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Rong Y, Li B, Hou Y, Zhang L, Jia R, Zhu J. Influences of Stocking Density on Antioxidant Status, Nutrients Composition, and Lipid Metabolism in the Muscles of Cyprinus carpio under Rice-Fish Co-Culture. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:849. [PMID: 39061917 PMCID: PMC11274104 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13070849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyprinus carpio is a significant freshwater species with substantial nutritional and economic value. Rice-carp co-culture represents one of its principal cultivation methods. However, in the system, the optimal farming density for carp and the impact of high stocking density on their muscle nutritional composition have yet to be explored. Thus, the objective of the current study was to investigate the influences of stocking density on the muscle nutrient profiles and metabolism of C. carpio in rice-fish co-culture systems. Common carp were cultured at three stocking densities, low density (LD), medium density (MD), and high density (HD), over a period of 60 days. Following this, comprehensive analyses incorporating physiological, biochemical, and multi-omics sequencing were conducted on the muscle tissue of C. carpio. The results demonstrated that HD treatment led to a reduction in the antioxidant capacity of C. carpio, while resulting in elevated levels of various fatty acids in muscle tissue, including saturated fatty acids (SFAs), omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFAs). The metabolome analysis showed that HD treatment caused a marked reduction in 43 metabolites and a significant elevation in 30 metabolites, primarily linked to lipid and amino acid metabolism. Additionally, transcriptomic analysis revealed that the abnormalities in lipid metabolism induced by high-stocking-density treatment may be associated with significant alterations in the PPAR signaling pathway and adipokine signaling pathway. Overall, our findings indicate that in rice-fish co-culture systems, high stocking density disrupted the balance of antioxidant status and lipid metabolism in the muscles of C. carpio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongrong Rong
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (Y.R.); (B.L.); (Y.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Bing Li
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (Y.R.); (B.L.); (Y.H.); (L.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Yiran Hou
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (Y.R.); (B.L.); (Y.H.); (L.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (Y.R.); (B.L.); (Y.H.); (L.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Rui Jia
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (Y.R.); (B.L.); (Y.H.); (L.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (Y.R.); (B.L.); (Y.H.); (L.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
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Liu Y, Du Z, Li Y, Lu S, Tang S, Guo L. Improving linolenic acid content in rapeseed oil by overexpression of CsFAD2 and CsFAD3 genes. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2024; 44:9. [PMID: 38298744 PMCID: PMC10825089 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-024-01445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
With the increasing public attention to the health benefit of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and demand for linolenic acid (C18:3), it is of great significance to increase the C18:3 content in our meal. As an oil crop with high content of C18:3, Camelina sativa has three homologous copies of FAD2 and three homologous copies FAD3. In this study, we seed-specifically overexpressed two Camelina sativa fatty acid desaturase genes, CsFAD2 and CsFAD3, in rapeseed cultivar Zhongshuang 9. The results show that C18:3 content in CsFAD2 and CsFAD3 overexpressed seeds is increased from 8.62% in wild-type (WT) to 10.62-12.95% and 14.54-26.16%, respectively. We crossed CsFAD2 and CsFAD3 overexpression lines, and stable homozygous digenic crossed lines were obtained. The C18:3 content was increased from 8.62% in WT to 28.46-53.57% in crossed overexpression lines. In addition, we found that the overexpression of CsFAD2 and CsFAD3 had no effect on rapeseed growth, development, and other agronomic traits. In conclusion, we successfully generated rapeseed germplasms with high C18:3 content by simultaneously overexpressing CsFAD2 and CsFAD3, which provides a feasible way for breeding high C18:3 rapeseed cultivars. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-024-01445-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Zhuolin Du
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Ying Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Shaoping Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Shan Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Liang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518000 China
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Qin J, Kurt E, LBassi T, Sa L, Xie D. Biotechnological production of omega-3 fatty acids: current status and future perspectives. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1280296. [PMID: 38029217 PMCID: PMC10662050 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1280296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids, including alpha-linolenic acids (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have shown major health benefits, but the human body's inability to synthesize them has led to the necessity of dietary intake of the products. The omega-3 fatty acid market has grown significantly, with a global market from an estimated USD 2.10 billion in 2020 to a predicted nearly USD 3.61 billion in 2028. However, obtaining a sufficient supply of high-quality and stable omega-3 fatty acids can be challenging. Currently, fish oil serves as the primary source of omega-3 fatty acids in the market, but it has several drawbacks, including high cost, inconsistent product quality, and major uncertainties in its sustainability and ecological impact. Other significant sources of omega-3 fatty acids include plants and microalgae fermentation, but they face similar challenges in reducing manufacturing costs and improving product quality and sustainability. With the advances in synthetic biology, biotechnological production of omega-3 fatty acids via engineered microbial cell factories still offers the best solution to provide a more stable, sustainable, and affordable source of omega-3 fatty acids by overcoming the major issues associated with conventional sources. This review summarizes the current status, key challenges, and future perspectives for the biotechnological production of major omega-3 fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dongming Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States
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4
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Aksakal E, Soydan E, Tunç A, Vural O, Kamaszewski M, Ekinci D. Chronic hypoxia and hyperoxia alter tissue-specific fatty acid profile and FD6D and elongase gene expression levels in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J Comp Physiol B 2023:10.1007/s00360-023-01501-9. [PMID: 37284836 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-023-01501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Commercially important trout species, especially rainbow trout, are under great threat due to several negative factors affecting oxygen levels in water such as global warming and eutrophication. In our study, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was exposed to chronic (for 28 days) hypoxia (4.0 ± 0.5 mg/L) and hyperoxia (12 ± 1.2 mg/L) in order to evaluate the alteration of fatty acid profiles in muscle, liver and gill tissues. In addition, delta-6-desaturase and elongase gene expression profiles were measured in liver, kidney and gill tissues. The amount of saturated fatty acids increased by oxygen applications in the liver, while it decreased in the muscle and gill tissues compared to normoxia (p < 0.05). Monounsaturated fatty acids levels increased in muscle and gill (p < 0.05). Although n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) decreased in muscle tissue, n-6 PUFA increased (p < 0.05). The n-3/n-6 ratio decreased in muscle tissue in response to the both exposures (p < 0.05) as well as eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid ratio (p < 0.05). Hypoxia exposure generally increased delta-6-desaturase and elongase mRNA levels in all tissues (p < 0.05). However, gene expression profiles were variable in fish exposed to hyperoxia. As a result of oxygen exposures, the lipid profile of muscle tissue, which stores dense fat, was negatively affected more than that of liver and gill tissues. We determined that the change in expression levels was tissue specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ercüment Aksakal
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agriculture Faculty, Akdeniz University, 07058, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Ercan Soydan
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agriculture Faculty, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Tunç
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bingöl University, 12000, Bingöl, Turkey
| | - Onur Vural
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agriculture Faculty, Akdeniz University, 07058, Antalya, Turkey
- Department of Plant and Animal Production, Kumluca Vocational School, Akdeniz University, 07350, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Maciej Kamaszewski
- Department of Ichthyology and Biotechnology in Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Deniz Ekinci
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agriculture Faculty, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139, Samsun, Turkey
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Xue YF, Fu C, Chai CY, Liao FF, Chen BJ, Wei SZ, Wang R, Gao H, Fan TT, Chai YR. Engineering the Staple Oil Crop Brassica napus Enriched with α-Linolenic Acid Using the Perilla FAD2- FAD3 Fusion Gene. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:7324-7333. [PMID: 37130169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c09026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Modern people generally suffer from α-linolenic acid (ALA) deficiency, since most staple food oils are low in ALA content. Thus, the enhancement of ALA in staple oil crops is of importance. In this study, the FAD2 and FAD3 coding regions from the ALA-king species Perilla frutescens were fused using a newly designed double linker LP4-2A, driven by a seed-specific promoter PNAP, and engineered into a rapeseed elite cultivar ZS10 with canola quality background. The mean ALA content in the seed oil of PNAP:PfFAD2-PfFAD3 (N23) T5 lines was 3.34-fold that of the control (32.08 vs 9.59%), with the best line being up to 37.47%. There are no significant side effects of the engineered constructs on the background traits including oil content. In fatty acid biosynthesis pathways, the expression levels of structural genes as well as regulatory genes were significantly upregulated in N23 lines. On the other hand, the expression levels of genes encoding the positive regulators of flavonoid-proanthocyanidin biosynthesis but negative regulators of oil accumulation were significantly downregulated. Surprisingly, the ALA level in PfFAD2-PfFAD3 transgenic rapeseed lines driven by the constitutive promoter PD35S was not increased or even showed a slight decrease due to the lower level of foreign gene expression and downregulation of the endogenous orthologous genes BnFAD2 and BnFAD3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fei Xue
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Crop Quality Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chun Fu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Crop Quality Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Cheng-Yan Chai
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Crop Quality Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Fei-Fei Liao
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Crop Quality Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Bao-Jun Chen
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Crop Quality Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Song-Zhen Wei
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Crop Quality Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Crop Quality Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Huan Gao
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Crop Quality Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Teng-Teng Fan
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Crop Quality Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - You-Rong Chai
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Crop Quality Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Yu H, Raza SHA, Pan Y, Cheng G, Mei C, Zan L. Integrative Analysis of Blood Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Reveals Molecular Regulation of Backfat Thickness in Qinchuan Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13061060. [PMID: 36978600 PMCID: PMC10044415 DOI: 10.3390/ani13061060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A crucial goal of reducing backfat thickness (BFT) is to indirectly improve feed conversion efficiency. This phenotype has been reported in certain papers; however, the molecular mechanism has yet to be fully revealed. Two extreme BFT groups, consisting of four Qinchuan cattle, were chosen for this study. We performed metabolite and transcriptome analyses of blood from cattle with a high BFT (H-BFT with average = 1.19) and from those with a low BFT (L-BFT with average = 0.39). In total, 1106 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 86 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) were identified in the extreme trait. In addition, serum ceramide was strongly correlated with BFT and could be used as a potential biomarker. Moreover, the most notable finding was that the functional genes (SMPD3 and CERS1) and metabolite (sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)) were filtered out and significantly enriched in the processes related to the sphingolipid metabolism. This investigation contributed to a better understanding of the subcutaneous fat depots in cattle. In general, our results indicated that the sphingolipid metabolism, involving major metabolites (serum ceramide and S1P) and key genes (SMPD3 and CERS1), could regulate BFT through blood circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengwei Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (H.Y.); (S.H.A.R.)
