1
|
Almestica-Roberts M, Nguyen ND, Sun L, Serna SN, Rapp E, Burrell-Gerbers KL, Memon TA, Stone BL, Nkoy FL, Lamb JG, Deering-Rice CE, Rower JE, Reilly CA. The Cytochrome P450 2C8*3 Variant (rs11572080) Is Associated with Improved Asthma Symptom Control in Children and Altered Lipid Mediator Production and Inflammatory Response in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:836-846. [PMID: 38772712 PMCID: PMC11257687 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.124.001684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated an association between the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C8*3 polymorphism with asthma symptom control in children and changes in lipid metabolism and pro-inflammatory signaling by human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) treated with cigarette smoke condensate (CSC). CYP genes are inherently variable in sequence, and while such variations are known to produce clinically relevant effects on drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, the effects on endogenous substrate metabolism and associated physiologic processes are less understood. In this study, CYP2C8*3 was associated with improved asthma symptom control among children: Mean asthma control scores were 3.68 (n = 207) for patients with one or more copies of the CYP2C8*3 allele versus 4.42 (n = 965) for CYP2C8*1/*1 (P = 0.0133). In vitro, CYP2C8*3 was associated with an increase in montelukast 36-hydroxylation and a decrease in linoleic acid metabolism despite lower mRNA and protein expression. Additionally, CYP2C8*3 was associated with reduced mRNA expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL-8) by HBECs in response to CSC, which was replicated using the soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor, 12-[[(tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]dec-1-ylamino)carbonyl]amino]-dodecanoic acid. Interestingly, 9(10)- and 12(13)- dihydroxyoctadecenoic acid, the hydrolyzed metabolites of 9(10)- and 12(13)- epoxyoctadecenoic acid, increased the expression of IL-6 and CXCL-8 mRNA by HBECs. This study reveals previously undocumented effects of the CYP2C8*3 variant on the response of HBECs to exogenous stimuli. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: These findings suggest a role for CYP2C8 in regulating the epoxyoctadecenoic acid:dihydroxyoctadecenoic acid ratio leading to a change in cellular inflammatory responses elicited by environmental stimuli that exacerbate asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marysol Almestica-Roberts
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Human Toxicology (M.A.-R., N.D.N., L.S., S.N.S., E.R., K.L.B.-G., T.A.M., J.G.L., C.E.D.-R., J.E.R., C.A.R.) and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine (B.L.S., F.L.N.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Nam D Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Human Toxicology (M.A.-R., N.D.N., L.S., S.N.S., E.R., K.L.B.-G., T.A.M., J.G.L., C.E.D.-R., J.E.R., C.A.R.) and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine (B.L.S., F.L.N.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Lili Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Human Toxicology (M.A.-R., N.D.N., L.S., S.N.S., E.R., K.L.B.-G., T.A.M., J.G.L., C.E.D.-R., J.E.R., C.A.R.) and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine (B.L.S., F.L.N.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Samantha N Serna
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Human Toxicology (M.A.-R., N.D.N., L.S., S.N.S., E.R., K.L.B.-G., T.A.M., J.G.L., C.E.D.-R., J.E.R., C.A.R.) and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine (B.L.S., F.L.N.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Emmanuel Rapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Human Toxicology (M.A.-R., N.D.N., L.S., S.N.S., E.R., K.L.B.-G., T.A.M., J.G.L., C.E.D.-R., J.E.R., C.A.R.) and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine (B.L.S., F.L.N.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Katherine L Burrell-Gerbers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Human Toxicology (M.A.-R., N.D.N., L.S., S.N.S., E.R., K.L.B.-G., T.A.M., J.G.L., C.E.D.-R., J.E.R., C.A.R.) and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine (B.L.S., F.L.N.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Tosifa A Memon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Human Toxicology (M.A.-R., N.D.N., L.S., S.N.S., E.R., K.L.B.-G., T.A.M., J.G.L., C.E.D.-R., J.E.R., C.A.R.) and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine (B.L.S., F.L.N.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Bryan L Stone
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Human Toxicology (M.A.-R., N.D.N., L.S., S.N.S., E.R., K.L.B.-G., T.A.M., J.G.L., C.E.D.-R., J.E.R., C.A.R.) and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine (B.L.S., F.L.N.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Flory L Nkoy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Human Toxicology (M.A.-R., N.D.N., L.S., S.N.S., E.R., K.L.B.-G., T.A.M., J.G.L., C.E.D.-R., J.E.R., C.A.R.) and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine (B.L.S., F.L.N.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - John G Lamb
