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Mahmoud Shokhba AS, El-Deen A Omran MA, Abdel-Rahman MA, El-Shenawy NS. Effect of Egyptian spitting cobra Naja nubiae crude venom on immunogenic activity of rats. Toxicon 2024; 247:107834. [PMID: 38950737 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Snakes show defensive activities, often counting visual or auditory displays against an aggressor. The study observed what happens to rats administered subcutaneously sub-lethal doses of crude venom Naja nubiae. The pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), as well as the anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-10 (IL-10), and inflammatory mediator's prostaglandin E-2 (PG-E2), were evaluated. Vascular permeability (VP) was employed to assess how leaky or permeable blood vessels are in various tissues and organs, including the rat peritoneal cavity and lymphoid organs. Lymphoid organs' histological alterations brought on by Nubiae venom. The study found that the two venom doses-1/4 and 1/2 LD50-induced high levels of inflammatory activity as evidenced by the production of inflammatory cytokines. These findings demonstrated that venom enhanced innate immunity through specifically increased T helper cells, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, and PG-E2. The results reveal whether the venom has an immunomodulatory effect and promotes inflammation. The data have a substantial impact on the development of new drugs and treatments for inflammatory conditions.
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Bothrops moojeni snake venom induces an inflammatory response in preadipocytes: Insights into a new aspect of envenomation. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010658. [PMID: 35939519 PMCID: PMC9359566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bothrops envenomation is a public health problem in Brazil. Despite the advances in the knowledge of the pathogenesis of systemic and local effects induced by Bothrops venom, the target tissues to this venom are not completely characterised. As preadipocytes are important cells of the adipose tissue and synthesize inflammatory mediators, we investigated the ability of B. moojeni snake venom (Bmv) to stimulate an inflammatory response in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in vitro, focusing on (1) the release of PGE2, IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, KC, leptin and adiponectin; (2) the mechanisms involved in PGE2 release and (3) differentiation of these cells. Cytotoxicity of Bmv was determined by MTT assay. The concentrations of PGE2, cytokines and adipokines were quantified by EIA. Participation of the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, NF-κB and PGE2 receptors (EP1-4) was assessed using a pharmacological approach, and protein expression of the COX enzymes and P-NF-κB was analysed by western blotting. Preadipocyte differentiation was quantified by Oil Red O staining. Bmv (1 μg/mL) induced release of PGE2, IL-6 and KC and increased expression of COX-2 in preadipocytes. Basal levels of TNF-α, MCP-1, leptin and adiponectin were not modified. Treatment of cells with SC560 (COX-1 inhibitor) and NS398 (COX-2 inhibitor) inhibited Bmv-induced PGE2 release. Bmv induced phosphorylation of NF-κB, and treatment of the cells with TPCK and SN50, which inhibit distinct NF-κB domains, significantly reduced Bmv-induced PGE2 release, as did the treatment with an antagonist of PGE2 receptor EP1, unlike treatment with antagonists of EP2, EP3 or EP4. Bmv also induced lipid accumulation in differentiating cells. These results demonstrate that Bmv can activate an inflammatory response in preadipocytes by inducing the release of inflammatory mediators; that PGE2 production is mediated by the COX-1, COX-2 and NF-κB pathways; and that engagement of EP1 potentiates PGE2 synthesis via a positive feedback mechanism. Our findings highlight the role of the adipose tissue as another target for Bmv and suggest that it contributes to Bothrops envenomation by producing inflammatory mediators.