| | - Sayed Haidar Abbas Raza
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (H.Y.); (S.H.A.R.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Nation-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yueting Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (H.Y.); (S.H.A.R.)
| | - Gong Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (H.Y.); (S.H.A.R.)
| | - Chugang Mei
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
- National Beef Cattle Improvement Center, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Linsen Zan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (H.Y.); (S.H.A.R.)
- National Beef Cattle Improvement Center, Xianyang 712100, China
- Correspondence:
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Liang Y, Yu X, Anaokar S, Shi H, Dahl WB, Cai Y, Luo G, Chai J, Cai Y, Mollá‐Morales A, Altpeter F, Ernst E, Schwender J, Martienssen RA, Shanklin J. Engineering triacylglycerol accumulation in duckweed (Lemna japonica). PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:317-330. [PMID: 36209479 PMCID: PMC9884027 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Duckweeds are amongst the fastest growing of higher plants, making them attractive high-biomass targets for biofuel feedstock production. Their fronds have high rates of fatty acid synthesis to meet the demand for new membranes, but triacylglycerols (TAG) only accumulate to very low levels. Here we report on the engineering of Lemna japonica for the synthesis and accumulation of TAG in its fronds. This was achieved by expression of an estradiol-inducible cyan fluorescent protein-Arabidopsis WRINKLED1 fusion protein (CFP-AtWRI1), strong constitutive expression of a mouse diacylglycerol:acyl-CoA acyltransferase2 (MmDGAT), and a sesame oleosin variant (SiOLE(*)). Individual expression of each gene increased TAG accumulation by 1- to 7-fold relative to controls, while expression of pairs of these genes increased TAG by 7- to 45-fold. In uninduced transgenics containing all three genes, TAG accumulation increased by 45-fold to 3.6% of dry weight (DW) without severely impacting growth, and by 108-fold to 8.7% of DW after incubation on medium containing 100 μm estradiol for 4 days. TAG accumulation was accompanied by an increase in total fatty acids of up to three-fold to approximately 15% of DW. Lipid droplets from fronds of all transgenic lines were visible by confocal microscopy of BODIPY-stained fronds. At a conservative 12 tonnes (dry matter) per acre and 10% (DW) TAG, duckweed could produce 350 gallons of oil/acre/year, approximately seven-fold the yield of soybean, and similar to that of oil palm. These findings provide the foundation for optimizing TAG accumulation in duckweed and present a new opportunity for producing biofuels and lipidic bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxue Liang
- Biology DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNYUSA
| | - Xiao‐Hong Yu
- Biology DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNYUSA
| | - Sanket Anaokar
- Biology DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNYUSA
| | - Hai Shi
- Biology DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNYUSA
| | | | - Yingqi Cai
- Biology DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNYUSA
| | - Guangbin Luo
- Agronomy Department, Genetics InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Jin Chai
- Biology DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNYUSA
| | - Yuanheng Cai
- Biology DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNYUSA
| | | | - Fredy Altpeter
- Agronomy Department, Genetics InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Evan Ernst
- Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborNYUSA
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteCold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborNYUSA
| | - Jorg Schwender
- Biology DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNYUSA
| | - Robert A. Martienssen
- Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborNYUSA
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteCold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborNYUSA
| | - John Shanklin
- Biology DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNYUSA
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Fatty Acid Composition of Pseudocereals and Seeds Used as Functional Food Ingredients. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:life13010217. [PMID: 36676166 PMCID: PMC9863612 DOI: 10.3390/life13010217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent times, the popularity of seeds, other than cereals, in the diet has systematically grown. The fat contained in these products significantly affects their energy value as well as their biological and physicochemical properties, including their susceptibility to oxidation. The objective of this study is to evaluate the fat concentration and fatty acid (FA) composition of popular non-spice seeds used in food as a substitute for cereals or a functional additive. The research material consisted of thirteen groups of seeds derived from the following plants: amaranth, blue poppy, buckwheat, chia, flax, hemp, canihua, milk thistle, pumpkin, plantago, quinoa, sesame, and sunflower. The fat contents and fatty acid profiles differed significantly between the tested products and were dependent on the plant species. In all products, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs, 40-80% of total FAs) dominated. Linoleic acid was the main FAs in most tested seeds. The exceptions were chia and flax seeds, which were characterized by very high contents of α-linolenic acid, respectively, 62.0 and 51.4% of the total FAs. The share of monounsaturated FAs (mainly oleic acid) in the total FAs content was between 6 and 40%. All tested seeds (especially flax, chia, and hemp) have favorable values for their indexes of atherogenicity and thrombogenicity as well as the hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio.
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9
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Venegas-Calerón M, Napier JA. New alternative sources of omega-3 fish oil. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2023. [PMID: 37516467 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids play an important role in brain growth and development, as well as in the health of the body. These fatty acids are traditionally found in seafood, such as fish, fish oils, and algae. They can also be added to food or consumed through dietary supplements. Due to a lack of supply to meet current demand and the potential for adverse effects from excessive consumption of fish and seafood, new alternatives are being sought to achieve the recommended levels in a safe and sustainable manner. New sources have been studied and new production mechanisms have been developed. These new proposals, as well as the importance of these fatty acids, are discussed in this paper.