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Human Toxicology (M.A.-R., N.D.N., L.S., S.N.S., E.R., K.L.B.-G., T.A.M., J.G.L., C.E.D.-R., J.E.R., C.A.R.) and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine (B.L.S., F.L.N.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Cassandra E Deering-Rice
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Human Toxicology (M.A.-R., N.D.N., L.S., S.N.S., E.R., K.L.B.-G., T.A.M., J.G.L., C.E.D.-R., J.E.R., C.A.R.) and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine (B.L.S., F.L.N.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Joseph E Rower
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Human Toxicology (M.A.-R., N.D.N., L.S., S.N.S., E.R., K.L.B.-G., T.A.M., J.G.L., C.E.D.-R., J.E.R., C.A.R.) and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine (B.L.S., F.L.N.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Christopher A Reilly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Human Toxicology (M.A.-R., N.D.N., L.S., S.N.S., E.R., K.L.B.-G., T.A.M., J.G.L., C.E.D.-R., J.E.R., C.A.R.) and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine (B.L.S., F.L.N.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cizkova K, Tauber Z. Fibrates Affect Levels of Phosphorylated p38 in Intestinal Cells in a Differentiation-Dependent Manner. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097695. [PMID: 37175404 PMCID: PMC10178720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrates are widely used hypolipidaemic agents that act as ligands of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). p38 is a protein kinase that is mainly activated by environmental and genotoxic stress. We investigated the effect of the PPARα activators fenofibrate and WY-14643 and the PPARα inhibitor GW6471 on the levels of activated p38 (p-p38) in the colorectal cancer cell lines HT-29 and Caco2 in relation to their differentiation status. Fibrates increased p-p38 in undifferentiated HT-29 cells, whereas in other cases p-p38 expression was decreased. HT-29 cells showed p-p38 predominantly in the cytoplasm, whereas Caco2 cells showed higher nuclear positivity. The effect of fibrates may depend on the differentiation status of the cell, as differentiated HT-29 and undifferentiated Caco2 cells share similar characteristics in terms of villin, CYP2J2, and soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) expression. In human colorectal carcinoma, higher levels of p-p38 were detected in the cytoplasm, whereas in normal colonic surface epithelium, p-p38 showed nuclear positivity. The decrease in p-p38 positivity was associated with a decrease in sEH, consistent with in vitro results. In conclusion, fibrates affect the level of p-p38, but its exact role in the process of carcinogenesis remains unclear and further research is needed in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Cizkova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Tauber
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Agarwood Oil Nanoemulsion Attenuates Cigarette Smoke-Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Markers in BCi-NS1.1 Airway Epithelial Cells. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15041019. [PMID: 36839377 PMCID: PMC9959783 DOI: 10.3390/nu15041019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an irreversible inflammatory respiratory disease characterized by frequent exacerbations and symptoms such as cough and wheezing that lead to irreversible airway damage and hyperresponsiveness. The primary risk factor for COPD is chronic cigarette smoke exposure, which promotes oxidative stress and a general pro-inflammatory condition by stimulating pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory pathways and, simultaneously, inactivating anti-inflammatory and antioxidant detoxification pathways. These events cause progressive damage resulting in impaired cell function and disease progression. Treatments available for COPD are generally aimed at reducing the symptoms of exacerbation. Failure to regulate oxidative stress and inflammation results in lung damage. In the quest for innovative treatment strategies, phytochemicals, and complex plant extracts such as agarwood essential oil are promising sources of molecules with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. However, their clinical use is limited by issues such as low solubility and poor pharmacokinetic properties. These can be overcome by encapsulating the therapeutic molecules using advanced drug delivery systems such as polymeric nanosystems and nanoemulsions. In this study, agarwood oil nanoemulsion (agarwood-NE) was formulated and tested for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential in cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-treated BCi-NS1.1 airway basal epithelial cells. The findings suggest successful counteractivity of agarwood-NE against CSE-mediated pro-inflammatory effects by reducing the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-8, and GDF-15. In addition, agarwood-NE induced the expression of the anti-inflammatory mediators IL-10, IL-18BP, TFF3, GH, VDBP, relaxin-2, IFN-γ, and PDGF. Furthermore, agarwood-NE also induced the expression of antioxidant genes such as GCLC and GSTP1, simultaneously activating the PI3K pro-survival signalling pathway. This study provides proof of the dual anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of agarwood-NE, highlighting its enormous potential for COPD treatment.
