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Predictive models for response to non-invasive brain stimulation in stroke: A critical review of opportunities and pitfalls. Brain Stimul 2021; 14:1456-1466. [PMID: 34560317 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noninvasive brain stimulation has been successfully applied to improve stroke-related impairments in different behavioral domains. Yet, clinical translation is limited by heterogenous outcomes within and across studies. It has been proposed to develop and apply noninvasive brain stimulation in a patient-tailored, precision medicine-guided fashion to maximize response rates and effect magnitude. An important prerequisite for this task is the ability to accurately predict the expected response of the individual patient. OBJECTIVE This review aims to discuss current approaches studying noninvasive brain stimulation in stroke and challenges associated with the development of predictive models of responsiveness to noninvasive brain stimulation. METHODS Narrative review. RESULTS Currently, the field largely relies on in-sample associational studies to assess the impact of different influencing factors. However, the associational approach is not valid for making claims of prediction, which generalize out-of-sample. We will discuss crucial requirements for valid predictive modeling in particular the presence of sufficiently large sample sizes. CONCLUSION Modern predictive models are powerful tools that must be wielded with great care. Open science, including data sharing across research units to obtain sufficiently large and unbiased samples, could provide a solid framework for addressing the task of building robust predictive models for noninvasive brain stimulation responsiveness.
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Li X, Morton SM. Effects of chronic antidepressant use on neurophysiological responses to tDCS post-stroke. Neurosci Lett 2019; 717:134723. [PMID: 31881255 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) induces neuroplastic changes in the motor cortex of healthy individuals and has become a candidate intervention to promote recovery post-stroke. However, neurophysiological effects of tDCS in stroke are poorly understood. Antidepressant medications, which are commonly prescribed post-stroke, have the potential to significantly affect cortical excitability and alter responsiveness to tDCS interventions, yet these effects have not previously been examined. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS To examine the effects of chronic antidepressant use, tDCS, and the interaction of the two on motor cortical excitability in people with chronic stroke. Based on previous literature in nondisabled adults, we hypothesized that post-stroke, antidepressant-takers would show decreased baseline motor cortical excitability but enhanced responsiveness to anodal tDCS. METHODS Twenty-six participants with chronic stroke (17 control, 9 antidepressant) received real and sham anodal tDCS during separate sessions at least a week apart. Motor cortical excitability was measured before and after tDCS was applied to the lesioned hemisphere primary motor cortex. We compared baseline cortical excitability and neurophysiological responses to tDCS between groups and sessions. RESULTS Baseline motor cortical excitability was not different between control and antidepressant groups. Following anodal tDCS over the ipsilesional primary motor cortex, cortical excitability in the non-lesioned hemisphere decreased in controls, but, surprisingly, increased in antidepressant-takers. CONCLUSIONS Chronic antidepressant use may not affect motor cortical excitability post-stroke, however it appears to reverse some of the expected effects of tDCS. Therefore future utilization of tDCS in post-stroke neurorehabilitation research should take antidepressant medication status into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA; Graduate Program in Biomechanics and Movement Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Susanne M Morton
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA; Graduate Program in Biomechanics and Movement Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
