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Zhang Z, Zou J, Lu P, Hu J, Cai Y, Xiao C, Li G, Zeng Q, Zheng M, Huang G. Analysis of lumbar spine loading during walking in patients with chronic low back pain and healthy controls: An OpenSim-Based study. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1377767. [PMID: 38817923 PMCID: PMC11138492 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1377767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most prevalent and disabling disease worldwide. However, the specific biomechanical changes due to LBP are still controversial. The purpose of this study was to estimate the lumbar and lower limb kinematics, lumbar moments and loads, muscle forces and activation during walking in healthy adults and LBP. A total of 18 healthy controls and 19 patients with chronic LBP were tested for walking at a comfortable speed. The kinematic and dynamic data of the subjects were collected by 3D motion capture system and force plates respectively, and then the motion simulation was performed by OpenSim. The OpenSim musculoskeletal model was used to calculate lumbar, hip, knee and ankle joint angle variations, lumbar moments and loads, muscle forces and activation of eight major lumbar muscles. In our results, significant lower lumbar axial rotation angle, lumbar flexion/extension and axial rotation moments, as well as the muscle forces of the four muscles and muscle activation of two muscles were found in patients with LBP than those of the healthy controls (p < 0.05). This study may help providing theoretical support for the evaluation and rehabilitation treatment intervention of patients with LBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuodong Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jihua Zou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pengcheng Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinjing Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxin Cai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chongwu Xiao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gege Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Zeng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Manxu Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - GuoZhi Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Sommer B, Pauli C, McCaskey M, Behrendt F, Schuster-Amft C, Graf ES. Biomechanical comparison of walking with a new, wearable rehabilitation training device to Nordic walking and regular walking in people with chronic low back pain. Assist Technol 2023; 35:477-486. [PMID: 36346831 DOI: 10.1080/10400435.2022.2138634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity, particularly walking, is commonly used for the treatment of diseases such as low back pain. In this study, the effects of walking wearing the new ToneFit Reha training belt (TFR) were compared to both Nordic walking and regular walking. The TFR is intended to intensify the effects of walking through the integration of two adjustable resistance handles. Ten patients with low back pain performed regular walking, Nordic walking, and walking with the TFR in a movement laboratory. The kinematics of the trunk, upper extremities, and lower extremities were measured, and the activity of the trunk and upper extremity muscles recorded. Data were analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA and paired t-test. Kinematics indicated that walking with the TFR introduces instability that was mitigated by a delayed peak trunk rotation (peak at 63.3% gait cycle, vs. 52.8% in walking (p = .001) and 51.0% in NW (p = .007)). Upper extremity kinematics (constrained elbow flexion, high peak shoulder abduction) showed movement patterns that need to be considered when training over a longer period. Increased muscle activity was observed especially for upper extremity muscles, when training with TFR. Overall, walking with the TFR was found to be a suitable therapy for use in a rehabilitation setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Sommer
- School of Health Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Carole Pauli
- School of Health Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | | | - Frank Behrendt
- Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden, Switzerland
| | - Corina Schuster-Amft
- Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden, Switzerland
- Department of Sports, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute for Rehabilitation and Performance Technology, Department of Engineering and Information Technology, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Burgdorf, Switzerland
| | - Eveline S Graf
- School of Health Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland
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Herrero P, Ríos-Asín I, Lapuente-Hernández D, Pérez L, Calvo S, Gil-Calvo M. The Use of Sensors to Prevent, Predict Transition to Chronic and Personalize Treatment of Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7695. [PMID: 37765752 PMCID: PMC10534870 DOI: 10.3390/s23187695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Non-specific low back pain (NSLBP) is a highly prevalent condition that implies substantial expenses and affects quality of life in terms of occupational and recreational activities, physical and psychological health, and general well-being. The diagnosis and treatment are challenging processes due to the unknown underlying causes of the condition. Recently, sensors have been included in clinical practice to implement its management. In this review, we furthered knowledge about the potential benefits of sensors such as force platforms, video systems, electromyography, or inertial measure systems in the assessment process of NSLBP. We concluded that sensors could identify specific characteristics of this population like impaired range of movement, decreased stability, or disturbed back muscular activation. Sensors could provide sufferers with earlier diagnosis, prevention strategies to avoid chronic transition, and more efficient treatment approaches. Nevertheless, the review has limitations that need to be considered in the interpretation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Herrero
- IIS Aragon—iHealthy Research Group, C. de San Juan Bosco, 13, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.H.); (D.L.-H.); (L.P.); (M.G.-C.)
- Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, C. de Domingo Miral, S/N, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Izarbe Ríos-Asín
- Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, C. de Domingo Miral, S/N, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Av. de la Ilustración, 60, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Diego Lapuente-Hernández
- IIS Aragon—iHealthy Research Group, C. de San Juan Bosco, 13, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.H.); (D.L.-H.); (L.P.); (M.G.-C.)
- Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, C. de Domingo Miral, S/N, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Luis Pérez
- IIS Aragon—iHealthy Research Group, C. de San Juan Bosco, 13, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.H.); (D.L.-H.); (L.P.); (M.G.-C.)
- Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, C. de Domingo Miral, S/N, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Sandra Calvo
- IIS Aragon—iHealthy Research Group, C. de San Juan Bosco, 13, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.H.); (D.L.-H.); (L.P.); (M.G.-C.)
- Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, C. de Domingo Miral, S/N, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Marina Gil-Calvo
- IIS Aragon—iHealthy Research Group, C. de San Juan Bosco, 13, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.H.); (D.L.-H.); (L.P.); (M.G.-C.)
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, Cjón. Campus Vegazana, S/N, 24007 León, Spain
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Taylor EW, Ugbolue UC, Gao Y, Gu Y, Baker JS, Dutheil F. Erector Spinae Muscle Activation During Forward Movement in Individuals With or Without Chronic Lower Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl 2023; 5:100280. [PMID: 37744192 PMCID: PMC10517367 DOI: 10.1016/j.arrct.2023.100280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the differences between erector spinae muscle activation in healthy individuals and patients with Chronic Lower Back Pain (CLBP) by conducting (a) systematic review and (b) meta-analysis. Data Sources PubMed, ScienceDirect, SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar were used to conduct the searches, which included studies up to the 31st of March 2023 with no start date specified. Study Selection Any study otherwise meeting eligibility criteria was included if it reported either (1) a standard mean difference effect size; or (2) the means, SDs, and sample sizes for both the patient group and the comparator group. Data Extraction A total of 7 case control trials were used for the systematic review and meta-analysis. Data Synthesis The systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that total standardized mean difference in erector spinae muscle activation between healthy individuals vs patients with CLBP expressed in % maximum voluntary isometric contraction was 0.48 (95% confidence interval=0.21-0.74; P<.001) with the heterogeneity being I2=0% (P=.890). The electromyography (EMG) outputs showed significant differences in activation levels between the healthy and CLBP cohorts (P<.001). Conclusions A small effect size was found in the meta-analysis. The muscle activation levels of the erector spinae during forward propulsion were higher in CLBP individuals compared with healthy cohorts. The findings provide more clarity about the muscles that were the focus of previous research, what procedures were used to evaluate muscular contributions and what speeds the participants were moving at during the test sessions. Given the limited methodological quality of the included studies, the findings should be interpreted with caution. Future research should evaluate the effect of other factors such as walking distance and any changes in walking surfaces and gradients (ie, non-flat surfaces).