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Moreira V, Leiguez E, Janovits PM, Maia-Marques R, Fernandes CM, Teixeira C. Inflammatory Effects of Bothrops Phospholipases A 2: Mechanisms Involved in Biosynthesis of Lipid Mediators and Lipid Accumulation. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120868. [PMID: 34941706 PMCID: PMC8709003 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases A2s (PLA2s) constitute one of the major protein groups present in the venoms of viperid and crotalid snakes. Snake venom PLA2s (svPLA2s) exhibit a remarkable functional diversity, as they have been described to induce a myriad of toxic effects. Local inflammation is an important characteristic of snakebite envenomation inflicted by viperid and crotalid species and diverse svPLA2s have been studied for their proinflammatory properties. Moreover, based on their molecular, structural, and functional properties, the viperid svPLA2s are classified into the group IIA secreted PLA2s, which encompasses mammalian inflammatory sPLA2s. Thus, research on svPLA2s has attained paramount importance for better understanding the role of this class of enzymes in snake envenomation and the participation of GIIA sPLA2s in pathophysiological conditions and for the development of new therapeutic agents. In this review, we highlight studies that have identified the inflammatory activities of svPLA2s, in particular, those from Bothrops genus snakes, which are major medically important snakes in Latin America, and we describe recent advances in our collective understanding of the mechanisms underlying their inflammatory effects. We also discuss studies that dissect the action of these venom enzymes in inflammatory cells focusing on molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in the biosynthesis of lipid mediators and lipid accumulation in immunocompetent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Moreira
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04044-020, Brazil;
| | - Elbio Leiguez
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (E.L.); (P.M.J.); (R.M.-M.); (C.M.F.)
| | - Priscila Motta Janovits
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (E.L.); (P.M.J.); (R.M.-M.); (C.M.F.)
| | - Rodrigo Maia-Marques
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (E.L.); (P.M.J.); (R.M.-M.); (C.M.F.)
| | - Cristina Maria Fernandes
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (E.L.); (P.M.J.); (R.M.-M.); (C.M.F.)
| | - Catarina Teixeira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (E.L.); (P.M.J.); (R.M.-M.); (C.M.F.)
- Correspondence:
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Gutiérrez JM, Teixeira CFP, Fan HW. Instituto Butantan and Instituto Clodomiro Picado: A long-standing partnership in science, technology, and public health. Toxicon 2021; 202:75-81. [PMID: 34562498 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Instituto Butantan (São Paulo, Brazil) and Instituto Clodomiro Picado (San José, Costa Rica) are public institutions devoted to scientific and technological research, production of antivenoms and other immunobiologicals, and a variety of public health interventions aimed at confronting the problem of snakebite envenoming in their countries and elsewhere. In the context of the 120th anniversary of Instituto Butantan, this work describes the historical developments in the relationship between these institutions, which has evolved into a solid cooperation platform in science, technology, and public health. The relationship between Instituto Butantan and Costa Rica started early in the 20th century, with the provision of Brazilian antivenoms to Costa Rica through the coordination of Instituto Butantan and the health system of Costa Rica, with the leadership of Clodomiro Picado Twight. After the decade of 1980, a prolific collaborative network has been established between Instituto Butantan and Instituto Clodomiro Picado (founded in 1970) in the areas of scientific and technological research in pharmacology, biochemistry, experimental pathology, immunology, and public health, as well as in antivenom development, production, preclinical evaluation, and quality control. In addition, both institutions have played a key role in the integration of regional efforts in Latin America to create a network of public institutions devoted to antivenom production and quality control, in close coordination with the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). This long-standing partnership is an example of a highly productive south-south cooperation under a frame of solidarity and public well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica.