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Norhazlindah MF, Jahurul MHA, Norliza M, Shihabul A, Islam S, Nyam KL, Zaidul ISM. Techniques for extraction, characterization, and application of oil from sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) seed: a review. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-022-01663-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Halim NFAA, Ali MSM, Leow ATC, Rahman RNZRA. Membrane fatty acid desaturase: biosynthesis, mechanism, and architecture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:5957-5972. [PMID: 36063178 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12142-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid desaturase catalyzes the desaturation reactions by inserting double bonds into the fatty acyl chain, producing unsaturated fatty acids, which play a vital part in the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Though soluble fatty acid desaturases have been described extensively in advanced organisms, there are very limited studies of membrane fatty acid desaturases due to their difficulties in producing a sufficient amount of recombinant desaturases. However, the advancement of technology has shown substantial progress towards the development of elucidating crystal structures of membrane fatty acid desaturase, thus, allowing modification of structure to be manipulated. Understanding the structure, mechanism, and biosynthesis of fatty acid desaturase lay a foundation for the potential production of various strategies associated with alteration and modifications of polyunsaturated fatty acids. This manuscript presents the current state of knowledge and understanding about the structure, mechanisms, and biosynthesis of fatty acid desaturase. In addition, the role of unsaturated fatty acid desaturases in health and diseases is also encompassed. This will be useful in understanding the molecular basis and structural protein of fatty acid desaturase that are significant for the advancement of therapeutic strategies associated with the improvement of health status. KEY POINTS: • Current state of knowledge and understanding about the biosynthesis, mechanisms, and structure of fatty acid desaturase. • The role of unsaturated fatty acid desaturase. • The molecular basis and structural protein elucidated the crystal structure of fatty acid desaturase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Farah Anis Abd Halim
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shukuri Mohamad Ali
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Adam Thean Chor Leow
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Raja Noor Zaliha Raja Abd Rahman
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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12
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Maulu S, Nawanzi K, Abdel-Tawwab M, Khalil HS. Fish Nutritional Value as an Approach to Children's Nutrition. Front Nutr 2021; 8:780844. [PMID: 34977125 PMCID: PMC8715098 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.780844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish is a relatively cheap and accessible source of animal protein for human consumption even in rural communities. It is critical for global food and nutrition security, and its consumption continues to increase. As a highly nutritious food, fish consumption is highly recommended for children and expectant mothers for normal growth and development. The present paper explores the nutritional value of fish as approach to nutrition in children and its benefits. The findings reveal that fish is a valuable source of essential amino acids (EAA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that play important physiological functions for maintenance and development of fetuses, neonates, and infant brains. Therefore, it could be a valuable tool in the fight against food insecurity and malnutrition. However, fish and fish products are also highly susceptible to contamination by various organic and inorganic compounds that threaten public health. Particularly, heavy metals and biogenic amines (BAs) have shown adverse effects when contaminated fish is consumed, and the effects in children have been worse. Hence, while fish consumption is highly recommended for children's nutrition, the safety and quality of the product should always be checked to safeguard public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahya Maulu
- Centre for Innovative Approach Zambia (CIAZ), Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Kundananji Nawanzi
- Department of Agriculture and Aquatic Sciences, Kapasa Makasa University, Chinsali, Zambia
| | - Mohsen Abdel-Tawwab
- Department of Fish Biology and Ecology, Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Agriculture Research Center, Abbassa, Sharqia, Egypt
| | - Hala Saber Khalil
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- WorldFish, Africa Aquaculture Research and Training Center, Abbassa, Egypt
- Aquaculture Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Cairo, Egypt
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13
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Ishibashi Y, Goda H, Hamaguchi R, Sakaguchi K, Sekiguchi T, Ishiwata Y, Okita Y, Mochinaga S, Ikeuchi S, Mizobuchi T, Takao Y, Mori K, Tashiro K, Okino N, Honda D, Hayashi M, Ito M. PUFA synthase-independent DHA synthesis pathway in Parietichytrium sp. and its modification to produce EPA and n-3DPA. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1378. [PMID: 34887503 PMCID: PMC8660808 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02857-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3LC-PUFAs), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), will exceed their supply in the near future, and a sustainable source of n-3LC-PUFAs is needed. Thraustochytrids are marine protists characterized by anaerobic biosynthesis of DHA via polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase (PUFA-S). Analysis of a homemade draft genome database suggested that Parietichytrium sp. lacks PUFA-S but possesses all fatty acid elongase (ELO) and desaturase (DES) genes required for DHA synthesis. The reverse genetic approach and a tracing experiment using stable isotope-labeled fatty acids revealed that the ELO/DES pathway is the only DHA synthesis pathway in Parietichytrium sp. Disruption of the C20 fatty acid ELO (C20ELO) and ∆4 fatty acid DES (∆4DES) genes with expression of ω3 fatty acid DES in this thraustochytrid allowed the production of EPA and n-3docosapentaenoic acid (n-3DPA), respectively, at the highest level among known microbial sources using fed-batch culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Ishibashi
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Hatsumi Goda
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Rie Hamaguchi
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Keishi Sakaguchi
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Takayoshi Sekiguchi
- grid.509816.30000 0001 2161 8131Central Research Laboratory, Nippon Suisan Kaisha, Ltd., Tokyo, 192-0991 Japan
| | - Yuko Ishiwata
- grid.509816.30000 0001 2161 8131Central Research Laboratory, Nippon Suisan Kaisha, Ltd., Tokyo, 192-0991 Japan
| | - Yuji Okita
- grid.509816.30000 0001 2161 8131Central Research Laboratory, Nippon Suisan Kaisha, Ltd., Tokyo, 192-0991 Japan
| | - Seiya Mochinaga
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Shingo Ikeuchi
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Takahiro Mizobuchi
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Yoshitake Takao
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefecture University, Fukui, 917-0003 Japan
| | - Kazuki Mori
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Kosuke Tashiro
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Nozomu Okino
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Daiske Honda
- grid.258669.60000 0000 8565 5938Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Hyogo, 658-8501 Japan ,grid.258669.60000 0000 8565 5938Institute for Integrative Neurobiology, Konan University, Hyogo, 658-8501 Japan
| | - Masahiro Hayashi
- grid.410849.00000 0001 0657 3887Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192 Japan
| | - Makoto Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan. .,Innovative Bio-architecture Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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14
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Effect of 6-Month Feeding with a Diet Enriched in EPA + DHA from Fish Meat on the Blood Metabolomic Profile of Dogs with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123360. [PMID: 34944135 PMCID: PMC8698023 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Animal nutrition plays an important role in the therapy of many diseases, including heart failure. The aim of the research was to assess whether 6 months of feeding diet enriched in unsaturated fatty acids (from fish meat) in dogs suffering from heart failure due to mitral degeneration impacts the dogs’ metabolic profile and clinical status. Twenty small breed dogs in early stages of heart failure were randomly divided into two groups. One group receiving a standard diet, the second one a diet enriched in fish meat. All dogs continued to receive appropriate cardiac therapy throughout the study. Control examinations were performed at the start of the study, after 3 and 6 months of appropriate feeding. The results showed no differences in clinical, cardiological, haematological and biochemical parameters between the two study groups. The metabolomic changes was more pronounced with time. After 6 months of feeding the diete enriched in fish meat, there was a favorable reduction in glycerophosphocholine and xanthine levels, but an adverse increase in lactate and furvan and a decrease in alanine was not stopped. Abstract Animal nutrition plays an important role in the therapy of many diseases, including heart failure. The aim was to assess whether 6 months of feeding an AEP + ADH enriched diet (from fish meat) in dogs suffering from heart failure due to mitral degeneration impacts the dogs’ metabolic profile and clinical status. Twenty small breed dogs were included: 50% were in stage B2 of MMVD and 50%, in stage C according to ACVIM. Dogs were randomly divided into two groups. One group receiving a standard diet, the second one a diet enriched with EPA + DHA (from fish meat). All dogs continued to receive appropriate therapy throughout the study. Control examinations were performed at the start of the study, after 3 and 6 months of appropriate feeding. Examinations included ECG, ECHO, blood hemathology and biochemistry, morphometric measurements, body fat index and subcutaneous fat tissue thickness. Serum samples were analyzed with a high-performance liquid chromatography system. Data were analyzed using the Progenesis QI (PQI, Non-linear Dynamics). The results showed no differences in clinical, cardiological, haematological and biochemical parameters between the two study groups. An effect on the metabolomic profile following a continued diet enriched in DHA + EPA (from fish meat) was more pronounced with time. After 6 months of feeding the diete enriched with DHA + EPA (from fish meat), there was a favorable reduction in glycerophosphocholine and xanthine levels, but an adverse increase in lactate and furvan and a decrease in alanine was not stopped.
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15
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Nateghpour B, Kavoosi G, Mirakhorli N. Amino acid profile of the peel of three citrus species and its effect on the combination of amino acids and fatty acids Chlorella vulgaris. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Enhancing the Nutritional Value of Red Meat through Genetic and Feeding Strategies. Foods 2021; 10:foods10040872. [PMID: 33923499 PMCID: PMC8073878 DOI: 10.3390/foods10040872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of red meat contributes to the intake of many essential nutrients in the human diet including protein, essential fatty acids, and several vitamins and trace minerals, with high iron content, particularly in meats with high myoglobin content. Demand for red meat continues to increase worldwide, particularly in developing countries where food nutrient density is a concern. Dietary and genetic manipulation of livestock can influence the nutritional value of meat products, providing opportunities to enhance the nutritional value of meat. Studies have demonstrated that changes in livestock nutrition and breeding strategies can alter the nutritional value of red meat. Traditional breeding strategies, such as genetic selection, have influenced multiple carcass and meat quality attributes relevant to the nutritional value of meat including muscle and fat deposition. However, limited studies have combined both genetic and nutritional approaches. Future studies aiming to manipulate the composition of fresh meat should aim to balance potential impacts on product quality and consumer perception. Furthermore, the rapidly emerging fields of phenomics, nutrigenomics, and integrative approaches, such as livestock precision farming and systems biology, may help better understand the opportunities to improve the nutritional value of meat under both experimental and commercial conditions.
