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Carollo A, Corazza O, Mantovani M, Silvestrini N, Rabin O, Esposito G. Performance-enhancing substances in sport: A scientometric review of 75 years of research. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38491903 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The use of performance-enhancing substances not only undermines the core values of sports but also poses significant health risks to athletes. In a fast-evolving doping environment, where sport professionals are constantly seeking novel and illegal means to bypass doping tests, and new substances are regularly detected on the drug market, it is crucial to inform authorities with updated evidence emerging from scientific research. The current study aims to (i) outline the structure of knowledge in the literature on performance enhancers in sports (i.e., most active countries, main sources, most productive authors, and most frequently used keywords); (ii) identify the most impactful documents in the field; and (iii) uncover the main domains of research in the literature. To do so, we conducted a comprehensive scientometric analysis of the literature on doping, sourcing our data from Scopus. Our research involved a document co-citation analysis of 193,076 references, leading to the identification of the 51 most influential documents and seven key thematic areas within the doping literature. Our results indicate that the scientific community has extensively studied the most prevalent doping classes, such as anabolic agents and peptide hormones, and little is still known about the use of contaminated supplements or other types of enhancers identified as emergent trends. Concurrently, technological advancements contributed to the development of more sophisticated doping detection techniques, using blood or urine samples. More recently, the focus has shifted towards the athlete biological passport, with research efforts aimed at identifying biomarkers indicative of doping. The dynamic nature of doping methods underlines the necessity for more robust educational campaigns, aiming at raising awareness among sports professionals and their entourage about the dangers of doping and the intricacies of its control mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Carollo
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Ornella Corazza
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Maria Mantovani
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Nicolò Silvestrini
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Olivier Rabin
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
- World Anti-Doping Agency, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
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Ayyildiz E, Kayabeşler H, Gülü M, Yagin FH, Aldhahi MI, García-Grimau E, Al-Mhanna SB. Examining mindfulness and moral disengagement in doping: Perspective of Turkish wrestlers. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1142343. [PMID: 37057162 PMCID: PMC10086358 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1142343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionStudies related to attitudes toward the use of prohibited substances in Turkish athletes are scarce. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has implemented anti-doping educational policies emphasizing doping-related education in studies conducted among Turkish wrestlers. However, it is still unclear the extent to which the wrestlers comply and adhere to these anti-doping policies. No research has previously examined the effect of anti-doping education on athletes' mindfulness and moral disengagement in doping (MDD). Therefore, the present study has a two-fold objective: first, to examine whether doping-related education (DRE) and the status of being a national athlete (NA) have an effect on athlete mindfulness and MDD. Second, to analyze the relationship between each sub-dimensions of athlete mindfulness: awareness (ASD), judgment (JSD), and refocus (RSD) with MDD.MethodsA total of 409 male wrestlers participated in this study. MANOVA analysis showed that NA and DRE alone have no effect on MDD but have a general effect on mindfulness.ResultsThe highest effect was on the ASD of being an NA (ηp2 = 0.173). When the interaction effect of NA*DRE was examined, significant difference in MDD (F = 8.218, p = 0.004), ASD (F = 8.476, p = 0.004), JSD (F = 5.844, p = 0.016), and RSD (F = 11.476, p = 0.001) were found. MDD has a weak negative relationship with ASD (r = −0.126) and RSD (r = −0.041) and a weak positive relationship with the JSD sub-dimension (r = 0.140). Those results suggest that being a NA and having received anti-doping education affect moral disengagement in doping and athletes' mindfulness.DiscussionAs a conclusion, it is recommended to increase awareness and anti-doping education among national-standard Turkish wrestlers to prevent them from engaging in doping behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Ayyildiz
- Sports Science Faculty, Tekirdağ Namik Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Türkiye
- *Correspondence: Erdem Ayyildiz
