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Werner Windischhofer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescence Medicine, Research Unit of Osteological Research and Analytical Mass Spectrometry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ernst Malle
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Abstract
Three theories of regeneration dominate neuroscience today, all purporting to explain why the adult central nervous system (CNS) cannot regenerate. One theory proposes that Nogo, a molecule expressed by myelin, prevents axonal growth. The second theory emphasizes the role of glial scars. The third theory proposes that chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) prevent axon growth. Blockade of Nogo, CSPG, and their receptors indeed can stop axon growth in vitro and improve functional recovery in animal spinal cord injury (SCI) models. These therapies also increase sprouting of surviving axons and plasticity. However, many investigators have reported regenerating spinal tracts without eliminating Nogo, glial scar, or CSPG. For example, many motor and sensory axons grow spontaneously in contused spinal cords, crossing gliotic tissue and white matter surrounding the injury site. Sensory axons grow long distances in injured dorsal columns after peripheral nerve lesions. Cell transplants and treatments that increase cAMP and neurotrophins stimulate motor and sensory axons to cross glial scars and to grow long distances in white matter. Genetic studies deleting all members of the Nogo family and even the Nogo receptor do not always improve regeneration in mice. A recent study reported that suppressing the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene promotes prolific corticospinal tract regeneration. These findings cannot be explained by the current theories proposing that Nogo and glial scars prevent regeneration. Spinal axons clearly can and will grow through glial scars and Nogo-expressing tissue under some circumstances. The observation that deleting PTEN allows corticospinal tract regeneration indicates that the PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway regulates axonal growth. Finally, many other factors stimulate spinal axonal growth, including conditioning lesions, cAMP, glycogen synthetase kinase inhibition, and neurotrophins. To explain these disparate regenerative phenomena, I propose that the spinal cord has evolved regenerative mechanisms that are normally suppressed by multiple extrinsic and intrinsic factors but can be activated by injury, mediated by the PTEN/AKT/mTOR, cAMP, and GSK3b pathways, to stimulate neural growth and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wise Young
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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Kuroyanagi G, Mizutani J, Kondo A, Yamamoto N, Matsushima-Nishiwaki R, Otsuka T, Kozawa O, Tokuda H. Suppression by resveratrol of prostaglandin D2-stimulated osteoprotegerin synthesis in osteoblasts. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2014; 91:73-80. [PMID: 24813642 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol with health-related properties mainly existing in grape skins and red wine, possesses beneficial effects on human being. We have previously reported that prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) stimulates heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) induction via activation of p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, p38 MAP kinase and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism behind the effect of PGD2 on osteoprotegerin (OPG) synthesis and the effect of resveratrol on the OPG synthesis in MC3T3-E1 cells. PGD2 significantly stimulated both the OPG release and the expression levels of OPG mRNA. Resveratrol and SRT1720, an activator of SIRT1, markedly suppressed the PGD2-induced OPG release and the mRNA levels of OPG. PD98059, a specific MEK inhibitor, SB203580, a specific p38 MAP kinase inhibitor, and SP600125, a specific SAPK/JNK inhibitor suppressed the PGD2-stimulated OPG release. PGD2-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase and SAPK/JNK was attenuated by resveratrol or SRT1720. However, resveratrol or SRT1720 failed to affect the phosphorylation of myosin phosphatase-targeting subunit-1 (MYPT-1), a downstream substrate of Rho-kinase and p44/p42 MAP kinase. These results strongly suggest that resveratrol suppresses PGD2-stimulated OPG synthesis through inhibiting p38 MAP kinase and SAPK/JNK in osteoblasts, and that the suppressive effect is exerted at the point downstream of Rho-kinase but upstream of p38 MAP kinase or SAPK/JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Kuroyanagi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Jun Mizutani
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Akira Kondo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Naohiro Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | | | - Takanobu Otsuka
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Osamu Kozawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Tokuda
- Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan.