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Cunningham DA, Knutson JS, Sankarasubramanian V, Potter-Baker KA, Machado AG, Plow EB. Bilateral Contralaterally Controlled Functional Electrical Stimulation Reveals New Insights Into the Interhemispheric Competition Model in Chronic Stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2019; 33:707-717. [PMID: 31315515 DOI: 10.1177/1545968319863709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background. Upper-limb chronic stroke hemiplegia was once thought to persist because of disproportionate amounts of inhibition imposed from the contralesional on the ipsilesional hemisphere. Thus, one rehabilitation strategy involves discouraging engagement of the contralesional hemisphere by only engaging the impaired upper limb with intensive unilateral activities. However, this premise has recently been debated and has been shown to be task specific and/or apply only to a subset of the stroke population. Bilateral rehabilitation, conversely, engages both hemispheres and has been shown to benefit motor recovery. To determine what neurophysiological strategies bilateral therapies may engage, we compared the effects of a bilateral and unilateral based therapy using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Methods. We adopted a peripheral electrical stimulation paradigm where participants received 1 session of bilateral contralaterally controlled functional electrical stimulation (CCFES) and 1 session of unilateral cyclic neuromuscular electrical stimulation (cNMES) in a repeated-measures design. In all, 15 chronic stroke participants with a wide range of motor impairments (upper extremity Fugl-Meyer score: 15 [severe] to 63 [mild]) underwent single 1-hour sessions of CCFES and cNMES. We measured whether CCFES and cNMES produced different effects on interhemispheric inhibition (IHI) to the ipsilesional hemisphere, ipsilesional corticospinal output, and ipsilateral corticospinal output originating from the contralesional hemisphere. Results. CCFES reduced IHI and maintained ipsilesional output when compared with cNMES. We found no effect on ipsilateral output for either condition. Finally, the less-impaired participants demonstrated a greater increase in ipsilesional output following CCFES. Conclusions. Our results suggest that bilateral therapies are capable of alleviating inhibition on the ipsilesional hemisphere and enhancing output to the paretic limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Cunningham
- 1 Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,2 MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,3 Cleveland Functional Electrical Stimulation Center, OH, USA
| | - Jayme S Knutson
- 1 Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,2 MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,3 Cleveland Functional Electrical Stimulation Center, OH, USA
| | | | - Kelsey A Potter-Baker
- 5 Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veteran's Affairs, Cleveland, OH, USA.,6 Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA
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Ding Q, Triggs WJ, Kamath SM, Patten C. Short Intracortical Inhibition During Voluntary Movement Reveals Persistent Impairment Post-stroke. Front Neurol 2019; 9:1105. [PMID: 30662425 PMCID: PMC6328452 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Short intracortical inhibition (SICI) is a GABAA-mediated phenomenon, argued to mediate selective muscle activation during coordinated motor activity. Markedly reduced SICI has been observed in the acute period following stroke and, based on findings in animal models, it has been posited this disinhibitory phenomenon may facilitate neural plasticity and contribute to early motor recovery. However, it remains unresolved whether SICI normalizes over time, as part of the natural course of stroke recovery. Whether intracortical inhibition contributes to motor recovery in chronic stroke also remains unclear. Notably, SICI is typically measured at rest, which may not fully reveal its role in motor control. Here we investigated SICI at rest and during voluntary motor activity to determine: (1) whether GABAA-mediated inhibition recovers, and (2) how GABAA-mediated inhibition is related to motor function, in the chronic phase post-stroke. Methods: We studied 16 chronic stroke survivors (age: 64.6 ± 9.3 years; chronicity: 74.3 ± 52.9 months) and 12 age-matched healthy controls. We used paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to induce SICI during three conditions: rest, submaximal grip, and performance of box-and-blocks. Upper-extremity Fugl-Meyer Assessment and Box-and-Blocks tests were used to evaluate motor impairment in stroke survivors and manual dexterity in all participants, respectively. Results: At rest, SICI revealed no differences between ipsilesional