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17
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Mariamenatu AH, Abdu EM. Overconsumption of Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) versus Deficiency of Omega-3 PUFAs in Modern-Day Diets: The Disturbing Factor for Their "Balanced Antagonistic Metabolic Functions" in the Human Body. J Lipids 2021; 2021:8848161. [PMID: 33815845 PMCID: PMC7990530 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8848161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) contain ≥2 double-bond desaturations within the acyl chain. Omega-3 (n-3) and Omega-6 (n-6) PUFAs are the two known important families in human health and nutrition. In both Omega families, many forms of PUFAs exist: α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from the n-3 family and linoleic acid (LA), dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA), and arachidonic acid (AA) from the n-6 family are the important PUFAs for human health. Omega-3 and Omega-6 PUFAs are competitively metabolized by the same set of desaturation, elongation, and oxygenase enzymes. The lipid mediators produced from their oxidative metabolism perform opposing (antagonistic) functions in the human body. Except for DGLA, n-6 PUFA-derived lipid mediators enhance inflammation, platelet aggregation, and vasoconstriction, while those of n-3 inhibit inflammation and platelet aggregation and enhance vasodilation. Overconsumption of n-6 PUFAs with low intake of n-3 PUFAs is highly associated with the pathogenesis of many modern diet-related chronic diseases. The volume of n-6 PUFAs is largely exceeding the volume of n-3PUFAs. The current n-6/n-3 ratio is 20-50/1. Due to higher ratios of n-6/n-3 in modern diets, larger quantities of LA- and AA-derived lipid mediators are produced, becoming the main causes of the formation of thrombus and atheroma, the allergic and inflammatory disorders, and the proliferation of cells, as well as the hyperactive endocannabinoid system. Therefore, in order to reduce all of these risks which are due to overconsumption of n-6 PUFAs, individuals are required to take both PUFAs in the highly recommended n-6/n-3 ratio which is 4-5/1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeba Haile Mariamenatu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Natural and Computational Science, Debre Berhan University, P.O. Box 445, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | - Emebet Mohammed Abdu
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Science, Debre Berhan University, P.O. Box 445, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
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18
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Jiao K, Xiao W, Shi X, Ho SH, Chang JS, Ng IS, Tang X, Sun Y, Zeng X, Lin L. Molecular mechanism of arachidonic acid biosynthesis in Porphyridium purpureum promoted by nitrogen limitation. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2021; 44:1491-1499. [PMID: 33710454 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02533-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The red alga Porphyridium purpureum has been known to produce polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially arachidonic acid (ARA), under stressful conditions. However, there is no consistent conclusion about the response of ARA in this alga to nitrogen (N) stress. Also, no research has been done to clearly elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of N stress. In this work, P. purpureum CoE1 was cultivated under nitrogen limitation conditions and the putative Δ5-desaturase related gene FADSD5 was isolated. The results showed that the fatty acids in P. purpureum CoE1 were significantly higher in the N limited cultures (54.3 mg g-1) than in the N-replete cultures (45.3 mg g-1) at the 18th day (t-test, p < 0.001), which was attributed to the upregulated abundance of the putative Δ5-desaturase related protein, Δ5-Des. The study also indicated that the expression of the putative Δ5-desaturase related gene, FADSD5, increased with cell growth, demonstrating considerable potentials for ARA biosynthesis in P. purpureum CoE1. These results might guide the direction in illuminating the biosynthetic pathway of fatty acids with molecular evidence and enable genetic modifications of P. purpureum CoE1 for enhancing the ARA accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailin Jiao
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, China
| | - Wupeng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xingguo Shi
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian, 350116, China
| | - Shih-Hsin Ho
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150006, China
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan, People's Republic of China
| | - I-Son Ng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Tang
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Clean and High‑Valued Conversion Technology for Biomass, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High‑valued Conversion Technology of Biomass, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yong Sun
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Clean and High‑Valued Conversion Technology for Biomass, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High‑valued Conversion Technology of Biomass, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xianhai Zeng
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Clean and High‑Valued Conversion Technology for Biomass, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High‑valued Conversion Technology of Biomass, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Lu Lin
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Clean and High‑Valued Conversion Technology for Biomass, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High‑valued Conversion Technology of Biomass, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
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19
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Jackson HO, Taunt HN, Mordaka PM, Smith AG, Purton S. The Algal Chloroplast as a Testbed for Synthetic Biology Designs Aimed at Radically Rewiring Plant Metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:708370. [PMID: 34630459 PMCID: PMC8497815 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.708370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable and economically viable support for an ever-increasing global population requires a paradigm shift in agricultural productivity, including the application of biotechnology to generate future crop plants. Current genetic engineering approaches aimed at enhancing the photosynthetic efficiency or composition of the harvested tissues involve relatively simple manipulations of endogenous metabolism. However, radical rewiring of central metabolism using new-to-nature pathways, so-called "synthetic metabolism", may be needed to really bring about significant step changes. In many cases, this will require re-programming the metabolism of the chloroplast, or other plastids in non-green tissues, through a combination of chloroplast and nuclear engineering. However, current technologies for sophisticated chloroplast engineering ("transplastomics") of plants are limited to just a handful of species. Moreover, the testing of metabolic rewiring in the chloroplast of plant models is often impractical given their obligate phototrophy, the extended time needed to create stable non-chimeric transplastomic lines, and the technical challenges associated with regeneration of whole plants. In contrast, the unicellular green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a facultative heterotroph that allows for extensive modification of chloroplast function, including non-photosynthetic designs. Moreover, chloroplast engineering in C. reinhardtii is facile, with the ability to generate novel lines in a matter of weeks, and a well-defined molecular toolbox allows for rapid iterations of the "Design-Build-Test-Learn" (DBTL) cycle of modern synthetic biology approaches. The recent development of combinatorial DNA assembly pipelines for designing and building transgene clusters, simple methods for marker-free delivery of these clusters into the chloroplast genome, and the pre-existing wealth of knowledge regarding chloroplast gene expression and regulation in C. reinhardtii further adds to the versatility of transplastomics using this organism. Herein, we review the inherent advantages of the algal chloroplast as a simple and tractable testbed for metabolic engineering designs, which could then be implemented in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry O. Jackson
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henry N. Taunt
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pawel M. Mordaka
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alison G. Smith
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Saul Purton
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Saul Purton
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Cui J, Chen H, Tang X, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen YQ, Chen W. Δ6 fatty acid desaturases in polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis: insights into the evolution, function with substrate specificities and biotechnological use. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:9947-9963. [PMID: 33094384 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10958-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Δ6 fatty acid desaturases (FADS6) have different substrate specificities that impact the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are involved in regulating multiple signalling pathways associated with various diseases. For decades, FADS6 with different substrate specificities have been characterized and the functions of these crucial enzymes have been investigated, while it remains enigmatic that the substrate specificities of FADS6 from various species have a huge difference. This review summarizes the substrate specificities of FADS6 in different species and reveals the underlying relationship. Further evaluation of biochemical properties has revealed that the FADS6 prefer linoleic acid that is more hydrophilic and stable. Domain-swapping and site-directed mutagenesis have been employed to delineate the regions and sites that affect the substrate specificities of FADS6. These analyses improve our understanding of the functions of FADS6 and offer information for the discovery of novel biological resources. KEY POINTS: • Outline of the excavation and identification of Δ6 fatty acid desaturases. • Overview of methods used to determine the pivotal resides of desaturases. • Application of substrate properties to generate specific fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China. .,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 5, Winston-Salem, NC, 27127, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Innovation Center of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
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21
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Taufik M, Shahrul I, Mohd Nordin AR, Ikhwanuddin M, Abol-Munafi AB. Fatty Acid Composition of Hepatopancreas and Gonads in Both Sexes of Orange Mud Crab, Scylla olivacea Cultured at Various Water Flow Velocities. Trop Life Sci Res 2020; 31:79-105. [PMID: 32922670 PMCID: PMC7470482 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2020.31.2.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional quality of the hepatopancreas and gonads of orange portunid mud crab, Scylla olivacea was evaluated for each gender under four treatment of different water velocities (0, 20, 40 and 60 cm s−1), in terms of nutrient reserve and nutrient for reproduction. About 56 crabs were used in this study in which fatty acids composition was analysed using gas chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS). For hepatopancreas analysis, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) were present in the highest fatty acids concentration, followed by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and, saturated fatty acids (SFAs). However, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) were displayed in low concentration in the hepatopancreas. Total fatty acid (TFAs) composition was significantly higher at moderate velocity of 20 cm s−1 compared to other water velocity treatments. For gonad analysis, 20 cm s−1 showed the highest TFA concentration of 93.34 mg g−1 while, the lowest concentration of 3.90 mg g−1 occurred at 0 cm s−1. There were significant differences in male and female crab’s fatty acids contents of gonads at all flow velocities challenged (p < 0.05). PUFAs and MUFAs were dominant while, SFAs were observed at low concentration. This study revealed that, concentration of PUFAs increased as gonad maturation increased. The decreasing concentration of hepatopancreas fatty acids over the culture period indicated that nutrient was shifted from the hepatopancreas, to be used as energy reserved to gonads for further growth of eggs and offspring. The linkages between water flow strength, hepatopancreas, and gonad fatty acids concentrations, is fundamental knowledge useful in establishing efficient habitat velocities selection which will improve aquaculture production of mud crabs with high quality broodstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Taufik
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Ismail Shahrul
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering, Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Mohd Nordin
- Faculty of Informatics and Computing, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut Campus, 22200 Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mhd Ikhwanuddin
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.,STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, 515063 Guangdong, China
| | - Ambok Bolong Abol-Munafi
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