| | | | - Hui Wen Fan
- Núcleo de Produção de Soros, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
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5
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Polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes in snakebite envenoming. Toxicon 2020; 187:188-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Nery N, Setúbal S, Boeno C, Lopes J, Paloschi M, Pontes A, Luna K, Zuliani J. Bothrops erythromelas venom and its action on isolated murine macrophages. Toxicon 2020; 185:156-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Teixeira C, Fernandes CM, Leiguez E, Chudzinski-Tavassi AM. Inflammation Induced by Platelet-Activating Viperid Snake Venoms: Perspectives on Thromboinflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2082. [PMID: 31572356 PMCID: PMC6737392 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Envenomation by viperid snakes is characterized by systemic thrombotic syndrome and prominent local inflammation. To date, the mechanisms underlying inflammation and blood coagulation induced by Viperidae venoms have been viewed as distinct processes. However, studies on the mechanisms involved in these processes have revealed several factors and signaling molecules that simultaneously act in both the innate immune and hemostatic systems, suggesting an overlap between both systems during viper envenomation. Moreover, distinct classes of venom toxins involved in these effects have also been identified. However, the interplay between inflammation and hemostatic alterations, referred as to thromboinflammation, has never been addressed in the investigation of viper envenomation. Considering that platelets are important targets of viper snake venoms and are critical for the process of thromboinflammation, in this review, we summarize the inflammatory effects and mechanisms induced by viper snake venoms, particularly from the Bothrops genus, which strongly activate platelet functions and highlight selected venom components (metalloproteases and C-type lectins) that both stimulate platelet functions and exhibit pro-inflammatory activities, thus providing insights into the possible role(s) of thromboinflammation in viper envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Teixeira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Maria Fernandes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elbio Leiguez
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Marisa Chudzinski-Tavassi
- Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Zoccal KF, Ferreira GZ, Prado MK, Gardinassi LG, Sampaio SV, Faccioli LH. LTB4 and PGE2 modulate the release of MIP-1α and IL-1β by cells stimulated with Bothrops snake venoms. Toxicon 2018; 150:289-296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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9
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Reis FP, Senna Bonfa IM, Cavalcante RB, Okoba D, de Souza Vasconcelos SB, Candeloro L, de Oliveira Filiu WF, Duenhas Monreal AC, da Silva VJ, Santa Rita PH, Carollo CA, Toffoli-Kadri MC. Tabebuia aurea decreases inflammatory, myotoxic and hemorrhagic activities induced by the venom of Bothrops neuwiedi. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 158 Pt A:352-357. [PMID: 25446588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ethnobotanical studies show that Tabebuia aurea has been used as anti-inflammatory and for snake bite. Evaluate the effect of treatment with the hydroethanolic extract of Tabebuia aurea (HETa) on inflammatory, hemorrhagic and myotoxic activities induced by Bothrops neuwiedi (BnV) in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-inflammatory, antihemorragic and antimyotoxic properties of the HETa 100, 200 and 400mg/kg or BnV neutralized with HETa (1:50) were evaluated using the following animal models: BnV-induced paw edema, BnV-induced recruitment of polymorphonuclear cells into the peritoneal cavity, hemorrhagic activity, myotoxic activity and hydrogen peroxide production by peritoneal macrophages in vitro. RESULTS HETa inhibited the paw edema and polymorphonuclear cell recruitment into the peritoneal cavity. BnV neutralized with HETa reduced the hemorrhagic activity and histopathological analysis of skeletal muscle tissue showed that the hemorrhagic area was smaller and multifocal. The leukocyte infiltrate was less intense and muscle necrosis discrete. BnV induced hydrogen peroxide production and BnV neutralized reduced this production. In addition, the HETa was nontoxic to macrophages. CONCLUSIONS The activities of the HETa presented herein justify the popular use of Tabebuia aurea in inflammatory situations from snake bite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Paes Reis
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Iluska Moslaves Senna Bonfa
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rafael Bezerra Cavalcante
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Denis Okoba
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Luciane Candeloro
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Wander Fernando de Oliveira Filiu
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Antônio Carlos Duenhas Monreal
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Valter Jose da Silva
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Paula Helena Santa Rita