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Affiliation(s)
- Euan W. Taylor
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Institute for Clinical Exercise & Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, South Lanarkshire, United Kingdom
| | - U. Chris Ugbolue
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Institute for Clinical Exercise & Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, South Lanarkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Yang Gao
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Julien S. Baker
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Frédéric Dutheil
- CNRS, LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Preventive and Occupational Medicine, WittyFit, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Núñez-Cortés R, Horment-Lara G, Tapia-Malebran C, Castro M, Barros S, Vera N, Pérez-Alenda S, Pablo Santelices J, Rivera-Lillo G, Cruz-Montecinos C. Role of kinesiophobia in the selective motor control during gait in patients with low back-related leg pain. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2023; 71:102793. [PMID: 37285714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2023.102793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fear of movement has been related to changes in motor function in patients with low back pain, but little is known about how kinesiophobia affects selective motor control during gait (ability of muscles performing distinct mechanical functions) in patients with low back-related leg pain (LBLP). The aim of the study was to determine the association between kinesiophobia and selective motor control in patients with LBLP. An observational cross-sectional study was performed on 18 patients. Outcome included: kinesiophobia using the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia; pain mechanism using Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Signs and Symptoms; disability using Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire; mechanosensitivity using Straight Leg Raise. Surface electromyography was used to assess selective motor control during gait by examining the correlation and coactivation in muscle pairs involved in the stance phase. Pairs included vastus medialis (VM) and medial gastrocnemius (MG), causing opposite moments around the knee joint, and gluteus medius (GM) and MG, as muscles with distinct mechanical functions (weight acceptance vs. propulsion). A strong association was observed between kinesiophobia and correlation (r = 0.63; p = 0.005) and coactivation (r = 0.69; p = 0.001) between VM versus MG. A moderate association was observed between kinesiophobia and correlation (r = 0.58; p = 0.011) and coactivation (r = 0.55; p = 0.019) between GM versus MG. No significant associations were obtained for other outcomes. A high kinesiophobia is associated with low selective motor control of the muscles involved in the weight acceptance and propulsion phases during gait in patients with LBLP. Fear of movement was better associated with decreased neuromuscular control than other clinical variables such as pain mechanism, disability, and mechanosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Núñez-Cortés
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Physiotherapy, Physiotherapy in Motion Multispeciality Research Group (PTinMOTION), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Giselle Horment-Lara
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Tapia-Malebran
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Physical Therapy, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Martín Castro
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Barros
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Vera
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sofía Pérez-Alenda
- Department of Physiotherapy, Physiotherapy in Motion Multispeciality Research Group (PTinMOTION), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Pablo Santelices
- Traumatology Unit, San José Hospital, Santiago, Chile; Traumatology Unit, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Rivera-Lillo
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Research and Development Unit, Clínica Los Coihues, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Cruz-Montecinos
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Section of Research, Innovation and Development in Kinesiology, Kinesiology Unit, San José Hospital, Santiago, Chile.
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López-de-Celis C, Labata-Lezaun N, Romaní-Sánchez S, Gassó-Villarejo S, Garcia-Ribell E, Rodríguez-Sanz J, Pérez-Bellmunt A. Effect of Load Distribution on Trunk Muscle Activity with Lunge Exercises in Amateur Athletes: Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11060916. [PMID: 36981573 PMCID: PMC10048665 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11060916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of load distribution applied to the trunk musculature with lunge exercises has yet to be determined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of load placement using dumbbells on the activation of the latissimus dorsi, erector spinae, external oblique, and rectus abdominis muscles during the lunge. METHODS Forty-two amateur athletes (21 men and 21 women) were recruited. Three lunge exercises were performed with different loading arrangements (ipsilateral, contralateral, and bilateral). The principal variable recorded for muscle activity was mean "root mean square" expressed as the percentage of the maximal voluntary isometric contraction. RESULTS There are statistically significant differences in the erector spinae (p < 0.001; p < 0.003) and external oblique muscles (p < 0.009; p < 0.001) compared with the contralateral side. The muscle on the opposite side of the load achieved higher activation for these muscles. The erector spinae and latissimus dorsi muscle did not reach a statistically significant difference with the contralateral side in any exercise (p > 0.05). The higher activation of the latissimus dorsi occurred on the same side on which the load was placed. CONCLUSIONS There was higher activation of the erector spinae, external oblique, and rectus abdominis muscles contralateral to the side of load placement during lunge exercise by amateur athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos López-de-Celis
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat International de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noé Labata-Lezaun
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat International de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sergi Gassó-Villarejo
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat International de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Erik Garcia-Ribell
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat International de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jacobo Rodríguez-Sanz
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat International de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Pérez-Bellmunt
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat International de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
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Lin J, Halaki M, Leaver A. Limited evidence of altered gait parameters in people with chronic nonspecific low back pain. Gait Posture 2023; 99:98-103. [PMID: 36368242 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in gait parameters have been shown between people with and without low back pain (LBP). However, previous studies did not well control factors such as sex, age, height and walking speed known to influence gait parameters. RESEARCH QUESTION Is gait altered in people with LBP when sex, age, height and walking speed are controlled? METHODS A series of gait parameters were measured in 16 participants with LBP and 16 age, sex and height matched healthy controls while walking on an instrumented treadmill. LBP group walked at a comfortable speed whilst control group walked at their own comfortable speed and at the comfortable speed of their matched participants with LBP. Pain and disability were measured for the LBP group. The between-group differences in mean, standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (CV) of gait parameters were tested using paired samples t-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test or two-factor repeated measures analyses of variance. RESULTS The median (interquartile range) of pain intensity was 2 (1, 3.5). From 102 tests of between-group difference in mean, SD and CV of 17 gait parameters at both comfortable speed and matched speed walking, only the mean of stride length (p = 0.037) during matched speed walking and SD of single support phase (p = 0.040) during comfortable speed walking showed significant between-group differences. There was no significant between-group difference in the rest means (comfortable walking: p ≥ 0.116; matched speed walking: p ≥ 0.069), SDs (comfortable walking: p ≥ 0.066; matched speed walking: p ≥ 0.098) and CVs of gait parameters (comfortable walking: p ≥ 0.110; matched speed walking: p ≥ 0.121). SIGNIFICANCE The lack of significant between-group difference in gait parameters may suggest that the gait of people with low level of LBP were not altered when sex, age and height were controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Therapy, YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Sydney School of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Mark Halaki
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Leaver
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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The facilitation of trunk muscles by abdominal bracing during walking in chronic low back pain patients. J Biomech 2022; 143:111299. [PMID: 36113386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Walking is known to be beneficial for chronic low back pain (LBP) patients and fast walking recruits more trunk muscles. Abdominal bracing has also been shown to improve LBP and facilitate several trunk muscles. We aimed to investigate the effects of walking velocity and abdominal bracing on the activation of trunk muscles in chronic LBP patients during walking. Forty-six volunteers with chronic LBP underwent walking exercise on the treadmill without ("non-braced walking") and with abdominal bracing ("braced walking") at speeds of 4, 5, and 6 km/h, with the surface electrodes placed on their trunk muscles to measure muscle activity. The root mean square values of the surface electromyography amplitude data were obtained at the multifidus of lower (ML) and upper lumbar (MU), erector spinae of lower lumbar (EL) and thoracic (ET), rectus abdominis (RA), and external oblique (EO). All muscles activated significantly more at faster walking. The "braced walking" facilitated the ET and RA significantly more than the "non-braced walking". The interaction between the walking speed and abdominal bracing was significant at ML, MU, and RA. The increase in muscle activation observed at lower speed diminished as speed increased. Since "braced walking" seems to additionally facilitate the trunk muscles especially at slower gait speeds, patients who cannot walk fast may still be able to train their muscles by "braced walking."