| | | | - Mehmet Gülü
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Türkiye
| | - Fatma Hilal Yagin
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - Monira I. Aldhahi
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elena García-Grimau
- Department of Physical Education, Sport, and Human Movement, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sameer Badri Al-Mhanna
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Sameer Badri Al-Mhanna
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Gómez-Guerrero N, González-López N, Zapata-Velásquez JD, Martínez-Ramírez JA, Rivera-Monroy ZJ, García-Castañeda JE. Synthetic Peptides in Doping Control: A Powerful Tool for an Analytical Challenge. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:38193-38206. [PMID: 36340120 PMCID: PMC9631397 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Peptides are very diverse molecules that can participate in a wide variety of biological processes. In this way, peptides are attractive for doping, since these molecules can activate or trigger biological processes that can improve the sports performance of athletes. Peptide molecules are found in the official World Anti-Doping Agency lists, mainly in sections S2, S4, and S5. In most cases, these molecules have a very short half-life in the body and/or are identical to natural molecules in the body, making it difficult to analyze them as performance-enhancing drugs. This article reviews the role of peptides in doping, with special emphasis on the peptides used as reference materials, the pretreatment of samples in biological matrices, the instrumentation, and the validation of analytical methodologies for the analysis of peptides used in doping. The growing need to characterize and quantify these molecules, especially in complex biological matrices, has generated the need to search for robust strategies that allow for obtaining sensitive and conclusive results. In this sense, strategies such as solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), seeking to obtain specific peptides, metabolites, or isotopically labeled analogs, is a key tool for adequate quantification of different peptide molecules in biological matrices. This, together with the use of optimal methodologies for sample pretreatment (e.g., SPE or protein precipitation), and for subsequent analysis by high-resolution techniques (mainly hyphenated LC-HRMS techniques), have become the preferred instrumentation to meet the analytical challenge involved in the analysis of peptides in complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor
Alejandro Gómez-Guerrero
- Chemistry
Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Carrera 45 No 26-85,
Building 451, 11321 Bogotá, Colombia
- Doping
Control Laboratory, Ministerio del Deporte,
Bogotá, Carrera
68 No 55-65, 111071 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nicolás
Mateo González-López
- Pharmacy
Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Carrera 45 No 26-85,
Building 450, 11321 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan Diego Zapata-Velásquez
- Pharmacy
Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Carrera 45 No 26-85,
Building 450, 11321 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jorge Ariel Martínez-Ramírez
- Pharmacy
Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Carrera 45 No 26-85,
Building 450, 11321 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Zuly Jenny Rivera-Monroy
- Chemistry
Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Carrera 45 No 26-85,
Building 451, 11321 Bogotá, Colombia
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Blockchain for Doping Control Applications in Sports: A Conceptual Approach. FUTURE INTERNET 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fi14070210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Doping is a well-known problem in competitive sports. Along the years, several cases have come to public, evidencing corrupt practices from within the sports environment. To guarantee fair play and prevent public health issues, anti-doping organizations and sports authorities are expected to cooperate in the fight against doping. To achieve this mission, doping-related data must be produced, stored, accessed, and shared in a secure, tamperproof, and privacy-preserving manner. This paper investigates the processes and tools established by the World Anti-Doping Agency for the global harmonization of doping control activities. From this investigation, it is possible to conclude that there is an inherent trust problem, in part due to a centralized data management paradigm and to the lack of fully digitalized processes. Therefore, this paper presents two main contributions: the concept of a multiorganizational decentralized data governance model and a blockchain-based design for one of the most sensitive data-sharing processes within the anti-doping ecosystem. Throughout this article, it is shown that the adoption of a permissioned blockchain can benefit the whole anti-doping community, creating more reliable processes for handling data, where privacy and security are enhanced.