- Biotério Central, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, 79117-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Carollo
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mônica Cristina Toffoli-Kadri
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
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10
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Wanderley CWS, Silva CMS, Wong DVT, Ximenes RM, Morelo DFC, Cosker F, Aragão KS, Fernandes C, Palheta-Júnior RC, Havt A, Brito GAC, Cunha FQ, Ribeiro RA, Lima-Júnior RCP. Bothrops jararacussu snake venom-induces a local inflammatory response in a prostanoid- and neutrophil-dependent manner. Toxicon 2014; 90:134-47. [PMID: 25127849 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Local tissue reactions provoked by Bothrops venoms are characterized by edema, hemorrhage, pain, and inflammation; however, the mechanisms of tissue damage vary depending upon the species of snake. Here, we investigated the mechanisms involved in the local inflammatory response induced by the Bothrops jararacussu venom (BjcuV). Female Swiss mice were injected with either saline, BjcuV (0.125-8 μg/paw) or loratadine (an H1 receptor antagonist), compound 48/80 (for mast cell depletion), capsaicin (for C-fiber desensitization), infliximab (an anti-TNF-α antibody), indomethacin (a non-specific COX inhibitor), celecoxib (a selective COX-2 inhibitor) or fucoidan (a P- and L-selectins modulator) given before BjcuV injection. Paw edema was measured by plethysmography. In addition, paw tissues were collected for the measurement of myeloperoxidase activity, TNF-α and IL-1 levels, and COX-2 immunoexpression. The direct chemotactic effect of BjcuV and the in vitro calcium dynamic in neutrophils were also investigated. BjcuV caused an edematogenic response with increased local production of TNF-α and IL-1β as well as COX-2 expression. Both edema and neutrophil migration were prevented by pretreatment with indomethacin, celecoxib or fucoidan. Furthermore, BjcuV induced a direct in vitro neutrophil chemotaxis by increasing intracellular calcium. Therefore, BjcuV induces an early onset edema dependent upon prostanoid production and neutrophil migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W S Wanderley
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - C M S Silva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - D V T Wong
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - R M Ximenes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - D F C Morelo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F Cosker
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - K S Aragão
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - C Fernandes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - R C Palheta-Júnior
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Brazil
| | - A Havt
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - G A C Brito
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - F Q Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R A Ribeiro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - R C P Lima-Júnior
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil.
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Setubal SDS, Pontes AS, Nery NM, Bastos JSF, Castro OB, Pires WL, Zaqueo KD, Calderon LDA, Stábeli RG, Soares AM, Zuliani JP. Effect of Bothrops bilineata snake venom on neutrophil function. Toxicon 2013; 76:143-9. [PMID: 24080355 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of Bothrops bilineata crude venom (BbV) on isolated human neutrophil function. We proved that BbV isn't toxic towards human neutrophils. During an incubation of human neutrophils with BbV hydrogen peroxide was produced. Moreover, BbV was able to stimulate neutrophil release of proinflammatory mediators such as IL-8 and IL-6 as well as PGE2 and NETs liberation. There is no data in the literature showing the effect of BbV on the production of IL-6 and IL-8 or NETs liberation by isolated human neutrophils. Taken together our results testify that BbV triggers relevant proinflammatory events in human neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulamita da Silva Setubal
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Instituto de Pesquisas em Patologias Tropicais, IPEPATRO/FIOCRUZ Rondonia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
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12
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Moreira V, Dos-Santos MC, Nascimento NG, Borges da Silva H, Fernandes CM, D'Império Lima MR, Teixeira C. Local inflammatory events induced by Bothrops atrox snake venom and the release of distinct classes of inflammatory mediators. Toxicon 2012; 60:12-20. [PMID: 22465491 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bothrops atrox is responsible for most accidents involving snakes in the Brazilian Amazon and its venom induces serious systemic and local effects. The local effects are not neutralized effectively by commercial antivenoms, resulting in serious sequelae in individuals bitten by this species. This study investigates the local inflammatory events induced in mice by B. atrox venom (BaV), such as vascular permeability, leukocyte influx and the release of important inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, eicosanoids and the chemokine CCL-2, at the injection site. The effect of BaV on cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) expression