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Ahnaou A, Drinkenburg WHIM. Sleep, neuronal hyperexcitability, inflammation and neurodegeneration: Does early chronic short sleep trigger and is it the key to overcoming Alzheimer's disease? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 129:157-179. [PMID: 34214513 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Evidence links neuroinflammation to Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, its exact contribution to the onset and progression of the disease is poorly understood. Symptoms of AD can be seen as the tip of an iceberg, consisting of a neuropathological build-up in the brain of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and intraneuronal hyperphosphorylated aggregates of Tau (pTau), which are thought to stem from an imbalance between its production and clearance resulting in loss of synaptic health and dysfunctional cortical connectivity. The glymphatic drainage system, which is particularly active during sleep, plays a key role in the clearance of proteinopathies. Poor sleep can cause hyperexcitability and promote Aβ and tau pathology leading to systemic inflammation. The early neuronal hyperexcitability of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic inhibitory interneurons and impaired inhibitory control of cortical pyramidal neurons lie at the crossroads of excitatory/inhibitory imbalance and inflammation. We outline, with a prospective framework, a possible vicious spiral linking early chronic short sleep, neuronal hyperexcitability, inflammation and neurodegeneration. Understanding the early predictors of AD, through an integrative approach, may hold promise for reducing attrition in the late stages of neuroprotective drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ahnaou
- Dept. of Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse, B-2340, Belgium.
| | - W H I M Drinkenburg
- Dept. of Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse, B-2340, Belgium
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2
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Navidhamidi M, Ghasemi M, Mehranfard N. Epilepsy-associated alterations in hippocampal excitability. Rev Neurosci 2018; 28:307-334. [PMID: 28099137 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus exhibits a wide range of epilepsy-related abnormalities and is situated in the mesial temporal lobe, where limbic seizures begin. These abnormalities could affect membrane excitability and lead to overstimulation of neurons. Multiple overlapping processes refer to neural homeostatic responses develop in neurons that work together to restore neuronal firing rates to control levels. Nevertheless, homeostatic mechanisms are unable to restore normal neuronal excitability, and the epileptic hippocampus becomes hyperexcitable or hypoexcitable. Studies show that there is hyperexcitability even before starting recurrent spontaneous seizures, suggesting although hippocampal hyperexcitability may contribute to epileptogenesis, it alone is insufficient to produce epileptic seizures. This supports the concept that the hippocampus is not the only substrate for limbic seizure onset, and a broader hyperexcitable limbic structure may contribute to temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) seizures. Nevertheless, seizures also occur in conditions where the hippocampus shows a hypoexcitable phenotype. Since TLE seizures most often originate in the hippocampus, it could therefore be assumed that both hippocampal hypoexcitability and hyperexcitability are undesirable states that make the epileptic hippocampal network less stable and may, under certain conditions, trigger seizures.
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3
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Petruccelli E, Lansdon P, Kitamoto T. Exaggerated Nighttime Sleep and Defective Sleep Homeostasis in a Drosophila Knock-In Model of Human Epilepsy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137758. [PMID: 26361221 PMCID: PMC4567262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite an established link between epilepsy and sleep behavior, it remains unclear how specific epileptogenic mutations affect sleep and subsequently influence seizure susceptibility. Recently, Sun et al. (2012) created a fly knock-in model of human generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+), a wide-spectrum disorder characterized by fever-associated seizing in childhood and lifelong affliction. GEFS+ flies carry a disease-causing mutation in their voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene and display semidominant heat-induced seizing, likely due to reduced GABAergic inhibitory activity at high temperature. Here, we show that at room temperature the GEFS+ mutation dominantly modifies sleep, with mutants exhibiting rapid sleep onset at dusk and increased nighttime sleep as compared to controls. These characteristics of GEFS+ sleep were observed regardless of sex, mating status, and genetic background. GEFS+ mutant sleep phenotypes were more resistant to pharmacologic reduction of GABA transmission by carbamazepine (CBZ) than controls, and were mitigated by reducing GABAA receptor expression specifically in wake-promoting pigment dispersing factor (PDF) neurons. These findings are consistent with increased GABAergic transmission to PDF neurons being mainly responsible for the enhanced nighttime sleep of GEFS+ mutants. Additionally, analyses under other light conditions suggested that the GEFS+ mutation led to reduced buffering of behavioral responses to light on and off stimuli, which contributed to characteristic GEFS+ sleep phenotypes. We further found that GEFS+ mutants had normal circadian rhythms in free-running dark conditions. Interestingly, the mutants lacked a homeostatic rebound following mechanical sleep deprivation, and whereas deprivation treatment increased heat-induced seizure susceptibility in control flies, it unexpectedly reduced seizure activity in GEFS+ mutants. Our study has revealed the sleep architecture of a Drosophila VGSC mutant that harbors a human GEFS+ mutation, and provided unique insight into the relationship between sleep and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Petruccelli