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Smith JA, Stabbert H, Bagwell JJ, Teng HL, Wade V, Lee SP. Do people with low back pain walk differently? A systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2022; 11:450-465. [PMID: 35151908 PMCID: PMC9338341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biomechanics of the trunk and lower limbs during walking and running gait are frequently assessed in individuals with low back pain (LBP). Despite substantial research, it is still unclear whether consistent and generalizable changes in walking or running gait occur in association with LBP. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify whether there are differences in biomechanics during walking and running gait in individuals with acute and persistent LBP compared with back-healthy controls. METHODS A search was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and PsycINFO in June 2019 and was repeated in December 2020. Studies were included if they reported biomechanical characteristics of individuals with and without LBP during steady-state or perturbed walking and running. Biomechanical data included spatiotemporal, kinematic, kinetic, and electromyography variables. The reporting quality and potential for bias of each study was assessed. Data were pooled where possible to compare the standardized mean differences (SMD) between back pain and back-healthy control groups. RESULTS Ninety-seven studies were included and reviewed. Two studies investigated acute pain and the rest investigated persistent pain. Nine studies investigated running gait. Of the studies, 20% had high reporting quality/low risk of bias. In comparison with back-healthy controls, individuals with persistent LBP walked slower (SMD = -0.59, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): -0.77 to -0.42)) and with shorter stride length (SMD = -0.38, 95%CI: -0.60 to -0.16). There were no differences in the amplitude of motion in the thoracic or lumbar spine, pelvis, or hips in individuals with LBP. During walking, coordination of motion between the thorax and the lumbar spine/pelvis was significantly more in-phase in the persistent LBP groups (SMD = -0.60, 95%CI: -0.90 to -0.30), and individuals with persistent LBP exhibited greater amplitude of activation in the paraspinal muscles (SMD = 0.52, 95%CI: 0.23-0.80). There were no consistent differences in running biomechanics between groups. CONCLUSION There is moderate-to-strong evidence that individuals with persistent LBP demonstrate differences in walking gait compared to back-healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Armour Smith
- Department of Physical Therapy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA.
| | - Heidi Stabbert
- Department of Physical Therapy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Jennifer J Bagwell
- Department of Physical Therapy, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Hsiang-Ling Teng
- Department of Physical Therapy, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Vernie Wade
- Department of Physical Therapy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Szu-Ping Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
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Banno T, Yamato Y, Nojima O, Hasegawa T, Yoshida G, Arima H, Oe S, Ushirozako H, Yamada T, Ide K, Watanabe Y, Yamauchi K, Matsuyama Y. Comparison of the postoperative changes in trunk and lower extremity muscle activities between patients with adult spinal deformity and age-matched controls using surface electromyography. Spine Deform 2022; 10:141-149. [PMID: 34342848 DOI: 10.1007/s43390-021-00396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A prospective study. OBJECTIVE To investigate the paravertebral and lower extremity muscle activities using surface electromyography (S-EMG) in patients with adult spinal deformity (ASD) comparing with those of age-matched controls. Although the paravertebral muscle is greatly involved in ASD pathology, little is known about the contribution of lower extremity muscle on maintaining standing posture. METHODS Fourteen patients with ASD (1 man, 13 women; mean age, 67.1 years) who underwent corrective fusion surgery with at least 2 years of follow-up and age-matched controls (1 men, 7 women; mean age, 69.3 years) were enrolled. The muscle activities of the thoracic and lumbar erector spinae (TES and LES), external oblique (EO), gluteus maximus (GM), rectus femoris (RF), and biceps femoris (BF) were recorded in the upright and anterior flexion positions using S-EMG pre-operatively and 1 year post-operatively. RESULTS Compared with controls, patients showed a significantly higher muscle activity in the LES and BF at rest in a standing position. After corrective fusion surgery, the muscle activity of LES decreased and that of RF increased (p < 0.05), and the changes reached the level of the controls. When the posture changed from upright to anterior flexion, the controls showed increased muscle activity of the BF, whereas the patients showed decreased muscle activity of the TES and RF and increased muscle activity of the BF. Post-operatively, muscle activity of the TES, LES, GM, and BF increased and that of the RF decreased. CONCLUSIONS ASD patients required a higher activity of the lower extremity and trunk muscles to maintain a standing position compared to the age-matched controls. Significant increase of the GM, BF, and TES muscle activities during anterior bending suggest the presence of mechanical stress concentration caused by fixed lumbar spine. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Banno
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Yu Yamato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Osamu Nojima
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Hasegawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Go Yoshida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Arima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Shin Oe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ushirozako
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yamada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Koichiro Ide
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yu Watanabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Katsuya Yamauchi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Matsuyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
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Gait Asymmetry Comparison between Subjects with and without Nonspecific Chronic Low Back Pain. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13112129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with chronic low back pain (LBP) report impaired somatosensory function and balance. However, there is a lack of investigation on limb motion similarities between subjects with and without LBP during gait. The aim of this study was to compare gait parameters as well as combined limb motions using the kinematic similarity index (KSI) between subjects with and without LBP. Twenty-two subjects with LBP and 19 age- and body mass index-matched control subjects participated in this study. The combined limb motions in the gait cycle of subjects with LBP were compared with those of a prototype derived from healthy subjects. The calculations resulted in response vectors that were analyzed in comparison to control-derived prototype response vectors for the normalized index at 5% increments in the gait cycle. The results of our study indicated that the KSI of the control group demonstrated higher similarities in the swing (t = 4.23, p = 0.001) and stance (t = 6.26, p = 0.001) phases compared to the LBP group. The index for the whole gait cycle was significantly different between the groups (t = 6.52, p = 0.001), especially in the midstance and swing phases. The LBP group could have adjusted the gait patterns during these specific phases. The KSI is useful for clinical outcome measures to differentiate kinematic changes and to demonstrate quantified similarities in the gait cycle between subjects with and without LBP. It is warranted to validate the KSI for the analysis of physiological gait asymmetry using a larger sample in future studies.
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Lyons KD, Parks AG, Dadematthews O, Zandieh N, McHenry P, Games KE, Goodlett MD, Murrah W, Roper J, Sefton JM. Core and Whole Body Vibration Exercise Influences Muscle Sensitivity and Posture during a Military Foot March. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094966. [PMID: 34067028 PMCID: PMC8124145 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Military foot marches account for 17-22% of Army musculoskeletal injuries (MSI), with low back pain (LBP) being a common complaint. Core-exercise and whole-body vibration (WBV) have been shown to decrease LBP in patients with chronic low back MSI. This study investigated if WBV and/or core-exercise influenced LBP or posture associated with a military ruck march. A randomized control trial with three groups: (1) WBV and core-exercise (WBVEx); (2) core-exercise alone (Ex); and (3) control evaluated the effects of core-exercise and WBV on LBP during/after a two 8 K foot marches with a 35 lb rucksack. The intervention groups completed three weeks of core-exercise training with/without WBV. Outcome measurements included visual analog scale (VAS), algometer, posture and electromyography (EMG). LBP, pressure threshold, and posture were elevated throughout the foot march regardless of group. LBP remained elevated for 48 h post foot march (p = 0.044). WBVEx and Ex did not have a significant effect on LBP. WBVEx and Ex both decreased muscle sensitivity and increased trunk flexion (p < 0.001) during the second foot march (FM2). The 8 K foot marches significantly increased LBP. Core-exercise training with/without WBV decreases low back muscle sensitivity. WBV and core-exercise increases trunk flexion which may help improve performance and may influence LBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin D. Lyons
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (K.D.L.); (A.G.P.); (O.D.); (N.Z.); (P.M.); (J.R.)
| | - Aaron G. Parks
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (K.D.L.); (A.G.P.); (O.D.); (N.Z.); (P.M.); (J.R.)
| | - Oluwagbemiga Dadematthews
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (K.D.L.); (A.G.P.); (O.D.); (N.Z.); (P.M.); (J.R.)
| | - Nilophar Zandieh
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (K.D.L.); (A.G.P.); (O.D.); (N.Z.); (P.M.); (J.R.)
| | - Paige McHenry
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (K.D.L.); (A.G.P.); (O.D.); (N.Z.); (P.M.); (J.R.)