Collapse
|
4
|
Shi Z, He Z, Wang DW. CYP450 Epoxygenase Metabolites, Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids, as Novel Anti-Inflammatory Mediators. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123873. [PMID: 35744996 PMCID: PMC9230517 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a crucial role in the initiation and development of a wide range of systemic illnesses. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are derived from arachidonic acid (AA) metabolized by CYP450 epoxygenase (CYP450) and are subsequently hydrolyzed by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) to dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs), which are merely biologically active. EETs possess a wide range of established protective effects on many systems of which anti-inflammatory actions have gained great interest. EETs attenuate vascular inflammation and remodeling by inhibiting activation of endothelial cells and reducing cross-talk between inflammatory cells and blood vessels. EETs also process direct and indirect anti-inflammatory properties in the myocardium and therefore alleviate inflammatory cardiomyopathy and cardiac remodeling. Moreover, emerging studies show the substantial roles of EETs in relieving inflammation under other pathophysiological environments, such as diabetes, sepsis, lung injuries, neurodegenerative disease, hepatic diseases, kidney injury, and arthritis. Furthermore, pharmacological manipulations of the AA-CYP450-EETs-sEH pathway have demonstrated a contribution to the alleviation of numerous inflammatory diseases, which highlight a therapeutic potential of drugs targeting this pathway. This review summarizes the progress of AA-CYP450-EETs-sEH pathway in regulation of inflammation under different pathological conditions and discusses the existing challenges and future direction of this research field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeqi Shi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China;
| | - Zuowen He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China;
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (D.W.W.)
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China;
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (D.W.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kotlyarov S. Involvement of the Innate Immune System in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:985. [PMID: 35055174 PMCID: PMC8778852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common, socially significant disease characterized by progressive airflow limitation due to chronic inflammation in the bronchi. Although the causes of COPD are considered to be known, the pathogenesis of the disease continues to be a relevant topic of study. Mechanisms of the innate immune system are involved in various links in the pathogenesis of COPD, leading to persistence of chronic inflammation in the bronchi, their bacterial colonization and disruption of lung structure and function. Bronchial epithelial cells, neutrophils, macrophages and other cells are involved in the development and progression of the disease, demonstrating multiple compromised immune mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kotlyarov
- Department of Nursing, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim HS, Moon SJ, Lee SE, Hwang GW, Yoo HJ, Song JW. The arachidonic acid metabolite 11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid alleviates pulmonary fibrosis. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:864-874. [PMID: 33990688 PMCID: PMC8178404 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00618-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are metabolites of arachidonic acid that are rapidly metabolized into diols by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). sEH inhibition has been shown to increase the biological activity of EETs, which are known to have anti-inflammatory properties. However, the role of EETs in pulmonary fibrosis remains unexplored. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to analyze EETs in the lung tissues of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF, n = 29) and controls (n = 15), and the function of 11,12-EET was evaluated in in vitro and in vivo in pulmonary fibrosis models. EET levels in IPF lung tissues, including those of 8,9-EET, 11,12-EET, and 14,15-EET, were significantly lower than those in control tissues. The 11,12-EET/11,12-DHET ratio in human lung tissues also differentiated IPF from control tissues. 11,12-EET significantly decreased transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced expression of α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) and collagen type-I in MRC-5 cells and primary fibroblasts from IPF patients. sEH-specific siRNA and 1-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1-propionylpiperidin-4-yl) urea (TPPU; sEH inhibitor) also decreased TGF-β1-induced expression of α-SMA and collagen type-I in fibroblasts. Moreover, 11,12-EET and TPPU decreased TGF-β1-induced p-Smad2/3 and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) expression in primary fibroblasts from patients with IPF and fibronectin expression in Beas-2B cells. TPPU decreased the levels of hydroxyproline in the lungs of bleomycin-induced mice. 11,12-EET or sEH inhibitors could inhibit pulmonary fibrosis by regulating TGF-β1-induced profibrotic signaling, suggesting that 11,12-EET and the regulation of EETs could serve as potential therapeutic targets for IPF treatment. Signaling molecules called eicosanoids, which are derived from fatty acids, can suppress lung damage in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a chronic, progressive disease in which scar tissue builds up in the lungs, making it hard to breathe. The causes of IPF are unknown. Eicosanoids, which have anti-inflammatory properties, have been studied in various lung diseases. Jin Woo Song at the University of Ulsan College of Medicine in Seoul, South Korea, and co-workers investigated how they might affect IPF. They found that eicosanoid levels were lower in lung tissues from patients with IPF than in healthy tissues. Further investigation showed eicosanoid levels could be boosted by suppressing an enzyme called sEH that degrades them. Thus, suppression of sEH and boosting of eicosanoid levels show promise as therapeutic targets for IPF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hak Su Kim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Moon
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Eun Lee
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Won Hwang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Yoo