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Prasad P, Anjali P, Sreedhar RV. Plant-based stearidonic acid as sustainable source of omega-3 fatty acid with functional outcomes on human health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1725-1737. [PMID: 32431176 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1765137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dietary omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) like eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) are known to be potent biological regulators with therapeutic and preventive effects on human health. Many global health organizations have recommended consuming marine based omega-3 sources for neonatal brain development and reducing the risk of various chronic diseases. However, due to concerns regarding the origin, sustainable supply and safety of the marine sources, alternative n-3 PUFA sources are being explored. Recently, plant-based omega-3 sources are gaining much importance because of their sustainable supply and dietary acceptance. α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) rich seed oils are the major omega-3 fatty acid source available for human consumption. But, efficiency of conversion of ALA to n-3 LC-PUFAs in humans is limited due to a rate-limiting step in the n-3 pathway catalyzed by Δ6-desaturase. Botanical stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4n-3) rich oils are emerging as a sustainable omega-3 source with efficient conversion rate to n-3 LC-PUFA especially to EPA, as it bypasses the Δ6-desaturase rate limiting step. Several recent studies have identified the major plant sources of SDA and explored its potential health benefits and preventive roles in inflammation, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer. This systematic review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the sources, nutraceutical roles, food-based applications and the future perspectives of botanical SDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Prasad
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysuru, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - P Anjali
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysuru, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - R V Sreedhar
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysuru, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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23
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Diao J, Song X, Guo T, Wang F, Chen L, Zhang W. Cellular engineering strategies toward sustainable omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids production: State of the art and perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 40:107497. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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24
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Kermanshahi pour A, Mirmehrabi M, Brar SK. A novel process for isolation and purification of polyunsaturated fatty acids from a thraustochytrid. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Moradi Sarabi M, Mohammadrezaei Khorramabadi R, Zare Z, Eftekhar E. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and DNA methylation in colorectal cancer. World J Clin Cases 2019; 7:4172-4185. [PMID: 31911898 PMCID: PMC6940323 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v7.i24.4172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) has been designated a major global problem, especially due to its high prevalence in developed countries. CRC mostly occurs sporadically (75%-80%), and only 20%-25% of patients have a family history. Several processes are involved in the development of CRC such as a combination of genetic and epigenetic alterations. Epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation play a vital role in the progression of CRC. Complex interactions between susceptibility genes and environmental factors, such as a diet and sedentary lifestyle, lead to the development of CRC. Clinical and experimental studies have confirmed the beneficial effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in preventing CRC. From a mechanistic viewpoint, it has been suggested that PUFAs are pleiotropic agents that alter chromatin remodeling, membrane structure and downstream cell signaling. Moreover, PUFAs can alter the epigenome via modulation of DNA methylation. In this review, we summarize recent investigations linking PUFAs and DNA methylation-associated CRC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Moradi Sarabi
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad 381251698, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadrezaei Khorramabadi
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad 381251698, Iran
| | - Zohre Zare
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad 381251698, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Eftekhar
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas 7919915519, Iran
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Calanus oil in the treatment of obesity-related low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance, and atherosclerosis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:967-979. [PMID: 31853565 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10293-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Calanus oil (COil) is a natural product extracted from marine zooplankton Calanus finmarchicus found in the North Atlantic Ocean. This oil is rich in wax esters of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and has been projected as the best alternative to fish oil because its production cannot keep pace with the demands from the growing markets. The COil is the only commercially available marine source of wax esters, whereas classic ω-3 PUFAs comes from triglycerides, ethyl esters, and phospholipids. It has, in recent decades, been seen that there is an unprecedented rise in the use of PUFA-rich oil in the aquaculture industry. A simultaneous rise in the demand of PUFAs is also observed in the health care industry, where PUFAs are suggested preventing various disorders related to lifestyles such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, chronic low-grade inflammation, atherosclerosis, and brain and cardiovascular disorders (CVDs). In this review, we will explore the metabolic aspects related to the use of COil as an antioxidant, anticholesterinemic, and anti-inflammatory dietary source and its impact on the prevention and therapy of obesity-related metabolic disorders.
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Edlow AG, Guedj F, Sverdlov D, Pennings JLA, Bianchi DW. Significant Effects of Maternal Diet During Pregnancy on the Murine Fetal Brain Transcriptome and Offspring Behavior. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1335. [PMID: 31920502 PMCID: PMC6928003 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal over- and undernutrition in pregnancy plays a critical role in fetal brain development and function. The effects of different maternal diet compositions on intrauterine programing of the fetal brain is a lesser-explored area. The goal of this study was to investigate the impact of two chowmaternal diets on fetal brain gene expression signatures, fetal/neonatal growth, and neonatal and adult behavior in a mouse model. METHODS Throughout pregnancy and lactation, female C57Bl/6J mice were fed one of two standard, commercially available chow diets (pellet versus powder). The powdered chow diet was relatively deficient in micronutrients and enriched for carbohydrates and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids compared to the pelleted chow. RNA was extracted from embryonic day 15.5 forebrains and hybridized to whole genome expression microarrays (N = 5/maternal diet group). Functional analyses of significantly differentially expressed fetal brain genes were performed using Ingenuity Pathways Analysis and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. Neonatal behavior was assessed using a validated scale (N = 62 pellet-exposed and 31 powder-exposed). Hippocampal learning, locomotor behavior, and motor coordination were assessed in a subset of adults using fear conditioning, open field testing, and Rotarod tests (N = 16 pellet-exposed, 14 powder-exposed). RESULTS Comparing powdered to pelleted chow diets, neither maternal weight trajectory in pregnancy nor embryo size differed. Maternal powdered chow diet was associated with 1647 differentially expressed fetal brain genes. Functional analyses identified significant upregulation of canonical pathways and upstream regulators involved in cell cycle regulation, synaptic plasticity, and sensory nervous system development in the fetal brain, and significant downregulation of pathways related to cell and embryo death. Pathways related to DNA damage response, brain immune response, amino acid and fatty acid transport, and dopaminergic signaling were significantly dysregulated. Powdered chow-exposed neonates were significantly longer but not heavier than pelleted chow-exposed counterparts. On neonatal behavioral testing, powdered chow-exposed neonates achieved coordination- and strength-related milestones significantly earlier, but sensory maturation reflexes significantly later. On adult behavioral testing, powdered chow-exposed offspring exhibited hyperactivity and hippocampal learning deficits. CONCLUSION In wild-type offspring, two diets that differed primarily with respect to micronutrient composition had significant effects on the fetal brain transcriptome, neonatal and adult behavior. These effects did not appear to be mediated by alterations in gross maternal nutritional status nor fetal/neonatal weight. Maternal dietary content is an important variable to consider for investigators evaluating fetal brain development and offspring behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea G. Edlow
- Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Faycal Guedj
- Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Deanna Sverdlov
- Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Diana W. Bianchi
- Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
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Boretti FS, Burla B, Deuel J, Gao L, Wenk MR, Liesegang A, Sieber-Ruckstuhl NS. Serum lipidome analysis of healthy beagle dogs receiving different diets. Metabolomics 2019; 16:1. [PMID: 31797205 PMCID: PMC6890591 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1621-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Food and dietary ingredients have significant effects on metabolism and health. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether and how different diets affected the serum lipidomic profile of dogs. METHODS Sixteen healthy beagles were fed a commercial dry diet for 3 months (control diet). After an overnight fasting period, a blood sample was taken for serum lipidomic profile analysis, and each dog was then randomly assigned to one of two groups. Group 1 was fed a commercial diet (Diet 1) and group 2 was fed a self-made, balanced diet supplemented with linseed oil and salmon oil (Diet 2) for 3 months. After an overnight fasting period, a blood sample was taken from each dog. Serum cholesterol and triacylglycerol analyses were performed and the serum lipidomic profiles were analyzed using targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Dogs fed the supplemented self-made diet (Diet 2) had significantly higher omega-3 fatty acid-containing lipids species and significantly lower saturated and mono- and di-unsaturated lipid species. Concentrations of sphingosine 1-phosphate species S1P d16:1 and S1P d17:1 were significantly increased after feeding Diet 2. CONCLUSION This study found that different diets had significant effects on the dog's serum lipidomic profile. Therefore, in studies that include lipidomic analyses, diet should be included as a confounding factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas S Boretti
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bo Burla
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeremy Deuel
- Divison of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Liang Gao
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, YLL School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Annette Liesegang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Nadja S Sieber-Ruckstuhl
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Endoplasmic reticulum retention signaling and transmembrane channel proteins predicted for oilseed ω3 fatty acid desaturase 3 (FAD3) genes. Funct Integr Genomics 2019; 20:433-458. [PMID: 31781992 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-019-00718-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Oilseed crop oils contain a variety of unsaturated fatty acids that are synthesized and regulated by fatty acid desaturases (FADs). In this study, 14 FAD3 (ω3 desaturase) protein sequences from oilseeds are analyzed and presented through the application of several computational tools. The results indicated a close relationship between Brassica napus and Camelina sativa, as well as between Salvia hispanica and Perilla frutescens FAD3s, due to a high similarity in codon preferences in codon usage clusters and the phylogenetic tree. The cis-acting element results reveal that the seed-specific promoter region of BnFAD3 contains the critical conserved boxes such as HSE and ABRE, which are involved in responsiveness to heat stress and abscisic acid. The presence of the aforementioned conserved boxes may increase cold acclimation as well as tolerance to drought and high salinity. Omega(ω)3 desaturases contain a Skn-1 motif which is a cis-acting regulatory element required involved in endosperm development. In oilseed FAD3s, leucine is the most repeated amino acid in FAD3 proteins. The study conveyed that B. napus, Camelina sativa, Linum usitatissimum, Vernicia fordii, Gossypium hirsutum, S. hispanica, Cannabis sativa, and P. frutescens have retention signal KXKXX/XKXX at their c-terminus sites, which is one of the most important characteristics of FADs. Additionally, it was found that BnFAD3 is a transmembrane protein that can convert ω6 to ω3 fatty acids and may simultaneously act as a potassium ion channel in the ER.