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Patrick Lansdon
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Toshihiro Kitamoto
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesia, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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4
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Gerstner JR, Smith GG, Lenz O, Perron IJ, Buono RJ, Ferraro TN. BMAL1 controls the diurnal rhythm and set point for electrical seizure threshold in mice. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:121. [PMID: 25018707 PMCID: PMC4071977 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The epilepsies are a heterogeneous group of neurological diseases defined by the occurrence of unprovoked seizures which, in many cases, are correlated with diurnal rhythms. In order to gain insight into the biological mechanisms controlling this phenomenon, we characterized time-of-day effects on electrical seizure threshold in mice. Male C57BL/6J wild-type mice were maintained on a 14/10 h light/dark cycle, from birth until 6 weeks of age for seizure testing. Seizure thresholds were measured using a step-wise paradigm involving a single daily electrical stimulus. Results showed that the current required to elicit both generalized and maximal seizures was significantly higher in mice tested during the dark phase of the diurnal cycle compared to mice tested during the light phase. This rhythm was absent in BMAL1 knockout (KO) mice. BMAL1 KO also exhibited significantly reduced seizure thresholds at all times tested, compared to C57BL/6J mice. Results document a significant influence of time-of-day on electrical seizure threshold in mice and suggest that this effect is under the control of genes that are known to regulate circadian behaviors. Furthermore, low seizure thresholds in BMAL1 KO mice suggest that BMAL1 itself is directly involved in controlling neuronal excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Gerstner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA ; Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - George G Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA ; Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Coatesville, PA, USA
| | - Olivia Lenz
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Isaac J Perron
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA ; Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Russell J Buono
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Thomas N Ferraro
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA ; Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Coatesville, PA, USA ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University Camden, NJ, USA
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5
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Matos G, Scorza FA, Mazzotti DR, Guindalini C, Cavalheiro EA, Tufik S, Andersen ML. The effects of sleep deprivation on microRNA expression in rats submitted to pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 51:159-65. [PMID: 24530830 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder with significant prevalence and the individuals affected by this disease have a great probability of occurrence of a lethal phenomenon known as Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP). SUDEP occurs mainly during the night and probably during sleep. The pathophysiological mechanisms involved in this lethal phenomenon are still obscure and new evidences that could corroborate in this area are warranted. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of sleep deprivation in the expression of microRNA (miRNA) in the frontal cortex and heart tissues of adult male rats after 50days of saline (SAL) or pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (PILO). Initially 389 miRNA expressions were evaluated between SAL and PILO groups by microarray. Subsequently, 3 differentially expressed miRNAs of each tissue were investigated after total sleep deprivation (TSD 6h) and paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD 24h). Still, it was analyzed that the effects of sleep rebound with equivalent duration of PSD and TSD. There was a significant increase of miR-146a expression, an important inflammatory modulator in the frontal cortex of PILO rats when compared to SAL animals. Animals treated with pilocarpine were affected by TSD (through overexpression of miRNAs related to inflammatory process) and these changes were maintained even after a sleep window of 6h. In contrast, miRNAs associated with heart diseases were down-regulated in PSD rebound, suggesting a possible restoration of homeostasis in cardiovascular system of SAL and PILO groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Matos
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fulvio A Scorza
- Departamento de Neurologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego R Mazzotti
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Guindalini
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Esper A Cavalheiro
- Departamento de Neurologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monica L Andersen
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil.