and contralesional hemispheres of either cortical or subcortical stroke survivors, or healthy controls (P's > 0.05). During box-and-blocks, however, ipsilesional hemisphere SICI was significantly reduced (P = 0.025), especially following cortical stroke (P < 0.001). SICI in the ipsilesional hemisphere during box-and-blocks task was significantly related to paretic hand dexterity (r = 0.56, P = 0.039) and motor impairment (r = 0.56, P = 0.037). Conclusions: SICI during motor activity, but not rest, reveals persistent impairment in chronic stroke survivors indicating that inhibitory brain circuits responsible for motor coordination do not fully normalize as part of the natural history of stroke recovery. Observation that reduced SICI (i.e., disinhibition) is associated with greater motor impairment and worse dexterity in chronic hemiparetic individuals suggests the response considered to promote neuroplasticity and recovery in the acute phase could be maladaptive in the chronic phase post-stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ding
- Biomechanics, Rehabilitation, and Integrative Neuroscience Lab, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States.,Rehabilitation Science PhD Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - William J Triggs
- Rehabilitation Science PhD Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sahana M Kamath
- Rehabilitation Science PhD Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Carolynn Patten
- Biomechanics, Rehabilitation, and Integrative Neuroscience Lab, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States.,Rehabilitation Science PhD Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, United States
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León Ruiz M, Rodríguez Sarasa M, Sanjuán Rodríguez L, Benito-León J, García-Albea Ristol E, Arce Arce S. Evidencias actuales sobre la estimulación magnética transcraneal y su utilidad potencial en la neurorrehabilitación postictus: Ampliando horizontes en el tratamiento de la enfermedad cerebrovascular. Neurologia 2018; 33:459-472. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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León Ruiz M, Rodríguez Sarasa M, Sanjuán Rodríguez L, Benito-León J, García-Albea Ristol E, Arce Arce S. Current evidence on transcranial magnetic stimulation and its potential usefulness in post-stroke neurorehabilitation: Opening new doors to the treatment of cerebrovascular disease. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Hsieh YW, Lin KC, Wu CY, Shih TY, Li MW, Chen CL. Comparison of proximal versus distal upper-limb robotic rehabilitation on motor performance after stroke: a cluster controlled trial. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2091. [PMID: 29391492 PMCID: PMC5794971 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20330-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the treatment efficacy of proximal-emphasized robotic rehabilitation by using the InMotion ARM (P-IMT) versus distal-emphasized robotic rehabilitation by using the InMotion WRIST (D-IMT) in patients with stroke. A total of 40 patients with stroke completed the study. They received P-IMT, D-IMT, or control treatment (CT) for 20 training sessions. Primary outcomes were the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) and Medical Research Council (MRC) scale. Secondary outcomes were the Motor Activity Log (MAL) and wrist-worn accelerometers. The differences on the distal FMA, total MRC, distal MRC, and MAL quality of movement scores among the 3 groups were statistically significant (P = 0.02 to 0.05). Post hoc comparisons revealed that the D-IMT group significantly improved more than the P-IMT group on the total MRC and distal MRC. Furthermore, the distal FMA and distal MRC improved more in the D-IMT group than in the CT group. Our findings suggest that distal upper-limb robotic rehabilitation using the InMotion WRIST system had superior effects on distal muscle strength. Further research based on a larger sample is needed to confirm long-term treatment effects of proximal versus distal upper-limb robotic rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Hsieh
- Department of Occupational Therapy and Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Keh-Chung Lin
- School of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Occupational Therapy, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Wu
- Department of Occupational Therapy and Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.