| | - Kenneth E. Games
- Department of Applied Medicine and Rehabilitation, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA;
| | | | - William Murrah
- Educational Foundations, Leadership and Technology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA;
| | - Jaimie Roper
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (K.D.L.); (A.G.P.); (O.D.); (N.Z.); (P.M.); (J.R.)
| | - JoEllen M. Sefton
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (K.D.L.); (A.G.P.); (O.D.); (N.Z.); (P.M.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-334-844-1694
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Classification-Specific Treatment Improves Pain, Disability, Fear-Avoidance Beliefs, and Erector Spinae Muscle Activity During Walking in Patients With Low Back Pain Exhibiting Lumbar Extension-Rotation Pattern: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2020; 43:123-133. [PMID: 32312606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Low back pain (LBP) has commonly been managed via classification-specific interventions in homogeneous groups. However, it is largely unknown whether treatment tailored to specific classifications is more effective than generic treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of classification-specific treatment on the self-reported responses and erector spinae (ES) activity of patients with LBP exhibiting a lumbar extension-rotation (ExtRot) pattern. METHODS In total, 39 patients exhibiting the lumbar ExtRot pattern were randomized to an experimental (n = 19) group and a control (n = 20) group. Participants in the experimental group received classification-specific treatment, which included exercise to control or prevent lumbopelvic motion during lower-extremity movement. Participants in the control group were encouraged to perform general exercises and were educated about LBP. Patient-reported pain intensity, disability, and fear-avoidance belief and ES muscle activity during walking were assessed prior to and after the intervention. Two-way analysis of covariance was used to examine the effects of classification-specific treatment. RESULTS After 6-week intervention, significant time-by-group interaction effects were demonstrated on pain intensity, disability, fear-avoidance beliefs-physical activity score, and ES muscle activity during walking. There were significant effects of group on pain, disability, and fear-avoidance beliefs-physical activity score after intervention. After the 6-week intervention, the ES muscle activity significantly decreased in the experimental group during walking, but does not represent an all-events decrease. CONCLUSION Classification-specific treatment may be effective in patients with LBP exhibiting the lumbar ExtRot pattern, reducing pain intensity, disability, fear-avoidance beliefs, and ES muscle activity during walking.
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Areeudomwong P, Buttagat V. Comparison of Core Stabilisation Exercise and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Training on Pain-related and Neuromuscular Response Outcomes for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Malays J Med Sci 2019; 26:77-89. [PMID: 31908589 PMCID: PMC6939725 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2019.26.6.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Existing literature offers little guidance for therapists who provide core stabilisation exercise (CSE) and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) training to treat chronic low back pain (CLBP). Studies conducting a head-to-head comparison of CSE and PNF training for CLBP are needed. Objective To compare the effects of CSE and PNF training on pain-related outcomes and trunk muscle activity in CLBP patients. Methods Forty-five CLBP patients, ranging from 18 to 50 years of age, were randomly divided and assigned to either a four-week CSE, four-week PNF training, or control group. Pain-related outcomes, including pain intensity, functional disability and patient satisfaction, as well as superficial and deep trunk muscle activity were assessed before and after the four-week intervention, and at a three-month follow-up. Results Compared to the control group, those in the CSE and PNF training groups showed significant improvements in all pain-related outcomes after the four-week intervention and at three-month follow-up (P < 0.01). Following the four-week intervention, both CSE and PNF training groups demonstrated significant improvement in deep trunk muscle activity, including the transversus abdominis (TrA) and superficial fibres of lumbar multifidus (LM), compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Four-week CSE and PNF training provided short-term and long-term effects on pain-related outcomes, along with increased deep trunk muscle activity in CLBP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattanasin Areeudomwong
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Integrative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Vitsarut Buttagat
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Integrative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
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15
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Trunk muscle activity during trunk stabilizing exercise with isometric hip rotation using electromyography and ultrasound. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2019; 49:102357. [PMID: 31557703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2019.102357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to clarify the muscle activation during trunk stabilizing exercise with isometric hip rotation in healthy males by comparing that with abdominal crunch (AC) and active straight leg raise (ASLR). Electromyography and ultrasound imaging were used to simultaneously measure muscle activity and thickness of the internal oblique (IO), the external oblique (EO), transverse abdominis (TrA) and multifidus (MF) on the right side during exercise. METHODS Twenty healthy participants performed the following exercises in supine position: isometric right or left hip internal/external rotation, AC, and ASLR. Muscle activity was normalized to maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), and muscle thickness was normalized to resting muscle thickness. RESULTS Muscle activation and thickness of IO, MF and TrA increased significantly during the isometric hip rotation compared with other exercises. Muscle activation during the trunk stabilizing exercise with ipsilateral isometric hip internal rotation was 21% in IO, 26% in MF, and with ipsilateral hip external rotation was 12% of MVC in EO. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that trunk stabilizing exercise with isometric hip rotation exercise may be a more safe and effective exercise to promote trunk muscle activity than AC and ASLR. These findings would be beneficial for therapists engaged in prevention and treatment of low back pain.
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The Effect of Core Stabilization Exercises on Trunk-Pelvis Three-Dimensional Kinematics During Gait in Non-Specific Chronic Low Back Pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2019; 44:927-936. [PMID: 31205170 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000002981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Controlled clinical trial study. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the effect of core stabilization exercise program (CSEP) on trunk-pelvis kinematics during gait in non-specific chronic low back pain (NCLBP). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA NCLBP is a major public burden with variety of dysfunction including gait variability. METHODS Thirty participants (15 NCLBP and 15 healthy) were included in this study via the convenience sampling method. NCLBP group were intervened via the 16 sessions CSEP 3 days for 6 weeks and trunk-pelvis kinematics (angular displacement, waveform pattern [CVp], and offset variability [CVo]) during gait, pain, disability were evaluated before and after the intervention. RESULTS No significant differences in displacement and CVo in three planes were found between NCLBP and healthy groups. Independent t test was revealed that significant differences in CVp in the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes were found between healthy and NCLBP in pre intervention. No significant changes in displacement and CVo were found as the result of intervention in NCLBP. Pain and disability decreased significantly after intervention. Paired t test revealed that the CSEP increased the frontal (P = 0.04) and transverse planes (P = 0.02) pattern variability significantly. However, there was a significant difference between groups in the sagittal plane CVp after intervention (sagittal plane CVp in healthy vs. NCLBP in post-CSE: mean difference = 14.1; P = 0.04). CONCLUSION Considering the role of the deep trunk muscles in gait, and their common deconditioning in CLBP, a CSEP intervention may increase trunk-pelvis kinematic pattern variability. These results suggest CSEP may specifically increase transverse and frontal plane variability, indicating improved motor pattern replication through this movement planes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2.