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Gebregergs Hailu H, Yirsaw Gobezie M, Tuha A, Mulugeta R, Ahmed Mohammed S. Doping Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Pharmacists in Dessie, Northeast Ethiopia. INTEGRATED PHARMACY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2021; 10:43-50. [PMID: 34104633 PMCID: PMC8178700 DOI: 10.2147/iprp.s311204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Doping includes tampering, possession; trafficking; administration, assisting, encouraging, aiding, conspiring a prohibited substance, and an anti-doping rule violation. Doping in sports is increasing and diversifying involving physiological, mechanical, and pharmacological techniques and becoming a serious public health problem. Pharmacy professionals have a vital role in the fight against doping. This study assessed the knowledge, attitude, and practice of pharmacists on the use of doping agents by sportsmen and women. Methods A community-based cross-sectional descriptive study was done targeting community pharmacists of Dessie city, Northeast Ethiopia. Structured questionnaires were distributed and collected between April and March of 2018. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Linear regression was used and the level of statistical significance was set at a p-value <0.05. Results Of the 61 pharmacy professionals who participated in the study, 46 (75.4%) were males and 15 (24.6%) were females. Only 25 (41.0%) and 13 (21.3%) of the respondents said they watch and play sport regularly, respectively. The majority of the participants, 50 (82%), supported the prohibition of performance-enhancing drugs in sport. The majority of the respondents, 55.7%, agree that pharmacists are a potential source of doping agents. Only 27.9% of them mentioned World Anti-doping Agency (WADA) as the source of information about doping agents. Regarding identifying the WADA status of 13 agents, the average score out of 13 was 4.95, while 80.3% of them scored less than or equal to seven. Factors associated with knowledge of participants were being male (β = 4.48, p= 0.02) and regularly watching sport (β = 2.64, p= 0.01). Conclusion Even though the pharmacists' low knowledge score revealed that they need further specialized training on doping and anti-doping, majority of them support banning doping substances from sport. Pharmacy curriculum developers should consider incorporating specific topics or courses about doping agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haftom Gebregergs Hailu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Mengistie Yirsaw Gobezie
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Abdu Tuha
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Ruth Mulugeta
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Ahmed Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
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Jessen S, Eibye K, Christensen PM, Hostrup M, Bangsbo J. No additive effect of acetaminophen when co-ingested with caffeine on cycling performance in well-trained young men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:238-249. [PMID: 34013747 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00108.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of caffeine and acetaminophen on power output during a 6-min performance test, peripheral fatigue, and muscle protein kinase A (PKA) substrate phosphorylation. Fourteen men [age (means ± SD): 26 ± 6 yr; V̇o2max: 63.9 ± 5.0 mL·min-1·kg-1] completed four randomized trials with acetaminophen (1,500 mg), caffeine (5 mg·kg body wt-1), combined caffeine and acetaminophen (caffeine + acetaminophen), or placebo. Mean power output during the 6-min performance test (placebo mean: 312 ± 41 W) was higher with caffeine (+5 W; 95% CI: 1 to 9; P = 0.017) and caffeine + acetaminophen (+6 W; 95% CI: 0 to 12; P = 0.049) than placebo, but not with acetaminophen (+1 W; 95% CI: -4 to 7; P = 0.529). Decline in quadriceps maximal isometric voluntary torque immediately after the performance test was lower (treatment × time; P = 0.035) with acetaminophen (-40 N·m; 95% CI: -53 to -30; P < 0.001) and caffeine + acetaminophen (-44 N·m; 95% CI: -58 to -30; P < 0.001) than placebo (-53 N·m; 95% CI: -71 to -39; P < 0.001) but was similar with caffeine (-54 N·m; 95% CI: -69 to -38; P < 0.001). Muscle phosphocreatine content decreased more during the performance test (treatment × time; P = 0.036) with caffeine + acetaminophen (-55 mmol·kg dry wt-1; 95% CI: -65 to -46; P < 0.001) than placebo (-40 mmol·kg dry wt-1; 95% CI: -52 to -24; P < 0.001). Muscle net lactate accumulation was not different from placebo (+85 mmol·kg dry wt-1; 95% CI: 60 to 110; P < 0.001) for any treatment (treatment × time; P = 0.066), being +75 mmol·kg dry wt-1 (95% CI: 51 to 99; P < 0.001) with caffeine, +76 mmol·kg dry wt-1 (95% CI: 58 to 96; P < 0.001) with acetaminophen, and +103 mmol·kg dry wt-1 (95% CI: 89 to 115; P < 0.001) with caffeine + acetaminophen. Decline in muscle ATP and glycogen content and increase in PKA substrate phosphorylation was not different between treatments (treatment × time; P > 0.1). Thus, acetaminophen provides no additive performance enhancing effect to caffeine during 6-min maximal cycling. In addition, change in PKA activity is likely not a major mechanism of performance improvement with caffeine.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here, we show that acetaminophen does not provide additive performance improvement to caffeine during a 6-min cycling ergometer performance test, and that acetaminophen does not improve performance on its own. Neither substance affects peripheral fatigue, muscle glycolytic energy production, or phosphorylation of muscle proteins of importance for ion handling. In contrast to previous suggestions, increased epinephrine action on muscle cells does not appear to be a major contributor to the performance enhancement with caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Jessen