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Prospects for the use of genetically modified crops with improved nutritional properties as feed materials in poultry nutrition. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933911000729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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31
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Monroy L, López Córdoba C, Araque Marín P, Torijano Gutiérrez S, Zapata Ochoa JA. Caracterización de los compuestos de aroma del aceite de sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) por HS-SPME-GC-MS-O. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE QUÍMICA 2019. [DOI: 10.15446/rev.colomb.quim.v48n3.78979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Se identificaron los componentes aromáticos activos provenientes de muestras comerciales del aceite de sacha inchi, obtenidos de cultivos de Santa Rosa de Osos (Antioquia, Colombia), mediante la técnica de microextracción en fase sólida acoplada a cromatografía de gases, espectrometría de masas y olfatometría (HS-SPME-GC-MS-O). En la optimización de la técnica de extracción se definieron las siguientes condiciones: fibra de SPME de divinilbenceno/ carboxen/polidimetilsiloxano (DVB/CAR/PDMS), temperatura de extracción de 50 °C y tiempo de exposición de 40 min. Bajo estas condiciones, se encontraron un total de 20 compuestos aromáticos activos, donde se destacan el E-2-octenal, E-heptanal, (E,E)-3,5-octadien-2-ona, ácido hexanóico y (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal como los componentes con mayor aporte a la formación del aroma del aceite de sacha inchi.
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Zhang X, Pang S, Liu C, Wang H, Ye D, Zhu Z, Sun Y. A Novel Dietary Source of EPA and DHA: Metabolic Engineering of an Important Freshwater Species-Common Carp by fat1-Transgenesis. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 21:171-185. [PMID: 30588551 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-018-9868-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA), are essential for neural development and human health. The n-3 PUFAs are mainly obtained from marine fish by dietary intake. Freshwater fish species usually contain low level of n-3 PUFAs due to the lack of n-3 PUFAs in their food chain. In this study, we report on the substantial production of EPA and DHA in a globally important freshwater fish species, common carp (Cyprinus carpio). This was achieved by introducing an "all-fish" transgene CA:fat1 containing the fish codon-optimized omega-3 desaturase gene (fat1) driven by the common carp β-actin promoter (CA). Through a sperm sample screening method, we successfully generated fat1-positive F1 transgenic population with high efficiency. In F1 population, the muscle contents of ALA (18:3n-3), EPA and DHA were significantly increased when compared with non-transgenic siblings. Thereafter, four independent F2 heterozygous lines were obtained from 4 F1 transgenic males and a detailed comparison of fatty acids profile and growth performance was carried out for these 4 lines. All fat1-transgenic common carps from 4 lines showed an evident decrease in n-6 PUFA contents and a substantial increase in n-3 PUFA contents, among which line 4 stands out, showing a statistically significant increase in all 4 types of n-3 PUFAs including ALA (4.4-fold increase, p < 0.001), EPA (4.8-fold increase, p < 0.01), C22:5n-3 (DPA, 2.4-fold increase, p < 0.05), and DHA (1.9-fold increase, p < 0.05). Therefore, the line 4 was selected as the optimized breeding stock for further study, and the proximate nutrition composition and PUFA synthesis pathway were analyzed. Our study demonstrates that in the transgenic group, the muscular lipid content did not change, while fat accumulations in the internal organs and especially in the liver were significantly decreased as a result of hyperactivation of fatty acid oxidation process. Finally, we conclude that the "all-fish" CA:fat1-transgenic freshwater fish-common carp-can serve as a novel healthy dietary source of n3-PUFAs, especially EPA and DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shaochen Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Chengjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Houpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ding Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zuoyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yonghua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Rong C, Chen H, Tang X, Gu Z, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen Y, Chen W. Structural Determinants of Substrate Specificity of Omega-3 Desaturases from Mortierella alpina and Rhizophagus irregularis by Domain-Swapping and Molecular Docking. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071603. [PMID: 30935072 PMCID: PMC6479736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although various ω-3 fatty acid desaturases (ω3Des) have been identified and well-studied regarding substrate preference and regiospecificity, the molecular mechanism of their substrate specificities remains to be investigated. Here we compared two ω3Des, FADS15 from Mortierella alpina and oRiFADS17 from Rhizophagus irregularis, which possessed a substrate preference for linoleic acid and arachidonic acid, respectively. Their sequences were divided into six sections and a domain-swapping strategy was used to test the role of each section in catalytic activity. Heterologous expression and fatty acid experiments of hybrid enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae INVSc1 indicated that the sequences between his-boxes I and II played critical roles in influencing substrate preference. Based on site-directed mutagenesis and molecular docking, the amino acid substitutions W129T and T144W, located in the upper part of the hydrocarbon chain, were found to be involved in substrate specificity, while V137T and V152T were confirmed to interfere with substrate recognition. This study provides significant insight into the structure-function relationship of ω3Des.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunchi Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Zhennan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Yongquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 5: 27127, USA.