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Song
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Olivares-Rubio HF, Espinosa-Aguirre JJ. Role of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids in the lung. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2020; 149:106451. [PMID: 32294527 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are synthetized from arachidonic acid by the action of members of the CYP2C and CYP2J subfamilies of cytochrome P450 (CYPs). The effects of EETs on cardiovascular function, the nervous system, the kidney and metabolic disease have been reviewed. In the lungs, the presence of these CYPs and EETs has been documented. In general, EETs play a beneficial role in this essential tissue. Among the most important effects of EETs in the lungs are the induction of vasorelaxation in the bronchi, the stimulation of Ca2+-activated K+ channels, the induction of vasoconstriction of pulmonary arteries, anti-inflammatory effects induced by asthma, and protection against infection or exposure to chemical substances such as cigarette smoke. EETs also participate in tissue regeneration, but on the downside, they are possibly involved in the progression of lung cancer. More research is necessary to design therapies with EETs for the treatment of lung disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo F Olivares-Rubio
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ap. Postal 70-228, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - J J Espinosa-Aguirre
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ap. Postal 70-228, Ciudad de México, México.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jiang JX, Shen HJ, Guan Y, Jia YL, Shen J, Liu Q, Xie QM, Yan XF. ZDHXB-101 (3',5-Diallyl-2, 4'-dihydroxy-[1,1'-biphen-yl]-3,5'-dicarbaldehyde) protects against airway remodeling and hyperresponsiveness via inhibiting both the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase and the signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 signaling pathways. Respir Res 2020; 21:22. [PMID: 31931796 PMCID: PMC6958776 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-1281-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway remodeling consists of the structural changes of airway walls, which is often considered the result of longstanding airway inflammation, but it may be present to an equivalent degree in the airways of children with asthma, raising the need for early and specific therapeutic interventions. The arachidonic acid cytochrome P-450 (CYP) pathway has thus far received relatively little attention in its relation to asthma. In this study, we studied the inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) on airway remodeling and hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in a chronic asthmatic model which long-term exposure to antigen over a period of 12 weeks. The expression of sEH and CYP2J2, the level of 14, 15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), airway remodeling, hyperresponsiveness and inflammation were analyzed to determine the inhibition of sEH. The intragastric administration of 3 or 10 mg/kg ZDHXB-101, which is a structural derivative of natural product honokiol and a novel soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitor, daily for 9 weeks significantly increased the level of 14, 15-EETs by inhibiting the expression of sEH and increasing the expression of CYP2J2 in lung tissues. ZDHXB-101 reduced the expression of remodeling-related markers such as interleukin (IL)-13, IL-17, MMP-9 N-cadherin, α-smooth muscle actin, S100A4, Twist, goblet cell metaplasia, and collagen deposition in the lung tissue or in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Moreover, ZDHXB-101 alleviated AHR, which is an indicator that is used to evaluate the airway remodeling function. The inhibitory effects of ZDHXB-101 were demonstrated to be related to its direct inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk1/2) phosphorylation, as well as inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) and the signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) signal transduction. These findings first revealed the anti-remodeling potential of ZDHXB-101 lead in chronic airway disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Xia Jiang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, # 88 Jiefang Rd, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China.,Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, # 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hui-Juan Shen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, # 88 Jiefang Rd, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China.,Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, # 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yan Guan
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, # 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China.,Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Liang Jia
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, # 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jian Shen
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, # 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, # 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qiang-Min Xie
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, # 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Xiao-Feng Yan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, # 88 Jiefang Rd, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lee JW, Ryu HW, Park SY, Park HA, Kwon OK, Yuk HJ, Shrestha KK, Park M, Kim JH, Lee S, Oh SR, Ahn KS. Protective effects of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) leaf extract against cigarette smoke- and lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary inflammation. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:1932-1940. [PMID: 29039495 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) leaf has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of neem leaf extract (NLE) against cigarette smoke (CS)- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pulmonary inflammation. Treatment with NLE significantly attenuated the infiltration of inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils and macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). NLE also reduced the production of reactive oxygen species and the activity of neutrophil elastase in BALF. Moreover, NLE attenuated the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 in BALF. NLE inhibited the recruitment of inflammatory cells and the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in the lungs of mice with CS- and LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation. NLE also decreased the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the lungs of the mice CS- and LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation. Furthermore, treatment with NLE significantly attenuated the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in the lungs mice exposed to CS and LPS. NLE also inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB) in the lungs of mice expose to CS and LPS. These findings thus suggest that NLE has potential for use in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Won Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungju‑si, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Won Ryu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungju‑si, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Yeon Park