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Banno T, Arima H, Hasegawa T, Yamato Y, Togawa D, Yoshida G, Yasuda T, Oe S, Mihara Y, Ushirozako H, Matsuyama Y. The Effect of Paravertebral Muscle on the Maintenance of Upright Posture in Patients With Adult Spinal Deformity. Spine Deform 2019; 7:125-131. [PMID: 30587305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jspd.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the relationship between cross-sectional area (CSA) of paravertebral muscle and trunk tilt at standing and walking in adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Although the importance of back muscles for the development of spinal kyphosis was well described, the influence on maintaining the sagittal balance was unclear. METHODS Forty-five female patients (mean age, 68.8 years) with ASD were studied. We measured sagittal vertical axis [SVA], pelvic tilt [PT], and pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis [PI-LL]) by lateral spine radiograph. For the assessment of trunk tilt standing-trunk tilt angle (STA) by lateral standing radiograph, gait-trunk tilt angle (GTA) by lateral gait images, and the increasing trunk tilt angle (ITA) by subtracting the STA from the GTA were calculated. Using L1/2 and L4/5 axial MRI, the CSAs of bilateral multifidus muscles (MF) and elector spinae (ES) removed fat by Image J software were calculated. We examined the correlation between trunk tilt angle (STA, GTA, and ITA) and spinopelvic parameters (SVA, PT, and PI minus LL) and also the correlation among muscle CSA, trunk tilt angle (STA, GTA, and ITA), and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). RESULTS The mean STA, GTA, and ITA were 4.2°, 13.0°, and 8.8°, respectively. The CSAs of back muscles were 278 mm2 at L1/2 MF, 1,687 mm2 at L1/2 ES, 636 mm2 at L4/5 MF, and 1,355 mm2 at L4/5 ES, respectively. Trunk tilt angle had significant relations with spinopelvic parameters. Concerning about muscle CSA, significant correlations were observed between STA and L4/5 MF (r = -0.517), GTA and L1/2 ES (r = -0.461) and L4/5 MF (r = -0.476), and ITA and L1/2 ES(r = -0.429). ODI showed significant correlation with STA and GTA. CONCLUSIONS Paravertebral muscles were crucial to keep upright posture during walking as well as standing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Banno
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 〒431-3192 Shizuoka Prefecture, Hamamatsu, Higashi Ward, Handayama, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Arima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 〒431-3192 Shizuoka Prefecture, Hamamatsu, Higashi Ward, Handayama, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Hasegawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 〒431-3192 Shizuoka Prefecture, Hamamatsu, Higashi Ward, Handayama, Japan
| | - Yu Yamato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 〒431-3192 Shizuoka Prefecture, Hamamatsu, Higashi Ward, Handayama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Togawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 〒431-3192 Shizuoka Prefecture, Hamamatsu, Higashi Ward, Handayama, Japan
| | - Go Yoshida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 〒431-3192 Shizuoka Prefecture, Hamamatsu, Higashi Ward, Handayama, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yasuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu Medical Center, 328 Tomitsukacho, Naka Ward, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Prefecture 432-8580, Japan
| | - Shin Oe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 〒431-3192 Shizuoka Prefecture, Hamamatsu, Higashi Ward, Handayama, Japan
| | - Yuki Mihara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 〒431-3192 Shizuoka Prefecture, Hamamatsu, Higashi Ward, Handayama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ushirozako
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 〒431-3192 Shizuoka Prefecture, Hamamatsu, Higashi Ward, Handayama, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Matsuyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 〒431-3192 Shizuoka Prefecture, Hamamatsu, Higashi Ward, Handayama, Japan
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Koch C, Hänsel F. Chronic Non-specific Low Back Pain and Motor Control During Gait. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2236. [PMID: 30532718 PMCID: PMC6265306 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic non-specific low back pain (LBP) poses a major socioeconomic problem, although the mechanisms are not yet clear. Impaired motor control is one of the mechanisms being discussed. Objectives: The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of motor control parameter differences between individuals with and without non-specific LBP during gait. Methods: A literature search on Medline, SportDiscus, PsychInfo, PsychArticels, EMBASE, and Scopus was performed. Twenty-nine articles comparing healthy adults and adults with chronic non-specific LBP in neuromuscular and/or biomechanical parameters during walking or running were examined. Data extraction and quality assessment were independently performed by two persons. Among others, we extracted population, conditions, outcome measures, and results. Results: The results showed that persons with and without non-specific LBP differed in several parameters of motor control, which was indicated by a lower movement amplitude of the pelvis, more in-phase coordination, lower ground reaction forces, higher stride-to-stride variability and a higher activity in ES in the LBP group. Conclusion: Despite no strong evidence for any of the parameters, a combination of biomechanical and neuromuscular parameters provides a conclusive explanation. Impaired motor control during walking is reflected in higher activity of the erector spinae, which leads to a stiffened lumbar-pelvic region. Different acquisition and processing of data renders making comparisons difficult, whereby standards for future research are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrin Koch
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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Feeney DF, Capobianco RA, Montgomery JR, Morreale J, Grabowski AM, Enoka RM. Individuals with sacroiliac joint dysfunction display asymmetrical gait and a depressed synergy between muscles providing sacroiliac joint force closure when walking. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2018; 43:95-103. [PMID: 30267967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Walking is often compromised in individuals with low back and hip disorders, such as sacroiliac joint dysfunction (SIJD). The disorder involves reduced coactivation of the gluteus maximus and contralateral latissimus dorsi, which together provide joint stability during walking. The purpose of our study was to compare the kinematics and contributions of selected muscles to identified synergies during walking between healthy individuals and those with SIJD. Six women with unilateral SIJD and six age-matched healthy controls walked on a force-measuring treadmill at 1 m/s while we recorded kinematics and the activity of 16 muscles with surface EMG. Non-negative matrix factorization was used to identify patterns of EMG activity (muscle synergies). Individuals with SIJD exhibited less hip extension and lower peak vertical ground reaction forces on the affected side than the unaffected side. In contrast to controls, the SIJD group also displayed a depressed muscle synergy between gluteus maximus on the affected side and the contralateral latissimus dorsi. The results indicate that individuals with SIJD exhibited both reduced activation of gluteus maximus during a loading synergy present in walking and greater asymmetry between legs when walking compared with age-matched controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Feeney
- University of Colorado, Boulder, Department of Integrative Physiology, Neurophysiology of Movement Laboratory, Applied Biomechanics Laboratory, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Robyn A Capobianco
- University of Colorado, Boulder, Department of Integrative Physiology, Neurophysiology of Movement Laboratory, Applied Biomechanics Laboratory, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Jana R Montgomery
- University of Colorado, Boulder, Department of Integrative Physiology, Neurophysiology of Movement Laboratory, Applied Biomechanics Laboratory, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Joseph Morreale
- Center for Spine and Orthopedics, 9005 Grant St, Suite 200, Thornton, CO 80229, USA.
| | - Alena M Grabowski
- University of Colorado, Boulder, Department of Integrative Physiology, Neurophysiology of Movement Laboratory, Applied Biomechanics Laboratory, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; VA Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Denver, CO, USA.
| | - Roger M Enoka
- University of Colorado, Boulder, Department of Integrative Physiology, Neurophysiology of Movement Laboratory, Applied Biomechanics Laboratory, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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Muscle activity and kinetics of lower limbs during walking in pronated feet individuals with and without low back pain. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2018; 39:35-41. [PMID: 29413451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate whether excessive feet pronation alters the joints' kinematics, kinetics and the activity of involved muscles during gait in low back pain patients. METHODS The lower limb joints' motion, moment and power, as well as the activity of involved muscles during walking were measured in a control group, and two experimental groups including a group with excessive feet pronation only, and another group of low back pain patients with excessive feet pronation. RESULTS In both experimental groups, ankle inversion, knee flexion and internal rotation, hip internal rotation, plantar flexors' moment, hip flexors' moment, and peak positive ankle power were lower than those in control group (p < .05). Besides, in patients, higher activity of gastrocnemius medialis, gluteus medius, erector spinae, and internal oblique muscles, and lower negative power at the ankle and peak positive power at the knee were observed (p < .05). In conclusion, pronated feet with low back pain was associated with less ankle inversion and knee flexion, higher knee and hip internal rotation, higher muscle activity, less energy absorption at the ankle, and reduced positive power at the knee. This study reveals that strengthening of the muscles especially knee extensors are of great importance in low back pain patients with feet pronation.