| | - Tsai-Yu Shih
- Department of Occupational Therapy and Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Wei Li
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Early Intervention, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Sebastianelli L, Versace V, Taylor A, Brigo F, Nothdurfter W, Saltuari L, Trinka E, Nardone R. Functional reorganization after hemispherectomy in humans and animal models: What can we learn about the brain's resilience to extensive unilateral lesions? Brain Res Bull 2017; 131:156-167. [PMID: 28414105 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hemispherectomy (HS) is an effective surgical procedure aimed at managing otherwise intractable epilepsy in cases of diffuse unihemispheric pathologies. Neurological recovery in subjects treated with HS is not limited to seizure reduction, rather, sensory-motor and behavioral improvement is often observed. This outcome highlights the considerable capability of the brain to react to such an extensive lesion, by functionally reorganizing and rewiring the cerebral cortex, especially early in life. In this narrative review, we summarize the animal studies as well as the human neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies dealing with the reorganizational processes that occur after HS. These topics are of particular interest in understanding mechanisms of functional recovery after brain injury. HS offers the chance to investigate contralesional hemisphere activity in controlling ipsilateral limb movements, and the role of transcallosal interactions, before and after the surgical procedure. These post-injury neuroplastic phenomena actually differ from those observed after less extensive brain damage. Therefore, they illustrate how different lesions could lead the contralesional hemisphere to play the "good" or "bad" role in functional recovery. These issues may have clinical implications and could inform rehabilitation strategies aiming to improve functional recovery following unilateral hemispheric lesions. Future studies, involving large cohorts of hemispherectomized patients, will be necessary in order to obtain a greater understanding of how cerebral reorganization can contribute to residual sensorimotor, visual and auditory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Sebastianelli
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno, Italy, and Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation of South Tyrol, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Viviana Versace
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno, Italy, and Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation of South Tyrol, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Alexandra Taylor
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Francesco Brigo
- Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Merano, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Nothdurfter
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno, Italy, and Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation of South Tyrol, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Leopold Saltuari
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno, Italy, and Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation of South Tyrol, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Eugen Trinka
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Centre of Cognitive Neuroscience, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Raffaele Nardone
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Merano, Italy.
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Geed S, McCurdy ML, van Kan PLE. Neuronal Correlates of Functional Coupling between Reach- and Grasp-Related Components of Muscle Activity. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 11:7. [PMID: 28270752 PMCID: PMC5318413 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordinated reach-to-grasp movements require precise spatiotemporal synchrony between proximal forelimb muscles (shoulder, elbow) that transport the hand toward a target during reach, and distal muscles (wrist, digit) that simultaneously preshape and orient the hand for grasp. The precise mechanisms through which the redundant neuromuscular circuitry coordinates reach with grasp, however, remain unclear. Recently, Geed and Van Kan (2016) demonstrated, using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), that limited numbers of global, template-like transport/preshape- and grasp-related muscle components underlie the complexity and variability of intramuscular electromyograms (EMGs) of up to 21 distal and proximal muscles recorded while monkeys performed reach-to-grasp tasks. Importantly, transport/preshape- and grasp-related muscle components showed invariant spatiotemporal coupling, which provides a potential mechanism for coordinating forelimb muscles during reach-to-grasp movements. In the present study, we tested whether ensemble discharges of forelimb neurons in the cerebellar nucleus interpositus (NI) and its target, the magnocellular red nucleus (RNm), a source of rubrospinal fibers, function as neuronal correlates of the transport/preshape- and grasp-related muscle components we identified. EFA applied to single-unit discharges of populations of NI and RNm neurons recorded while the same monkeys that were used previously performed the same reach-to-grasp tasks, revealed neuronal components in the ensemble discharges of both NI and RNm neuronal populations with characteristics broadly similar to muscle components. Subsets of NI and RNm neuronal components were strongly and significantly crosscorrelated with subsets of muscle components, suggesting that similar functional units of reach-to-grasp behavior are expressed by NI and RNm neuronal populations and forelimb muscles. Importantly, like transport/preshape- and grasp-related muscle components, their NI and RNm neuronal correlates showed invariant spatiotemporal coupling. Clinical and lesion studies have reported disruption of coupling between reach and grasp following cerebellar damage; the present results expand on those studies by identifying a neuronal mechanism that may underlie cerebellar contributions to spatiotemporal coordination of distal and proximal limb muscles during reaching to grasp. We conclude that finding similar functional units of behavior expressed at multiple levels of information processing along interposito-rubrospinal pathways and forelimb muscles supports the hypothesis that functionally related populations of NI and RNm neurons act synergistically in the control of complex coordinated motor behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashwati Geed
- Motor Systems Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, MadisonWI, USA; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, WashingtonDC, USA
| | - Martha L McCurdy
- Motor Systems Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, USA
| | - Peter L E van Kan
- Motor Systems Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, USA
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