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Choi HJ, Han JS. Overexpression of phospholipase D enhances Bcl-2 expression by activating STAT3 through independent activation of ERK and p38MAPK in HeLa cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:1082-91. [PMID: 22504301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify the role of phospholipase D (PLD) isozymes in Bcl-2 expression. Overexpression of PLD1 or PLD2 increased Bcl-2 expression and phosphatidic acid (PA), the product of PLDs, also upregulated Bcl-2 expression. Treatment with PA activated the phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2))/G(i)/ERK1/2, RhoA/Rho-associated kinase (ROCK)/p38 MAPK, and Rac1/p38 MAPK pathways. PA-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was attenuated by a PLA(2) inhibitor (mepacrine) and, a G(i) protein inhibitor (pertussis toxin, PTX). On the other hand, p38 MAPK phosphorylation was attenuated by a dominant negative Rac1 and a specific Rho-kinase inhibitor (Y-27632). These results suggest that PLA(2)/G(i) acts at the upstream of ERK1/2, while Rac1 and RhoA/ROCK act upstream of p38 MAPK. We next, tried to determine which transcription factor is involved in PLD-related Bcl-2 expression. When signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activity was blocked by a STAT3 specific siRNA, PA-induced Bcl-2 expression was remarkably decreased, suggesting that STAT3 is an essential transcription factor linking PLD to Bcl-2 upregulation. Taken together, these findings indicate that PLD acts as an important regulator in Bcl-2 expression by activating STAT3 involving the phosphorylation of Ser727 through the PLA(2)/G(i)/ERK1/2, RhoA/ROCK/p38 MAPK, and Rac1/p38 MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Rho kinase inhibitors stimulate the migration of human cultured osteoblastic cells by regulating actomyosin activity. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2011; 16:279-95. [PMID: 21394446 PMCID: PMC6275969 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-011-0006-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) on migration and cytoskeletal organization in primary human osteoblasts and Saos-2 human osteosarcoma cells. Both cell types were exposed to two different ROCK inhibitors, Y-27632 and HA-1077. In the improved motility assay used in the present study, Y-27632 and HA-1077 significantly increased the migration of both osteoblasts and osteosarcoma cells on plastic in a dose-dependent and reversible manner. Fluorescent images showed that cells of both types cultured with Y-27632 or HA-1077 exhibited a stellate appearance, with poor assembly of stress fibers and focal contacts. Western blotting showed that ROCK inhibitors reduced myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation within 5 min without affecting overall myosin light-chain protein levels. Inhibition of ROCK activity is thought to enhance the migration of human osteoblasts through reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and regulation of myosin activity. ROCK inhibitors may be potentially useful as anabolic agents to enhance the biocompatibility of bone and joint prostheses.
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Kato K, Tokuda H, Natsume H, Adachi S, Matsushima-Nishiwaki R, Minamitani C, Mizutani J, Kozawa O, Otsuka T. Rho-kinase regulates prostaglandin D(2)-stimulated heat shock protein 27 induction in osteoblasts. Exp Ther Med 2010; 1:579-583. [PMID: 22993579 DOI: 10.3892/etm_00000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)) stimulates heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) induction through p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, p38 MAP kinase and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. In addition, we recently showed that PGD(2) activates Rho-kinase, resulting in the regulation of interleukin-6 synthesis via activation of p38 MAP kinase but not p44/p42 MAP kinase in these cells. In the present study, in order to investigate whether Rho-kinase is involved in the PGD(2)-stimulated HSP27 induction in MC3T3-E1 cells, we examined the effects of Rho-kinase inhibitors on HSP27 induction. Y27632 and fasudil, Rho-kinase inhibitors, markedly suppressed the HSP27 induction stimulated by PGD(2) in a dose-dependent manner without affecting levels of HSP70 in the presence of PGD(2). Immunofluorescence microscopy studies also revealed that Y27632 and fasudil markedly suppressed the induction of HSP27. Y27632 and fasudil attenuated the PGD(2)-induced phosphorylation levels of SAPK/JNK. In conclusion, Rho-kinase inhibitors regulate PGD(2)-stimulated HSP27 induction via activation of both SAPK/JNK and p38 MAP kinase in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kato
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601; ; Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194
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