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Bagheri R, Takamjani IE, Dadgoo M, Sarrafzadeh J, Ahmadi A, Pourahmadi MR, Jafarpisheh AS. A protocol for clinical trial study of the effect of core stabilization exercises on spine kinematics during gait with and without load in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain. Chiropr Man Therap 2017; 25:31. [PMID: 29177031 PMCID: PMC5688737 DOI: 10.1186/s12998-017-0162-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-specific chronic low back pain (NCLBP) is a major public health and global socioeconomic burden with a variety of symptoms such as gait abnormality. Trunk stiffness and deep trunk muscles dysfunction known as guarding mechanism in gait are factors leading to abnormal movement pattern of the spine. Anterior load carriage task during gait is also challenged the trunk stability and its movement pattern. It will be therefore of interest to examine the effect of a Core Stabilization Training Program (CSTP) on the trunk and pelvis kinematics including variability and peak displacement during gait with and without load in NCLBP patients. Methods Patients with NCLBP will participate in a program containing 16 sessions of CSTP and perceived pain, disability and kinematic will be evaluated with 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and motion analyzing system respectively before and after the intervention. Participants will be asked to walk with self-selected comfortable speed for 3 times without load and 3 times with caring a load with hands. Discussions We will quantify the effectiveness of CSTP on the kinematic of trunk, lumbar and pelvis during gait. Comparing the kinematic pattern and movement variability using CVo and CVp can contribute to better understand the motor control strategy and movement pattern of the spine during an anterior load carriage task between patients with NCLBP and healthy. Trial registration IRCT number: IRCT2016080829264N1; pre-result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasool Bagheri
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ismail Ebrahimi Takamjani
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran.,School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nezam St. Shah Nazari Ave. Madar Sq. Mirdamad Biv, P.O Box: 4391-15875, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Dadgoo
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Sarrafzadeh
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ahmadi
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Pourahmadi
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir-Salar Jafarpisheh
- Department of Ergonomics, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Hulla R, Gatchel RJ, Liegey-Dougall A. Biopsychosocial Measures Related to Chronic Low Back Pain Postural Control in Older Adults. Healthcare (Basel) 2017; 5:E74. [PMID: 29036904 PMCID: PMC5746708 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare5040074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the biopsychosocial measures related to postural control in the growing population of older adults (i.e., 60 years and older). The sample of the study consisted of 129 older adults (M = 74.45, SD = 6.95), with 34 males and 95 females; 36 were classified with chronic low-back pain (CLBP), and 93 without chronic low-back pain (NCLBP). Physical and psychosocial constructs were analyzed as predictors for postural control measures. Additionally, gender and classification of low-back pain were examined as moderators for all physical and psychosocial measures. Results demonstrated that physical and psychosocial measures were able to significantly predict composite, visual, and vestibular balance measures, but not somatosensory or preference balance measures. The chair-stand test, modified sit-and-reach test, sleep disturbance, and balance efficacy were all identified as individually significant predictors. Gender and CLBP did not moderate the utility of any predictor variables. Results of the current study re-confirm the importance of utilizing the biopsychosocial approach for future research examining postural control in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Hulla
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
| | - Robert J Gatchel
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
| | - Angela Liegey-Dougall
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
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Kim SH, Park KN, Kwon OY. Pain intensity and abdominal muscle activation during walking in patients with low back pain: The STROBE study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e8250. [PMID: 29049215 PMCID: PMC5662381 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000008250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonspecific low back pain (LBP) is a common musculoskeletal problem that is intensified during physical activity. Patients with LBP have been reported to change their abdominal muscle activity during walking; however, the effects of pain intensity, disability level, and fear-avoidance belief on this relationship have not been evaluated. Thus, we compared abdominal muscle activity in patients with LBP and asymptomatic controls, and assessed the impact of pain intensity, disability level, and fear-avoidance belief.Thirty patients with LBP divided into groups reporting low (LLBP) and high-pain intensity low back pain (HLBP), and 15 participants without LBP were recruited. LBP patients' self-reported pain intensity, disability, and fear-avoidance belief were recorded. To examine abdominal muscle activity (rectus abdominis [RA], internal [IO], and external oblique [EO] muscles) during walking, all subjects walked at a self-selected speed. Abdominal muscle activity (RA, IO, and EO) was compared among groups (LLBP, HLBP, and controls) in different phases of walking (double support vs swing). Relationships between abdominal muscle activity and clinical measures (pain intensity, disability, fear-avoidance belief) were analyzed using partial correlation analysis.Right IO muscle activity during walking was significantly decreased in LLBP and HLBP compared with controls in certain walking phase. Partial correlation coefficients showed significant correlations between fear-avoidance belief and right EO activity (r = .377, P < .05) and between disability index and left IO activity (r = .377, P < .05) in patients with LBP. No significant difference was found in abdominal muscle activity in walking between patients with LLBP and HLBP (P > .05).This study demonstrated decreased IO muscle activity during certain walking phases in LLBP and HLBP compared with asymptomatic participants. Although altered IO muscle activity during walking was observed in patients with LBP, no changes were found with other abdominal muscles (EO, RA). Thus, these results provide useful information about abdominal muscle activity during walking in patients with LBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Hyun Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Yonsei University, Maeji-ri, Heungeop-myeon, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do
| | - Kyue-Nam Park
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medical Science, Jeonju University
| | - Oh-Yun Kwon
- Laboratory of Kinetic Ergocise based on Movement Analysis, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Yonsei University, Maeji-ri, Heungeop-myeon, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, South Korea
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Mueller J, Engel T, Kopinski S, Mayer F, Mueller S. Neuromuscular trunk activation patterns in back pain patients during one-handed lifting. World J Orthop 2017; 8:142-148. [PMID: 28251064 PMCID: PMC5314143 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v8.i2.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To analyze neuromuscular activity patterns of the trunk in healthy controls (H) and back pain patients (BPP) during one-handed lifting of light to heavy loads.
METHODS After assessment of back pain (graded chronic pain scale according to von Korff) all subjects (n = 43) performed a warm-up (treadmill walking). Next, subjects were instructed to lift 3 × a 20 kg weight placed in front of them (with both hand) onto a table (height: 0.75 m). Subsequently, all subjects lifted with one hand (left-side, 3 repetitions) a weight of 1 kg (light), 10 kg (middle) and 20 kg (heavy) in random order from the ground up onto the table left of them. Trunk muscle activity was assessed with a 12-lead EMG (6 ventral/6 dorsal muscles; 4000 Hz). EMG-RMS (%) was averaged over the 3 repetitions and analyzed for the whole one-handed lifting cycle, then normalized to RMS of the two-handed lifting. Additionally, the mean (normalized) EMG-RMS of four trunk areas [right/left ventral area (VR/VL); right/left dorsal area (DR/DL)] was calculated. Data were analyzed descriptively (mean ± SD) followed by student’s t-test comparing H and BPP (α = 0.05). With respect to the unequal distribution of subjects in H and BPP, a matched-group analysis was conducted. Seven healthy controls were gender- and age-matched (group Hmatched) to the 7 BPP. In addition, task failure was calculated and compared between H/Hmatchedvs BPP using χ2.
RESULTS Seven subjects (3m/4f; 32 ± 7 years; 171 ± 7 cm; 65 ± 11 kg) were assigned to BPP (pain grade ≥ 2) and 36 (13m/23f; 28 ± 8 years; 174 ± 10 cm; 71 ± 12 kg) to H (pain grade ≤ 1). H and BPP did not differ significantly in anthropometrics (P > 0.05). All subjects were able to lift the light and middle loads, but 57% of BPP and 22% of H were not able to lift the heavy load (all women). χ2 analysis revealed statistically significant differences in task failure between H vs BPP (P = 0.03). EMG-RMS ranged from 33% ± 10%/30% ± 9% (DL, 1 kg) to 356% ± 148%/283% ± 80% (VR, 20 kg) in H/BPP with no statistical difference between groups regardless of load (P > 0.05). However, the EMG-RMS of the VR was greatest in all lifting tasks for both groups and increased with heavier loads.