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungju‑si, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Park
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungju‑si, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Kyoung Kwon
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungju‑si, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Joo Yuk
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungju‑si, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
| | - Krishna K Shrestha
- Ethnobotanical Society of Nepal (ESON), Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44618, Nepal
| | - Minwoo Park
- SciTech Korea, Gangbuk-gu, Seoul 142-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hee Kim
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungju‑si, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwoo Lee
- International Biological Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungju‑si, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Seop Ahn
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungju‑si, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor AUDA decreases bleomycin-induced pulmonary toxicity in mice by inhibiting the p38/Smad3 pathways. Toxicology 2017; 389:31-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
11
|
Li Y, Yu G, Yuan S, Tan C, Lian P, Fu L, Hou Q, Xu B, Wang H. Cigarette Smoke-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation and Autophagy Are Attenuated in Ephx2-Deficient Mice. Inflammation 2017; 40:497-510. [PMID: 28028752 PMCID: PMC5357505 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0495-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) increases the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by causing inflammation, emphysema, and reduced lung function. Additionally, CS can induce autophagy which contributes to COPD. Arachidonic acid-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) have promising anti-inflammatory properties that may protect the heart and liver by regulating autophagy. For this reason, the effect of decreased soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH, Ephx2)-mediated EET hydrolysis on inflammation, emphysema, lung function, and autophagy was here studied in CS-induced COPD in vivo. Adult male wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J and Ephx2−/− mice were exposed to air or CS for 12 weeks, and lung inflammatory responses, air space enlargement (emphysema), lung function, and autophagy were assessed. Lungs of Ephx2−/− mice had a less pronounced inflammatory response and less autophagy with mild distal airspace enlargement accompanied by restored lung function and steady weight gain. These findings support the idea that Ephx2 may hold promise as a therapeutic target for COPD induced by CS, and it may be protective property by inhibiting autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiao Li
- The Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong An Road, Xichen District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ganggang Yu
- The Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong An Road, Xichen District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shaopeng Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chunting Tan
- The Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong An Road, Xichen District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Puqiao Lian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lixia Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Qi Hou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Bo Xu
- The Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong An Road, Xichen District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Haoyan Wang
- The Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong An Road, Xichen District, Beijing, 100050, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lee JW, Park JW, Kwon OK, Lee HJ, Jeong HG, Kim JH, Oh SR, Ahn KS. NPS2143 Inhibits MUC5AC and Proinflammatory Mediators in Cigarette Smoke Extract (CSE)-Stimulated Human Airway Epithelial Cells. Inflammation 2017; 40:184-194. [PMID: 27866297 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0468-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mucus overproduction is a fundamental hallmark of COPD that is caused by exposure to cigarette smoke. MUC5AC is one of the main mucin genes expressed in the respiratory epithelium, and its transcriptional upregulation often correlates with increased mucus secretion. Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) antagonists have been reported to possess anti-inflammatory effects. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the protective role of NPS2143, a selective CaSR antagonist on cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-stimulated NCI-H292 mucoepidermoid human lung cells. Treatment of NPS2143 significantly inhibited the expression of MUC5AC in CSE-stimulated H292 cells. NPS2143 reduced the expression of MMP-9 in CSE-stimulated H292 cells. NPS2143 also decreased the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α in CSE-stimulated H292 cells. Furthermore, NPS2143 attenuated the activation of MAPKs (JNK, p38, and ERK) and inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB in CSE-stimulated H292 cells. These results indicate that NPS2143 had a therapeutic potential in COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Won Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Chungju-si, Chungbuk, 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Park
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Chungju-si, Chungbuk, 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Kyoung Kwon