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Scorza FA, Duncan S, Cavalheiro EA, Scorza CA, Tufik S, Andersen ML. Sleep tight, wake up bright. Should sleep deprivation be included as a potential risk factor for SUDEP? Epilepsy Behav 2014; 33:75-6. [PMID: 24632358 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio A Scorza
- Disciplina de Neurologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Susan Duncan
- Edinburgh and South East Scotland Epilepsy Service, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Esper A Cavalheiro
- Disciplina de Neurologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla A Scorza
- Disciplina de Neurologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monica L Andersen
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
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7
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Sedigh-Sarvestani M, Thuku GI, Sunderam S, Parkar A, Weinstein SL, Schiff SJ, Gluckman BJ. Rapid eye movement sleep and hippocampal theta oscillations precede seizure onset in the tetanus toxin model of temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurosci 2014; 34:1105-14. [PMID: 24453303 PMCID: PMC3898281 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3103-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Improved understanding of the interaction between state of vigilance (SOV) and seizure onset has therapeutic potential. Six rats received injections of tetanus toxin (TeTX) in the ventral hippocampus that resulted in chronic spontaneous seizures. The distribution of SOV before 486 seizures was analyzed for a total of 19 d of recording. Rapid eye movement sleep (REM) and exploratory wake, both of which express prominent hippocampal theta rhythm, preceded 47 and 34%, for a total of 81%, of all seizures. Nonrapid eye movement sleep (NREM) and nonexploratory wake, neither of which expresses prominent theta, preceded 6.8 and 13% of seizures. We demonstrate that identification of SOV yields significant differentiation of seizure susceptibilities, with the instantaneous seizure rate during REM nearly 10 times higher than baseline and the rate for NREM less than half of baseline. Survival analysis indicated a shorter duration of preseizure REM bouts, with a maximum transition to seizure at ∼90 s after the onset of REM. This study provides the first analysis of a correlation between SOV and seizure onset in the TeTX model of temporal lobe epilepsy, as well as the first demonstration that hippocampal theta rhythms associated with natural behavioral states can serve a seizure-promoting role. Our findings are in contrast with previous studies suggesting that the correlations between SOV and seizures are primarily governed by circadian oscillations and the notion that hippocampal theta rhythms inhibit seizures. The documentation of significant SOV-dependent seizure susceptibilities indicates the potential utility of SOV and its time course in seizure prediction and control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Godfrey I. Thuku
- Center for Neural Engineering, Departments of Engineering Science and Mechanics
| | - Sridhar Sunderam
- Center for Neural Engineering, Departments of Engineering Science and Mechanics
| | - Anjum Parkar
- Center for Neural Engineering, Departments of Engineering Science and Mechanics
| | - Steven L. Weinstein
- Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Steven J. Schiff
- Center for Neural Engineering, Departments of Engineering Science and Mechanics
- Neurosurgery
- Physics, and
| | - Bruce J. Gluckman
- Center for Neural Engineering, Departments of Engineering Science and Mechanics
- Neurosurgery
- Bioengineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, and
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8
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Jobert M, Wilson FJ, Roth T, Ruigt GSF, Anderer P, Drinkenburg WHIM, Bes FW, Brunovsky M, Danker-Hopfe H, Freeman J, van Gerven JMA, Gruber G, Kemp B, Klösch G, Ma J, Penzel T, Peterson BT, Schulz H, Staner L, Saletu B, Svetnik V. Guidelines for the recording and evaluation of pharmaco-sleep studies in man: the International Pharmaco-EEG Society (IPEG). Neuropsychobiology 2014; 67:127-67. [PMID: 23548759 DOI: 10.1159/000343449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The International Pharmaco-EEG Society (IPEG) presents guidelines summarising the requirements for the recording and computerised evaluation of pharmaco-sleep data in man. Over the past years, technical and data-processing methods have advanced steadily, thus enhancing data quality and expanding the palette of sleep assessment tools that can be used to investigate the activity of drugs on the central nervous system (CNS), determine the time course of effects and pharmacodynamic properties of novel therapeutics, hence enabling the study of the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship, and evaluate the CNS penetration or toxicity of compounds. However, despite the presence of robust guidelines on the scoring of polysomnography -recordings, a review of the literature reveals inconsistent -aspects in the operating procedures from one study to another. While this fact does not invalidate results, the lack of standardisation constitutes a regrettable shortcoming, especially in the context of drug development programmes. The present guidelines are intended to assist investigators, who are using pharmaco-sleep measures in clinical research, in an effort to provide clear and concise recommendations and thereby to standardise methodology and facilitate comparability of data across laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Jobert
- International Pharmaco-EEG Society, Berlin, Germany.