CONCLUSION Heavier loading leads to an increase (2- to 3-fold) in trunk muscle activity with comparable patterns. Heavy loading (20 kg) leads to task failure, especially in women with back pain.
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Pain catastrophizing and trunk muscle activation during walking in patients with chronic low back pain. Gait Posture 2016; 49:73-77. [PMID: 27388960 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that individuals with low back pain (LBP) will have higher trunk muscle activity during gait, in an attempt to limit spine motion, and that this "guarding strategy" may be influenced by the person's psychological response to pain. This study investigated whether the amplitude of trunk muscle activation differs between persons with chronic LBP and healthy individuals during walking, and whether changes in muscle activation were related to pain catastrophizing. Thirty persons with chronic non-specific LBP, stratified into 2 groups of high (HLBP) and low (LLBP) pain catastrophizing, were contrasted with a control group of 15 healthy individuals during walking on a treadmill at a self-selected speed. Surface electromyographic (EMG) data were recorded from 10 trunk muscles. The effects of Group and gait Sub-phase on EMG activation amplitudes were assessed. The HLBP group exhibited higher activation of certain muscles throughout the gait cycle, and reduced variability of others at specific sub-phases of gait. A significant correlation was found between activation amplitude and pain catastrophizing in most muscles, when controlling for gait speed and pain intensity. These data indicate that altered trunk muscle activation is present in some patients with LBP during walking, but does not represent a universal increase in activation for all muscles. This altered neuromotor control is, however, more strongly associated with pain catastrophizing than with pain intensity, and appears to represent a non-functional, maladaptive behavior, as it alters the normal, phasic pattern of activation in certain trunk muscles.
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Hulla R, Moomey M, Garner T, Ray C, Gatchel RJ. Biopsychosocial Characteristics, Using a New Functional Measure of Balance, of an Elderly Population with CLBP. Healthcare (Basel) 2016; 4:healthcare4030059. [PMID: 27563929 PMCID: PMC5041060 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare4030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the biopsychosocial characteristics of chronic low back pain (CLBP) in an understudied but increasingly larger part of the population: the elderly (i.e., 65 years and older). A new innovative physical functioning measure (postural control, which is a proxy for the common problem of slips and falls in the elderly) was part of this biopsychosocial evaluation. Also, the National Institutes of Health (NIH)-developed Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) was also part of this comprehensive evaluation. Two demographically-matched groups of elderly participants were evaluated: one with CLBP (n = 24); and the other without (NCLBP, n = 24). Results revealed significant differences in most of these measures between the two groups, further confirming the importance of using a biopsychosocial approach for future studies of pain and postural control in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Hulla
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
| | - Michael Moomey
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
| | - Tyler Garner
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
| | - Christopher Ray
- College of Health Sciences, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX 76204, USA.
| | - Robert J Gatchel
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
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Cuellar WA, Wilson A, Blizzard CL, Otahal P, Callisaya ML, Jones G, Hides JA, Winzenberg TM. The assessment of abdominal and multifidus muscles and their role in physical function in older adults: a systematic review. Physiotherapy 2016; 103:21-39. [PMID: 27667760 DOI: 10.1016/j.physio.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related changes in the trunk (abdominal and lumbar multifidus) muscles and their impact on physical function of older adults are not clearly understood. OBJECTIVES To systematically summarise studies of these trunk muscles in older adults. DATA SOURCES Cochrane Library, Pubmed, EMBASE and CINAHL were searched using terms for abdominal and MF muscles and measurement methods. STUDY SELECTION Two reviewers independently assessed studies and included those reporting measurements of abdominal muscles and/or MF by ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging or electromyography of adults aged ≥50 years. DATA SYNTHESIS A best evidence synthesis was performed. RESULTS Best evidence synthesis revealed limited evidence for detrimental effects of ageing or spinal conditions on trunk muscles, and conflicting evidence for decreased physical activity or stroke having detrimental effects on trunk muscles. Thicknesses of rectus abdominis, internal oblique and external oblique muscles were 36% to 48% smaller for older than younger adults. Muscle quality was poorer among people with moderate-extreme low back pain and predicted physical function outcomes. LIMITATIONS Study heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis. CONCLUSION Overall, the evidence base in older people has significant limitations, so the role of physiotherapy interventions aimed at these muscles remains unclear. The results point to areas in which further research could lead to clinically useful outcomes. These include determining the role of the trunk muscles in the physical function of older adults and disease; developing and testing rehabilitation programmes for older people with spinal conditions and lower back pain; and identifying modifiable factors that could mitigate age-related changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Cuellar
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - A Wilson
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - C L Blizzard
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - P Otahal
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - M L Callisaya
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; Southern Clinical School, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - G Jones
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - J A Hides
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - T M Winzenberg
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effects of Isolated Lumbar Extension Exercise on Lumbar Kinematic Pattern Variability During Gait in Chronic Low Back Pain. PM R 2016; 8:105-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Larsen LH, Hirata RP, Graven-Nielsen T. Reorganized Trunk Muscle Activity During Multidirectional Floor Perturbations After Experimental Low Back Pain: A Comparison of Bilateral Versus Unilateral Pain. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2015; 17:223-35. [PMID: 26548972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Low back pain changes trunk muscle activity after external perturbations but the relationship between pain intensities and distributions and their effect on trunk muscle activity remains unclear. The effects of unilateral and bilateral experimental low back pain on trunk muscle activity were compared during unpredictable multidirectional surface perturbations in 19 healthy participants. Pain intensity and distribution were assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and pain drawings. Root mean square (RMS) of the electromyographic (EMG) signals from 6 trunk muscles bilaterally after each perturbation was extracted and averaged across perturbations. The difference (ΔRMS-EMG) and absolute difference (absolute ΔRMS-EMG) RMS from baseline conditions were extracted for each muscle during pain conditions and averaged bilaterally for back and abdominal muscle groups. Bilateral compared with unilateral pain induced higher VAS scores (P < .005) and larger pain areas (P < .001). Significant correlation was present between VAS scores and muscle activity during unilateral (P < .001) and bilateral pain (P < .001). Compared with control injections ΔRMS-EMG increased in the back (P < .03) and abdominal (P < .05) muscles during bilateral and decreased in the back (P < .01) and abdominal (P < .01) muscles during unilateral pain. Bilateral pain caused greater absolute ΔRMS-EMG changes in the back (P < .01) and abdominal (P < .01) muscle groups than unilateral pain. PERSPECTIVE This study provided novel observations of differential trunk muscle activity in response to perturbations dependent on pain intensity and/or pain distribution. Because of complex and variable changes the relevance of clinical examination of muscle activity during postural tasks is challenged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Henrik Larsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Physiotherapy, University College North Denmark, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Rogerio Pessoto Hirata
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Thomas Graven-Nielsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
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Lai A, Moon A, Purmessur D, Skovrlj B, Winkelstein BA, Cho SK, Hecht AC, Iatridis JC. Assessment of functional and behavioral changes sensitive to painful disc degeneration. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:755-64. [PMID: 25731955 PMCID: PMC4406864 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of an in vivo rodent discogenic pain model can provide insight into mechanisms for painful disc degeneration. Painful disc degeneration in rodents can be inferred by examining responses to external stimuli, observing pain-related behaviors, and measuring functional performance. This study compared the sensitivity of multiple pain and functional assessment methods to disc disruption for identifying the parameters sensitive to painful disc degeneration in rats. Disc degeneration was induced in rats by annular injury with saline injection. The severity of disc degeneration, pain sensitivity, and functional performance were compared to sham and naïve control rats. Saline injection induced disc degeneration with decreased disc height and MRI signal intensity as well as more fibrous nucleus pulposus, disorganized annular lamellae and decreased proteoglycan. Rats also demonstrated increased painful behaviors including decreased hindpaw mechanical and thermal sensitivities, increased grooming, and altered gait patterns with hindpaw mechanical hyperalgesia and duration of grooming tests being most sensitive. This is the first study to compare sensitivities of different pain assessment methods in an in vivo rat model of disc degeneration. Hindpaw mechanical sensitivity and duration of grooming were the most sensitive parameters to surgically induced degenerative changes and overall results were suggestive of disc degeneration associated pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Lai