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- Beijing Innovation Center of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
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Bendimerad-Benmokhtar S, Bouanane S, Merzouk H, Baba Ahmed FZ, Bendaoud A. Effects of Nannochloropsis Fed on Serum and Tissue Lipids Metabolism in Obese Offspring of Overfed Dams. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401313666171004153311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: The present work aims at determining the effects of maternal-diet-induced obesity on offspring metabolism. The short-term of a marine microalgae diet and its effects on lipids metabolism was investigated. </P><P> Method: Before gestation, some rats are fed control diet and others cafeteria diet. Moreover, two groups of dams were fed standard and cafeteria diets, and two other groups were fed the same diets but containing 10% of microalgae. This feeding started at gestation, and continued throughout parturition, lactation until their offspring's weaning age. </P><P> Results: Cafeteria diet was shown to increase the body weight and visceral obesity, with aberration in lipid metabolism. The results obtained show that the microalgae diet supplement induces a significant decrease in the maternal body weight and relative adipose tissue weight, plasma glucose and lipid levels, liver-triglyceride (TG) and adipose tissue-TG at parturition and at the end of lactation. Also, the addition of the microalgae in both males and female offspring fed dams at birth and weaning showed significant decrease in body weight, liver-TG whereas significant increase in TG-HDL. </P><P> Conclusion: In the end, it was noted that the incorporation of 10% of microalgae has a beneficial effect on body weight and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Bendimerad-Benmokhtar
- Laboratory of Physiology, Physiopathology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Earth and Universe, University of Tlemcen 13000, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Samira Bouanane
- Laboratory of Physiology, Physiopathology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Earth and Universe, University of Tlemcen 13000, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Hafida Merzouk
- Laboratory of Physiology, Physiopathology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Earth and Universe, University of Tlemcen 13000, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Fatima Zohra Baba Ahmed
- Laboratory of Physiology, Physiopathology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Earth and Universe, University of Tlemcen 13000, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Asme Bendaoud
- Laboratory of Physiology, Physiopathology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Earth and Universe, University of Tlemcen 13000, Tlemcen, Algeria
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Du C, Chen Y, Wang K, Yang Z, Zhao C, Jia Q, Taylor DC, Zhang M. Strong co-suppression impedes an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids in seeds overexpressing FAD2. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:985-994. [PMID: 30371807 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid desaturase2 (FAD2) catalyses the conversion of oleic acid to linoleic acid and is the main determinant of the levels of essential poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in seed oils. The very limited number of successful examples of overexpression of FAD2 over the last two decades and a shortage of reports on co-suppression make it uncertain whether FAD2 can increase PUFAs effectively across a broad range of oil crops. In this study, strong co-suppression was observed in about 80% of over 100 transgenic lines when FAD2 was overexpressed in three oilseed crops, namely flax (Linum usitatissimum), carinata (Brassica carinata), and camelina (Camelina sativa), as well as in the model plant Arabidopsis. Further analyses of Arabidopsis transgenic lines revealed both endogenous and transgenic FAD2 gene-silencing. Thus, the commonality and potency of FAD2 co-suppression seemingly imposes an obstacle to engineering oilseed PUFA enhancement by direct FAD2 overexpression. AtFAD2, driven by the 35S promoter, also caused co-suppression in Arabidopsis roots. The FAD2 co-suppression was unstable and PUFA phenotypes of T4 lines were similar to the wild-type, further indicating that high PUFA content cannot be achieved by screening advanced generations. However, we demonstrate that the obstacle of FAD2 co-suppression can be overcome in the Arabidopsis rdr6 mutant, which is impaired in post-transcriptional gene-silencing, and that lines with high PUFA content are stable through four generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Du
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yangyang Chen
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zheng Yang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cuizhu Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingli Jia
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | | | - Meng Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Gientka I, Duda M, Bzducha-Wróbel A, Błażejak S. Deproteinated potato wastewater as a low-cost nitrogen substrate for very high yeast biomass quantities: starting point for scaled-up applications. Eur Food Res Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-019-03231-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Rong C, Chen H, Tang X, Gu Z, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W, Chen YQ. Characterization and molecular docking of new Δ17 fatty acid desaturase genes from Rhizophagus irregularis and Octopus bimaculoides. RSC Adv 2019; 9:6871-6880. [PMID: 35518462 PMCID: PMC9061052 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00535h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid desaturases are key enzymes in the biosynthesis of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) via conversion of n-6 polyunsaturates to their n-3 counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunchi Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Zhennan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Yong Q. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
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Desnoyers M, Gilbert K, Madingou N, Gagné MA, Daneault C, Des Rosiers C, Rousseau G. A high omega-3 fatty acid diet rapidly changes the lipid composition of cardiac tissue and results in cardioprotection. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:916-921. [PMID: 29806983 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to ascertain the effects of 3 diets with different omega-3/6 fatty acid ratios on infarct size and the modifications that these diets induce in the lipid composition of cardiac tissue. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed omega-3/6 fatty acid diets with 1:1, 1:5, or 1:20 ratios for at least 10 days, followed by occlusion of the left anterior descending artery for 40 min and 24 h of reperfusion. Infarct size was significantly smaller in the 1:1 group than in the other groups. Significantly higher concentrations of the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid were found in the 1:1 group than in the other groups. Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels were similar between groups, although they were higher in the 1:5 and 1:20 groups than in the 1:1 group. Margaric acid concentrations were higher in the 1:1 group than in the other groups. Docosahexaenoic acid levels in cardiac tissue and infarct size were significantly correlated with no other significant links being apparent. The present study indicated that a 1:1 omega-3/6 fatty acid ratio protected against ischemia and was associated with increased omega-3 fatty acid composition of cardiac tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Desnoyers
- a CIUSSS du nord de l'île de Montréal, Hôpital Sacré-Cœur, Montréal, QC H4J 1C5, Canada.,b Département de pharmacologie et de physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Kim Gilbert
- a CIUSSS du nord de l'île de Montréal, Hôpital Sacré-Cœur, Montréal, QC H4J 1C5, Canada
| | - Ness Madingou
- a CIUSSS du nord de l'île de Montréal, Hôpital Sacré-Cœur, Montréal, QC H4J 1C5, Canada
| | - Marc-André Gagné
- a CIUSSS du nord de l'île de Montréal, Hôpital Sacré-Cœur, Montréal, QC H4J 1C5, Canada.,b Département de pharmacologie et de physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Caroline Daneault
- c Institut de cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada.,d Département de nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1A8, Canada
| | - Christine Des Rosiers
- c Institut de cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada.,d Département de nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1A8, Canada
| | - Guy Rousseau
- a CIUSSS du nord de l'île de Montréal, Hôpital Sacré-Cœur, Montréal, QC H4J 1C5, Canada.,b Département de pharmacologie et de physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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Shanab SM, Hafez RM, Fouad AS. A review on algae and plants as potential source of arachidonic acid. J Adv Res 2018; 11:3-13. [PMID: 30034871 PMCID: PMC6052662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Some of the essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) as ARA (arachidonic acid, n-6), EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid, n-3) and DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid, n-3) cannot be synthesized by mammals and it must be provided as food supplement. ARA and DHA are the major PUFAs that constitute the brain membrane phospholipid. n-3 PUFAs are contained in fish oil and animal sources, while the n-6 PUFAs are mostly provided by vegetable oils. Inappropriate fatty acids consumption from the n-6 and n-3 families is the major cause of chronic diseases as cancer, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. The n-6: n-3 ratio (lower than 10) recommended by the WHO can be achieved by consuming certain edible sources rich in n-3 and n-6 in daily food meal. Many researches have been screened for alternative sources of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs of plant origin, microbes, algae, lower and higher plants, which biosynthesize these valuable PUFAs needed for our body health. Biosynthesis of C18 PUFAs, in entire plant kingdom, takes place through certain pathways using elongases and desaturases to synthesize their needs of ARA (C20-PUFAs). This review is an attempt to highlight the importance and function of PUFAs mainly ARA, its occurrence throughout the plant kingdom (and others), its biosynthetic pathways and the enzymes involved. The methods used to enhance ARA productions through environmental factors and metabolic engineering are also presented. It also deals with advising people that healthy life is affected by their dietary intake of both n-3 and n-6 FAs. The review also addresses the scientist to carry on their work to enrich organisms with ARA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rehab M. Hafez
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
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Norashikin MN, Loh SH, Aziz A, Cha TS. Metabolic engineering of fatty acid biosynthesis in Chlorella vulgaris using an endogenous omega-3 fatty acid desaturase gene with its promoter. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sustainable Alternatives for Dietary Fish Oil in Aquafeeds: Actual Situation and Future Perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-77941-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Novinscak A, Filion M. Enhancing total lipid and stearidonic acid yields inBuglossoides arvensisthrough PGPR inoculation. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:203-215. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Novinscak
- Biology Department; Université de Moncton; Moncton NB Canada
| | - M. Filion
- Biology Department; Université de Moncton; Moncton NB Canada
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Shi H, Luo X, Wu R, Yue X. Production of eicosapentaenoic acid by application of a delta-6 desaturase with the highest ALA catalytic activity in algae. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:7. [PMID: 29331150 PMCID: PMC5766975 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0857-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dunaliella salina is a unicellular green alga with a high α-linolenic acid (ALA) level, but a low eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) level. In a previous analysis of the catalytic activity of delta 6 fatty acid desaturase (FADS6) from various species, FADS6 from Thalassiosira pseudonana (TpFADS6), a marine diatom, showed the highest catalytic activity for ALA. In this study, to enhance EPA production in D. salina, FADS6 from D. salina (DsFADS6) was identified, and substrate specificities for DsFADS6 and TpFADS6 were characterized. Furthermore, a plasmid harboring the TpFADS6 gene was constructed and overexpressed in D. salina. Our results revealed that EPA production reached 21.3 ± 1.5 mg/L in D. salina transformants. To further increase EPA production, myoinositol (MI) was used as a growth-promoting agent; it increased the dry cell weight of D. salina transformants, and EPA production reached 91.3 ± 11.6 mg/L. The combination of 12% CO2 aeration with glucose/KNO3 in the medium improved EPA production to 192.9 ± 25.7 mg/L in the Ds-TpFADS6 transformant. We confirmed that the increase in ALA was optimal at 8 °C; the EPA percentage reached 41.12 ± 4.78%. The EPA yield was further increased to 554.3 ± 95.6 mg/L by supplementation with 4 g/L perilla seed meal (PeSM), 500 mg/L MI, and 12% CO2 aeration with glucose/KNO3 at varying temperatures. EPA production and the percentage of EPA in D. salina were 343.8-fold and 25-fold higher than those in wild-type D. salina, respectively. IMPORTANCE FADS6 from Thalassiosira pseudonana, which demonstrates high catalytic activity toward α-linolenic acid, was used to enhance EPA production by Dunaliella salina. Transformation of FADS6 from Thalassiosira pseudonana into Dunaliella salina with myoinositol, CO2, low temperatures, and perilla seed meal supplementation substantially increased EPA production in Dunaliella salina to 554.3 ± 95.6 mg/L. Accordingly, D. salina could be a potential alternative source of EPA and is suitable for its large-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisu Shi
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Luo
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Rina Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiqing Yue
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China.