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9
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Ni LY, Zhu MJ, Song Y, Liu XM, Tang JY. Pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures are exacerbated by sleep deprivation through orexin receptor-mediated hippocampal cell proliferation. Neurol Sci 2013; 35:245-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-013-1495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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10
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Matos G, Tufik S, Scorza FA, Cavalheiro EA, Andersen ML. Sleep and epilepsy: exploring an intriguing relationship with a translational approach. Epilepsy Behav 2013; 26:405-9. [PMID: 23394796 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between sleep and epilepsy has been well established. There is a high prevalence of sleep disturbances in epilepsy, which are associated with a decreased quality of life of individuals with epilepsy. In view of this fact, preclinical research is necessary to address many gaps in knowledge. For instance, it is well known that sleep deprivation can trigger seizures; however, this is a complex pathophysiological event. In this context, there are many valuable animal models of epilepsy that reproduce clinical symptoms and can be used. Investigations using animal models that simulate clinical epilepsy are imperative. Furthermore, preclinical studies that reveal mechanisms related to sleep-epilepsy interactions are very important. Results of such studies can, in turn, improve the understanding of epilepsy itself and can be useful in developing new antiepileptic drugs and preventive measures to control seizures. Preclinical research should be performed using a translational framework with experimental designs that can lead to advances in the quality of life of individuals with epilepsy. In view of the fact that more than 50 million of people are affected by epilepsy around the world, understanding the relationship between sleep and epilepsy is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Matos
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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11
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Hrnčić D, Rašić-Marković A, Bjekić-Macut J, Šušić V, Djuric D, Stanojlović O. Paradoxical sleep deprivation potentiates epilepsy induced by homocysteine thiolactone in adult rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:77-83. [DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2012.012154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an intriguing and still poorly understood relationship between sleep deprivation and epilepsy. It has recently been shown that paradoxical sleep deprivation decreases levels of homocysteine, an amino acid involved together with its thiolactone metabolite in epileptogenesis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of paradoxical sleep deprivation on homocysteine thiolactone (H)-induced seizures in rats, a model of generalized seizures. Selective deprivation of paradoxical sleep in adult male Wistar rats was achieved by the platform method. Animals with implanted electrodes for electroencephalogram (EEG) registration were assigned to appropriate experimental conditions (dry cage for control, large platform for stress control and small platform for paradoxical sleep deprivation) and 72 h later were intraperitoneally treated with either H (5.5 mmol/kg) or saline (0.9% NaCl). This study showed that paradoxical sleep deprivation increased the incidence and number of H-induced seizure episodes, shortened latency time to seizures and led to significant rates of lethality after H administration, but without effect on the seizure severity. Paradoxical sleep deprivation increased the number and duration of spikes-and-wave discharges, while decreased latency to its appearance in EEG. Judging by the behavioral and EEG findings, it could be concluded that paradoxical sleep deprivation can provoke the expression of factors that can potentiate H-induced seizures in adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Hrnčić
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Institute of Medical Physiology ‘Richard Burian’, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Višegradska 26/II
| | - Aleksandra Rašić-Marković
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Institute of Medical Physiology ‘Richard Burian’, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Višegradska 26/II
| | | | - Veselinka Šušić
- Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragan Djuric
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Institute of Medical Physiology ‘Richard Burian’, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Višegradska 26/II
| | - Olivera Stanojlović
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Institute of Medical Physiology ‘Richard Burian’, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Višegradska 26/II
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Abstract