was also investigated. The results showed that intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of BaV promoted a rapid and significant increase in vascular permeability, which reached a peak 1 h after venom administration. Furthermore, BaV caused leukocyte infiltration into the peritoneal cavity between 1 and 8 h after i.p. injection, with mononuclear leukocytes (MNs) predominating in the first 4 h, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in the last 4 h. Increased protein expression of COX-2, but not of COX-1, was detected in leukocytes recruited in the first and fourth hours after injection of BaV. The venom caused the release of eicosanoids PGD₂, PGE₂, TXA₂ and LTB₄, cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12p70, but not IFN-γ, and chemokine CCL-2 at different times. The results show that BaV is able to induce an early increase in vascular permeability and a leukocyte influx to the injection site consisting mainly of MNs initially and PMNs during the later stages. These phenomena are associated with the production of cytokines, the chemokine CCL-2 and eicosanoids derived from COX-1 and COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Moreira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, CEP 05503-900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Zornetta I, Caccin P, Fernandez J, Lomonte B, Gutierrez JM, Montecucco C. Envenomations by Bothrops and Crotalus snakes induce the release of mitochondrial alarmins. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1526. [PMID: 22363828 PMCID: PMC3283552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle necrosis is a common manifestation of viperid snakebite envenomations. Venoms from snakes of the genus Bothrops, such as that of B. asper, induce muscle tissue damage at the site of venom injection, provoking severe local pathology which often results in permanent sequelae. In contrast, the venom of the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus, induces a clinical picture of systemic myotoxicity, i.e., rhabdomyolysis, together with neurotoxicity. It is known that molecules released from damaged muscle might act as ‘danger’ signals. These are known as ‘alarmins’, and contribute to the inflammatory reaction by activating the innate immune system. Here we show that the venoms of B. asper and C. d. terrificus release the mitochondrial markers mtDNA (from the matrix) and cytochrome c (Cyt c) from the intermembrane space, from ex vivo mouse tibialis anterior muscles. Cyt c was released to a similar extent by the two venoms whereas B. asper venom induced the release of higher amounts of mtDNA, thus reflecting hitherto some differences in their pathological action on muscle mitochondria. At variance, injection of these venoms in mice resulted in a different time-course of mtDNA release, with B. asper venom inducing an early onset increment in plasma levels and C. d. terrificus venom provoking a delayed release. We suggest that the release of mitochondrial ‘alarmins’ might contribute to the local and systemic inflammatory events characteristic of snakebite envenomations. Every year, hundreds of thousands of people in tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world are bitten by poisonous snakes and may develop permanent damages. This is a major tropical disease which is largely neglected by scientific and clinical investigators. Snakes of Bothrops and Crotalus genus are responsible of most cases in Latin America. Here for the first time, we have shown that these venoms cause the release of both mitochondrial DNA and cytochrome c, two well known alarmins. Moreover, the kinetic of these processes are in agreement with the different pathophysiological profiles exhibited by Bothrops and Crotalus envenomations. These elements suggest a correlation between snake evenomations and sterile inflammatory syndrome. Alarmins are reported to have a fundamental role in innate immune response and inflammation; they might contribute to the local and systemic inflammatory events characteristic of these envenomations opening a new prospective in the study of these complex pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Zornetta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Caccin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Julián Fernandez
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Facultad de Microbiología, Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - José María Gutierrez
- Facultad de Microbiología, Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Cesare Montecucco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Nadur-Andrade N, Barbosa AM, Carlos FP, Lima CJ, Cogo JC, Zamuner SR. Effects of photobiostimulation on edema and hemorrhage induced by Bothrops moojeni venom. Lasers Med Sci 2011; 27:65-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-011-0914-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Teixeira C, Cury Y, Moreira V, Picolo G, Chaves F. Inflammation induced by Bothrops asper venom. Toxicon 2009; 54:988-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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16
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Teixeira C, Cury Y, Moreira V, Picolo G, Chaves F. Inflammation induced by Bothrops asper venom. Toxicon 2009; 54:67-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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