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Eibye
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Møller Christensen
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Team Danmark (Danish Elite Sports Organization), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Hostrup
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lam FC, Khan TM, Faidah H, Haseeb A, Khan AH. Effectiveness of whey protein supplements on the serum levels of amino acid, creatinine kinase and myoglobin of athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev 2019; 8:130. [PMID: 31151484 PMCID: PMC6544960 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-019-1039-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consuming whey protein supplements, along with physiotherapy and psychotherapy, have been recognised in sports performance. Whey protein supplements (WPS) is one of the commonly used supplements as ergogenic aids for athletes to enhance their muscle performance and recovery during sport-related injuries. The purpose of this systematic review is to investigate the effectiveness of WPS over the blood biochemistry mainly amino acids, creatinine kinase and myoglobin which influence performance and recovery among athletes. METHOD A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify randomised control trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs that investigated the effectiveness of WPS on amino acids, creatinine kinase and myoglobin among athletes. Risk of Bias in Non-Randomised Studies of Interventions tool (ROBINS-I) and Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment tool were used to rule out the quality of studies. Meta-analysis was performed using a random effect model with STATA version 14.2. The weighted mean difference was used to estimate the effectiveness of WPS against other supplements. RESULTS A total of 333,257 research articles were identified; of these, 15 records were included to proceed with the analysis. Meta-analysis has shown that WPS has significantly overall increased the level of essential amino acids level by 624.03 nmol/L (CI = 169.27, 1078.8; I2 = 100%; p = 0.00) and branched-chain amino acids level by 458.57 nmol/L (CI = 179.96, 737.18; I2 = 100%; p = 0.00) compared to the control group (without WPS). Moreover, was observed to decrease myoglobin level by 11.74 ng/ml (CI = - 30.24, 6.76; I2 = 79.6%; p = 0.007) and creatine kinase level by 47.05 U/L (CI = - 129.47, 35.37; I2 = 98.4%; p = 0.000) compared to the control group. CONCLUSION The findings revealed that the clinical evidence supports the effectiveness of WPS as a positive ergogenic aid on athletes' amino acids, creatinine kinase and myoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fui-Ching Lam
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Tahir Mehmood Khan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. .,The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPS), University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences (UVAS), Outfall Road, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Hani Faidah
- College of Medicine, Umul Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Haseeb
- College of Pharmacy, Umul Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.,School of Pharmaceutical Science, University Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Amer Hayat Khan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, University Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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Lam FC, Bukhsh A, Rehman H, Waqas MK, Shahid N, Khaliel AM, Elhanish A, Karoud M, Telb A, Khan TM. Efficacy and Safety of Whey Protein Supplements on Vital Sign and Physical Performance Among Athletes: A Network Meta-Analysis. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:317. [PMID: 31068804 PMCID: PMC6491698 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Athletes train physically to reach beyond their potential maximum aerobic threshold. Whey protein supplements (WPS) are often used in conjunction with physiotherapy and psychotherapy to regain better vital sign and physical performances. This review aimed to explore the clinical evidence on the efficacy and safety of WPS in sports performance and recovery among athletes. Methodology: A comprehensive literature search was performed to identify relevant randomized control trials (RCTs) that investigated the efficacy and safety of WPS on the vital sign and physical performance among athletes. The Cochrane Risk of Bias (ROB) Assessment tools were used to assess the quality of the studies. Meta-analysis was conducted using the frequentist model with STATA version 14.2®. Results: A total of 333,257 research articles were identified out of which 20 RCTs were included for qualitative synthesis and network meta-analysis with 351 participants. Among the studies, 7 had low ROB and 3 RCTs had high ROB. Of these 20 trials, 16 trials were randomized clinical trials which compared whey protein supplements (WPS) with various comparators i.e., L-alanine, bovine colostrum, carbohydrate, casein, leucine, maltodextrin, rice, protein + caffeine were compared with placebo. Analysis from the pairwise meta-analysis revealed that for respiratory exchange ratio (RER) WPS was found to be significantly improving compared to maltodextrin (WMD = 0.012; 95%CI = 0.001, 0.023). Similarity to RPE (Rate Perceived Exertion), slight difference between WPS and the comparators, however, when the estimation was favorable to the comparators, there was moderate-high heterogeneity. For VO2max, high heterogeneity appeared when WPS compared to maltodextrin with the I2 = 97.8% (WMD = 4.064; 95% CI = −4.230, 12.359), meanwhile bovine colostrum (WMD = −2.658; 95%CI = −6.180, 0.865) only comparator that was better than WPS. According to the estimated effect of the supplements on physical performance outcome results, maximum power (8 studies, 185 athletes), highest ranked was bovine colostrum (SUCRA = 70.7%) and the lowest ranked was placebo (SUCRA = 17.9%), yet all insignificant. Then again, on average power (nine studies, 187 athletes), WPS was the highest ranked (SUCRA = 75.4 %) about −112.00 watt (−187.91, −36.08) and most of the estimations were significant. Body mass was reported in 10 studies (171 athletes), carbohydrate may be at the highest ranked (SUCRA = 66.9%) but it is insignificant. Thought the second highest ranked was WPS (SUCRA = 64.7%) and it is significant (WMD = −6.89 kg; CI = −8.24, −5.54). Conclusion: The findings of this review support the efficacy and safety of WPS as an ergogenic aid on athletes' sports performance and recovery. The overall quality of clinical evidence was found to be valid and reliable from the comprehensive search strategy and ROB assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fui-Ching Lam