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Chungju-si, Chungbuk, 363-883, Republic of Korea
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jae Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Gwang Jeong
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 5-1 Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Chungju-si, Chungbuk, 363-883, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyoung-Seop Ahn
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Chungju-si, Chungbuk, 363-883, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li Y, Yu G, Yuan S, Tan C, Xie J, Ding Y, Lian P, Fu L, Hou Q, Xu B, Wang H. 14,15-Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid suppresses cigarette smoke condensate-induced inflammation in lung epithelial cells by inhibiting autophagy. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L970-L980. [PMID: 27591243 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00161.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are metabolic products of free arachidonic acid, which are produced through cytochrome P-450 (CYP) epoxygenases. EETs have anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antioxidative activities. However, the effect of EETs on cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation is not clear. Autophagy is believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In addition, nuclear erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor that regulates many antioxidant genes, is thought to regulate antioxidant defenses in several lung diseases. In addition, interaction between EETs, autophagy, and Nrf2 has been reported. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of 14,15-EET on cigarette smoke condensate (CSC)-induced inflammation in a human bronchial epithelial cell line (Beas-2B), and to determine whether the underlying mechanisms involved in the regulation of Nrf2 through inhibition of autophagy. Autophagy and expression of autophagy signaling pathway proteins (LC3B, p62, PI3K, Akt, p-Akt, and p-mTOR) and anti-inflammatory proteins (Nrf2 and HO-1) were assessed via Western blot analysis. Autophagosomes and autolysosomes were detected by adenoviral mRFP-GFP-LC3 transfection. Inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1) were detected by ELISA. Lentiviral vectors carrying p62 short hairpin RNA were used to interfere with p62 expression to evaluate the effect of p62 on Nrf2 expression. Nrf2 expression was determined through immunocytochemistry. 14,15-EET treatment resulted in a significant reduction in IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 secretion, and increased accumulation of Nrf2 and expression of HO-1. In addition, 14,15-EET inhibited CSC-induced autophagy in Beas-2B cells. The mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect of 14,15-EET involved inhibition of autophagy and an increase in p62 levels, followed by translocation of Nrf2 into the nucleus, which then upregulated expression of the antioxidant enzyme HO-1. 14,15-EET protects against CSC-induced lung inflammation by promoting accumulation of Nrf2 via inhibition of autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiao Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Ganggang Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Shaopeng Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chunting Tan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Jianlin Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yasi Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Puqiao Lian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lixia Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Hou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Haoyan Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lee JW, Park HA, Kwon OK, Jang YG, Kim JY, Choi BK, Lee HJ, Lee S, Paik JH, Oh SR, Ahn KS, Lee HJ. Asiatic acid inhibits pulmonary inflammation induced by cigarette smoke. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 39:208-217. [PMID: 27494684 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Asiatic acid (AA) is one of the major components of Titrated extract of Centella asiatica (TECA), which has been reported to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of AA on pulmonary inflammation induced by cigarette smoke (CS). AA significantly attenuated the infiltration of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of CS exposure mice. AA also decreased ROS production and NE activity, and inhibited the release of proinflammatory cytokines in BALF. AA reduced the recruitment of inflammatory cells and MCP-1 expression in lung tissue of CS exposure mice. AA also attenuated mucus overproduction, and decreased the activation of MAPKs and NF-kB in lung tissue. Furthermore, AA increased HO-1 expression and inhibited the reduced expression of SOD3 in lung tissue. These findings indicate that AA effectively inhibits pulmonary inflammatory response, which is an important process in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) via suppression of inflammatory mediators and induction of HO-1. Therefore, we suggest that AA has the potential to treat inflammatory disease such as COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Won Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Chungju-si, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Park
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Chungju-si, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Kyoung Kwon
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Chungju-si, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea; Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Yin-Gi Jang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Chungju-si, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Yeong Kim
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Chungju-si, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Kyung Choi
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Chungju-si, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jae Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwoo Lee
- International Biological Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyub Paik
- International Biological Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Chungju-si, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Seop Ahn
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Chungju-si, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Jun Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Chungju-si, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|