The circadian pattern of seizures in people with epilepsy (PWE) was first described two millennia ago. However, these phenomena have not received enough scientific attention, possibly due to the lack of promising hypotheses to address the interaction between seizure generation and a physiological clock. To propose testable hypotheses at the molecular level, interactions between circadian rhythm, especially transcription factors governing clock genes expression, and the mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling pathway, the major signaling pathway in epilepsy, will be reviewed. Then, two closely related hypotheses will be proposed: (1) Rhythmic activity of hyperactivated mTOR signaling molecules results in rhythmic increases in neuronal excitability. These rhythmic increases in excitability periodically exceed the seizure threshold, displaying the behavioral seizures. (2) Oscillation of neuronal excitability in SCN modulates the rhythmic excitability in the hippocampus through subiculum via long-range projections. Findings from published results, their implications, and proposals for new experiments will be discussed. These attempts may ignite further discussion on what we still need to learn about the rhythmicity of spontaneous seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hoon Cho
- Epilepsy Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia, PA, USA
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13
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Matos G, Bennedsen L, Tufik S, Andersen ML. Encouraging Preclinical Findings Regarding the Relationship between Sleep and Epilepsy. Sleep 2012; 35:1449. [PMID: 23115393 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.2186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Matos
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Peixinho-Pena LF, Fernandes J, de Almeida AA, Novaes Gomes FG, Cassilhas R, Venancio DP, de Mello MT, Scorza FA, Cavalheiro EA, Arida RM. A strength exercise program in rats with epilepsy is protective against seizures. Epilepsy Behav 2012; 25:323-8. [PMID: 23103304 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of physical exercise on epilepsy, such as a decreased seizure frequency, have been observed following aerobic exercise programs in both clinical and experimental studies. However, it is not well clarified whether other types of exercise, including strength exercise, can provide similar benefits for epilepsy. Forty four animals with epilepsy were continuously monitored 24 h a day for 60 days and divided into two periods of 30 days. The first period was used to determine the number of seizures before beginning the physical exercise program, and the second period was utilized to determine the number of seizures during the strength training. The mean frequency of seizures in the control and SHAM groups increased significantly from period 1 to period 2. Although the frequency of seizures did not change significantly between the two periods of 30 days of observation in the strength exercise group, a significant reduction in the seizure frequency was observed compared with the control and SHAM groups in period 2. Our study demonstrated that a strength exercise program exerted a significant influence on the seizure frequency in animals with epilepsy and strengthens the observed beneficial effect of exercise on epilepsy that has been demonstrated in animal studies. The finding of this nonclinical study can open a new window to verify the beneficial contribution of strength exercise in epilepsy. Further experimental and clinical investigations are necessary to explore the extent to which strength exercise interferes with the epileptic condition.
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15
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Matos G, Bennedsen L, Garcia VA, Scorza FA, Cavalheiro EA, Tufik S, Andersen ML. A possible role of cyclooxygenase-2 in the relationship between sleep and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Epilepsia 2012; 53:1846-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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16
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Andersen ML, Alvarenga TA, Scorza FA, Matos G, Sonoda EY, Hirotsu C, Cavalheiro EA, Tufik S. Impairment of Sexual Function in Rats with Epilepsy. J Sex Med 2012; 9:2266-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02792.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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17
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Matos G, Scorza FA, Cavalheiro EA, Tufik S, Andersen ML. PDEI‐5 for Erectile Dysfunction: A Potential Role in Seizure Susceptibility. J Sex Med 2012; 9:2111-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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Garcia VA, Matos G, Tufik S, Scorza FA, Cavalheiro EA, Schröder N, Andersen ML. Demystifying the effect of modafinil in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2012; 24:287. [PMID: 22559984 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.04.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Matos G, Ribeiro DA, Alvarenga TA, Hirotsu C, Scorza FA, Le Sueur-Maluf L, Noguti J, Cavalheiro EA, Tufik S, Andersen ML. Behavioral and genetic effects promoted by sleep deprivation in rats submitted to pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Neurosci Lett 2012; 515:137-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Andersen ML, Tufik S, Cavalheiro EA, Arida RM, de Albuquerque M, Matos G, Scorza FA. Lights out! It is time for bed. Warning: obstructive sleep apnea increases risk of sudden death in people with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2012; 23:510-1. [PMID: 22386908 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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