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Allah Bukhsh
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Habib Rehman
- Faculty of Biosciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khurram Waqas
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nabeel Shahid
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Adil Mohammed Khaliel
- Department of Urology, Bourn Hall Fertility Clinic Dubai, Jumeriah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahlam Elhanish
- Department of Urology, Bourn Hall Fertility Clinic Dubai, Jumeriah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mustfa Karoud
- Department of Orthopedics, Canadian Specialist Hospital, Abuhail, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed Telb
- Department of Radiology, Emirates Hospital, Jumeriah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tahir Mehmood Khan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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9
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Sepehrian A, Shakeri N, Abednatanzi H, Soheili S. The Effect of Methylphenidate and Aerobic Exercise on Renal Function of Male Rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BASIC SCIENCE IN MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.15171/ijbsm.2019.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Inadequate awareness and knowledge exists regarding the effects of stimulant drugs on renal health among athletes. The present study aimed to determine the effects of methylphenidate, as a stimulant drug, and aerobic exercise on renal function in rats. Materials and Methods: Eighty male rats were randomly divided into 8 groups (n=10 per group) including control (Co), aerobic exercise sham (AE Sh), drug sham (D Sh), aerobic exercise (AE), the effective dose of drug (ED, 10 mg/kg), 3 times of effective dose (TED, 30 mg/kg), aerobic exercise-effective dose (AE-ED), and aerobic exercise-three times of effective dose (AE-TED). The drug was orally administrated to the animals, and then they were placed on a rat treadmill after 30 minutes. The physical activity (25 m/min) was performed 30 minutes a day, 3 days a week for two months. Twenty-four hours after the last session of AE, blood samples were taken from the rats and serum creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were determined. Results: The results showed that serum Cr and BUN levels were not significantly different in the exercise group compared to the control groups (i.e., Co, AE Sham, and D Sham). However, serum BUN and Cr significantly increased in the AE-ED and AE-TED groups compared to the AE group (PCr=0.001 and PBUN=0.001). Conclusion: In general, significant increases in the serum BUN and Cr levels in rats received methylphenidate indicated decreased renal function in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sepehrian
- Ph.D. Student of Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nader Shakeri
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hosein Abednatanzi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Soheili
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Abstract
Abuse of substances or methods to enhance the performance is becoming very common in the sports, which often destroys the spirit of competition. The regulatory bodies for sports have reported rates ranging from 5% to 31% for the use of performance-enhancing substances among athletes. Athletes can have serious injuries and morbidities, leading to poor health with the use of such substances. Commonly abused agents in sports include anabolic-androgenic steroids and its analogs, blood, erythropoietin, growth hormone and its derivatives, nutritional supplements, creatine, amphetamines, beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB), stimulants, and analgesics. Health-care professionals need to be careful while prescribing medicines to sportspersons. Knowledge of exercise physiology, pharmacology of the commonly used agents for sports-related injuries, and agents used for doping could help the sportspersons and health-care professionals to avoid the embarrassment arising because of misuse of these agents. Sports pharmacology includes study of the various aspects of the drug use and abuse in sports and treatment of sports-related injuries. Focusing on sports pharmacology in the medical curriculum can help the upcoming health-care professionals to support the sportspersons to improve the quality of their life by using various drugs and other substances within the standardized limits and avoid embarrassment of doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshad O Malve
- Lead Medical Advisor, Medical Affairs, Novartis Healthcare Private Limited, Mumbai
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11
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:6-29. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses; University Center of Legal Medicine; Genève and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne Epalinges Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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