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Wang X, Liu YH, Wei W, Zhou X, Yuan W, Balamurugan S, Hao TB, Yang WD, Liu JS, Li HY. Enrichment of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids by Coordinated Expression of Multiple Metabolic Nodes in the Oleaginous Microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7713-7720. [PMID: 28721723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) have emerged as promising alternatives to depleting fish oils. However, the overproduction of LC-PUFAs in microalgae has remained challenging. Here, we report a sequential metabolic engineering strategy that systematically overcomes the metabolic bottlenecks and overproduces LC-PUFAs. Malonyl CoA-acyl carrier protein transacylase, catalyzing the first committed step in type II fatty acid synthesis, and desaturase 5b, involved in fatty acid desaturation, were coordinately expressed in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Engineered microalgae hyper-accumulated LC-PUFAs, with arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) contents of up to 18.98 μg/mg and 9.15 μg/mg (dry weight), respectively. Importantly, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was accumulated up to a highest record of 85.35 μg/mg by metabolic engineering. ARA and EPA were accumulated mainly in triacylglycerides, whereas DHA was found exclusively in phospholipids. Combinatorial expression of these critical enzymes led to the optimal increment of LC-PUFAs without unbalanced metabolic flux and demonstrated the practical feasibility of generating sustainable LC-PUFA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yu-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wasiqi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Srinivasan Balamurugan
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ting-Bin Hao
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wei-Dong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jie-Sheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hong-Ye Li
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
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de Oliveira MR, Nabavi SF, Nabavi SM, Jardim FR. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and mitochondria, back to the future. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Bioprospecting North Atlantic microalgae with fast growth and high polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content for microalgae-based technologies. ALGAL RES 2017; 26:392-401. [PMID: 28989862 PMCID: PMC5614095 DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are considered to be an important and sustainable alternative to fish oil as a source for the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Due to their health benefits, there is an increasing interest in the commercial application of these fatty acids (FA) to health and dietary products, and to aquaculture feeds. However, FA from microalgae are still expensive to produce compared to fish or plant oils. With only a few microalgal strains being cultivated on a large scale for commercial PUFA production, prospecting for new, robust and fast-growing strains with increased PUFA content is essential in order to reduce production costs. Microalgae from northern high latitudes, exposed to cold temperatures, may be especially promising candidates as previous studies have shown increasing unsaturation of FA in response to decreasing growth temperatures in different microalgae, most likely to maintain membrane fluidity and function. We have designed a screening pipeline, targeting a focused search and selection for marine microalgal strains from extreme North Atlantic locations with high robustness and biomass production, and increased levels of EPA and DHA. The pipeline includes a rational sampling plan, isolation and cultivation of clonal strains, followed by a batch growth experiment designed to obtain information on robustness, growth characteristics, and the FA content of selected isolates during both nutrient replete exponential cultivation and nutrient limited stationary cultivation. A number of clonal cultures (N = 149) have been established, and twenty of these strains have been screened for growth and FA content and composition. Among those strains, three showed growth rates ≥ 0.7 d− 1 at temperatures of 15 °C or below, and high amounts of EPA (> 3% DW), suggesting their potential as candidates for large scale production. Fast growing microalgae with high EPA and DHA levels were prospected in North Atlantic waters. A number of 149 clonal stock cultures were established, mostly represented by diatoms. Three out of 20 strains showed fast growth together with high EPA content. Highest EPA content of 4.6% of dry weight was found in an Arctic diatom. Microalgae from northern high latitudes reveal potential for biotechnological applications.
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Tailoring seed oil composition in the real world: optimising omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid accumulation in transgenic Camelina sativa. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6570. [PMID: 28747792 PMCID: PMC5529437 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06838-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable interest in the de novo production of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), not least of all given the importance of these fatty acids in both aquaculture and human nutrition. Previously we have demonstrated the feasibility of using metabolic engineering in transgenic plants (Camelina sativa) to modify the seed oil composition to now include EPA and/or DHA. In this study, we further tailored the seed oil profile to reduce the omega-6 content, and evaluated the performance of such GM plants under field conditions (i.e. environmental releases), in terms of agronomic performance and also the lipidomic profile of seed oil. We used MALDI- mass spectrometry imaging to identify discrete tissue-types in the seed in which these non-native fatty acids preferentially accumulated. Collectively, these data provide new insights into the complexity of plant lipid metabolism and the challenges associated with predictive manipulation of these pathways. However, this study identified the likely dispensable nature of a Δ12-desturase activity in our omega-3 metabolic engineering rationales for Camelina.
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Sung J, Jeon H, Kim IH, Jeong HS, Lee J. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Stearidonic Acid Mediated by Suppression of NF-κB and MAP-Kinase Pathways in Macrophages. Lipids 2017; 52:781-787. [PMID: 28744771 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-017-4278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4n-3) is an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid present in oils derived from plants of the Boraginaceae family. In this study, we determined the anti-inflammatory effects of SDA isolated from echium oil on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 macrophages. SDA significantly downregulated the levels of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein, thereby suppressing the production of nitric oxide (NO) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, SDA inhibited the nuclear translocation and promoter activity of nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) such as extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2, c-jun N terminal kinase, and p38 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Our results showed that SDA exerted anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing iNOS-mediated NO production via inactivation of NFκB and MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeehye Sung
- Division of Food and Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Life, and Environmental Sciences, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Korea
| | - Heemang Jeon
- Research and Innovation Center, Cosmax Bio Inc., Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13486, Korea
| | - In-Hwan Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Heon Sang Jeong
- Division of Food and Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Life, and Environmental Sciences, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Korea
| | - Junsoo Lee
- Division of Food and Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Life, and Environmental Sciences, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Korea.
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Amjad Khan W, Chun-Mei H, Khan N, Iqbal A, Lyu SW, Shah F. Bioengineered Plants Can Be a Useful Source of Omega-3 Fatty Acids. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7348919. [PMID: 28316988 PMCID: PMC5339522 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7348919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids have proven to be very essential for human health due to their multiple health benefits. These essential fatty acids (EFAs) need to be uptaken through diet because they are unable to be produced by the human body. These are important for skin and hair growth as well as for proper visual, neural, and reproductive functions of the body. These fatty acids are proven to be extremely vital for normal tissue development during pregnancy and infancy. Omega-3 fatty acids can be obtained mainly from two dietary sources: marine and plant oils. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6 n-3) are the primary marine-derived omega-3 fatty acids. Marine fishes are high in omega-3 fatty acids, yet high consumption of those fishes will cause a shortage of fish stocks existing naturally in the oceans. An alternative source to achieve the recommended daily intake of EFAs is the demand of today. In this review article, an attempt has, therefore, been made to discuss the importance of omega-3 fatty acids and the recent developments in order to produce these fatty acids by the genetic modifications of the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Amjad Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Hu Chun-Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Nadeem Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Amjad Iqbal
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, Hainan 571339, China
- Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Shan-Wu Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Farooq Shah
- Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
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Yilmaz JL, Lim ZL, Beganovic M, Breazeale S, Andre C, Stymne S, Vrinten P, Senger T. Determination of Substrate Preferences for Desaturases and Elongases for Production of Docosahexaenoic Acid from Oleic Acid in Engineered Canola. Lipids 2017; 52:207-222. [PMID: 28197856 PMCID: PMC5325871 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-017-4235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Production of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in plant seed oils has been pursued to improve availability of these omega-3 fatty acids that provide important human health benefits. Canola (Brassica napus), through the introduction of 10 enzymes, can convert oleic acid (OLA) into EPA and ultimately DHA through a pathway consisting of two elongation and five desaturation steps. Herein we present an assessment of the substrate specificity of the seven desaturases and three elongases that were introduced into canola by expressing individual proteins in yeast. In vivo feeding experiments were conducted with 14 potential fatty acid intermediates in an OLA to DHA pathway to determine the fatty acid substrate profiles for each enzyme. Membrane fractions were prepared from yeast expression strains and shown to contain active enzymes. The elongases, as expected, extended acyl-CoA substrates in the presence of malonyl-CoA. To distinguish between enzymes that desaturate CoA- and phosphatidylcholine-linked fatty acid substrates, we developed a novel in vitro method. We show that a delta-12 desaturase from Phytophthora sojae, an omega-3 desaturase from Phytophthora infestans and a delta-4 desaturase from Thraustochytrium sp., all prefer phosphatidylcholine-linked acyl substrates with comparatively low use of acyl-CoA substrates. To further validate our method, a delta-9 desaturase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was confirmed to use acyl-CoA as substrate, but could not use phosphatidylcholine-linked substrates. The results and the assay methods presented herein will be useful in efforts to improve modeling of fatty acid metabolism and production of EPA and DHA in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ze Long Lim
- Bioriginal Food and Science Corporation, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Mirela Beganovic
- Scandinavian Biotechnology Research (ScanBiRes) AB, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | | | - Carl Andre
- BASF Plant Science LP, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Sten Stymne
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Patricia Vrinten
- Bioriginal Food and Science Corporation, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Toralf Senger
- BASF Plant Science LP, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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