- Leni & Peter W May Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Andrew Moon
- Leni & Peter W May Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Devina Purmessur
- Leni & Peter W May Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Branko Skovrlj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Beth A. Winkelstein
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Samuel K. Cho
- Leni & Peter W May Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Andrew C. Hecht
- Leni & Peter W May Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - James C. Iatridis
- Leni & Peter W May Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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Trunk Muscles Activation Pattern During Walking in Subjects With and Without Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review. PM R 2015; 7:519-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lumbar kinematic variability during gait in chronic low back pain and associations with pain, disability and isolated lumbar extension strength. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2014; 29:1131-8. [PMID: 25451860 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic low back pain is a multifactorial condition with many dysfunctions including gait variability. The lumbar spine and its musculature are involved during gait and in chronic low back pain the lumbar extensors are often deconditioned. It was therefore of interest to examine relationships between lumbar kinematic variability during gait, with pain, disability and isolated lumbar extension strength in participants with chronic low back pain. METHODS Twenty four participants with chronic low back pain were assessed for lumbar kinematics during gait, isolated lumbar extension strength, pain, and disability. Angular displacement and kinematic waveform pattern and offset variability were examined. FINDINGS Angular displacement and kinematic waveform pattern and offset variability differed across movement planes; displacement was highest and similar in frontal and transverse planes, and pattern variability and offset variability higher in the sagittal plane compared to frontal and transverse planes which were similar. Spearman's correlations showed significant correlations between transverse plane pattern variability and isolated lumbar extension strength (r=-.411) and disability (r=.401). However, pain was not correlated with pattern variability in any plane. The r(2) values suggested 80.5% to 86.3% of variance was accounted for by other variables. INTERPRETATION Considering the lumbar extensors role in gait, the relationship between both isolated lumbar extension strength and disability with transverse plane pattern variability suggests that gait variability may result in consequence of lumbar extensor deconditioning or disability accompanying chronic low back pain. However, further study should examine the temporality of these relationships and other variables might account for the unexplained variance.
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Eggermont LHP, Leveille SG, Shi L, Kiely DK, Shmerling RH, Jones RN, Guralnik JM, Bean JF. Pain characteristics associated with the onset of disability in older adults: the maintenance of balance, independent living, intellect, and zest in the Elderly Boston Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2014; 62:1007-16. [PMID: 24823985 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of chronic pain on the development of disability and decline in physical performance over time in older adults. DESIGN Longitudinal cohort study with 18 months of follow-up. SETTING Urban and suburban communities. PARTICIPANTS Community-dwelling older adults aged 65 and older (N = 634). MEASUREMENTS Chronic pain assessment consisted of musculoskeletal pain locations and pain severity and pain interference according to the subscales of the Brief Pain Inventory. Disability was self-reported as any difficulty in mobility and basic and instrumental activities of daily living (ADLs, IADLs). Mobility performance was measured using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Relationships between baseline pain and incident disability in 18 months were determined using risk ratios (RRs) from multivariable Poisson regression models. RESULTS Almost 65% of participants reported chronic musculoskeletal pain at baseline. New onset of mobility difficulty at 18 months was strongly associated with baseline pain distribution: 7% (no sites), 18% (1 site), 24% (multisite), and 39% (widespread pain, P-value for trend < .001). Similar graded effects were found for other disability measures. Elderly adults with multisite or widespread pain had at a risk of onset of mobility difficulty at least three times as great as that of their peers without pain after adjusting for disability risk factors (multisite pain: risk ratio (RR) = 2.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.58-5.50; widespread pain: RR = 3.57, 95% CI = 1.71-7.48). Widespread pain contributed to decline in mobility performance (1-point decline in SPPB, RR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.08-2.01). Similar associations were found for baseline pain interference predicting subsequent mobility decline and ADL and IADL disability. Weaker and less-consistent associations were observed with pain severity. CONCLUSION Older community-dwelling adults living with chronic pain in multiple musculoskeletal locations have a substantially greater risk for developing disability over time and for clinically meaningful decline in mobility performance than those without pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H P Eggermont
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Parfrey K, Gibbons SGT, Drinkwater EJ, Behm DG. Effect of head and limb orientation on trunk muscle activation during abdominal hollowing in chronic low back pain. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2014; 15:52. [PMID: 24558971 PMCID: PMC3936867 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-15-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Individuals with chronic low back pain (CLBP) have altered activations patterns of the anterior trunk musculature when performing the abdominal hollowing manœuvre (attempt to pull umbilicus inward and upward towards the spine). There is a subgroup of individuals with CLBP who have high neurocognitive and sensory motor deficits with associated primitive reflexes (PR). The objective of the study was to determine if orienting the head and extremities to positions, which mimic PR patterns would alter anterior trunk musculature activation during the hollowing manoeuvre. Methods This study compared surface electromyography (EMG) of bilateral rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO), and internal obliques (IO) of 11 individuals with CLBP and evident PR to 9 healthy controls during the hollowing manoeuvre in seven positions of the upper quarter. Results Using magnitude based inferences it was likely (>75%) that controls had a higher ratio of left IO:RA activation with supine (cervical neutral), asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR) left and right, right cervical rotation and cervical extension positions. A higher ratio of right IO:RA was detected in the cervical neutral and ATNR left position for the control group. The CLBP group were more likely to show higher activation of the left RA in the cervical neutral, ATNR left and right, right cervical rotation and cervical flexion positions as well as in the cervical neutral and cervical flexion position for the right RA. Conclusions Individuals with CLBP and PR manifested altered activation patterns during the hollowing maneuver compared to healthy controls and that altering cervical and upper extremity position can diminish the group differences. Altered cervical and limb positions can change the activation levels of the IO and EO in both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St, John's, Newfoundland, Canada.
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Chiou SY, Shih YF, Chou LW, McGregor AH, Strutton PH. Impaired neural drive in patients with low back pain. Eur J Pain 2013; 18:794-802. [PMID: 24895331 DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Control of trunk movement relies on the integration between central neuronal circuits and peripheral skeletomuscular activities and it can be altered by pain. There is increasing evidence that there are deficits within the central nervous system controlling the trunk muscles in people with low back pain (LBP). However, it is unclear how LBP impacts upon neural drive to back muscles at different levels of voluntary contraction. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate if neural drive is impaired in these patients. METHODS Seventeen patients with LBP and 11 healthy controls were recruited. Bilateral electromyographic (EMG) recordings were obtained from the erector spinae (ES) muscles at two vertebral levels (T12 and L4). Participants performed a series of brief isometric back extensions (50-100% maximum voluntary contraction - MVC), during which transcranial magnetic stimulation was delivered. The size of the evoked (superimposed) twitch was measured using dynamometry. RESULTS The size of the superimposed twitch decreased linearly with increasing contraction strength in the controls; however, this linear relationship was not observed in the patients. Additionally, patients had larger superimposed twitches and longer time-to-peak amplitudes during MVCs than those observed in controls. Furthermore, patients had lower MVC and root-mean-square EMG activity of ES muscles during MVCs. CONCLUSIONS A decline of central neural drive to the back muscles at high level of voluntary contraction was observed in patients with LBP. These results suggest that it might be pertinent to include neuromuscular facilitation programmes and therapeutic exercise utilizing high voluntary contractions for patients with LBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Chiou
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan; The Nick Davey Laboratory, Human Performance Group, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
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