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Lu L, Ni W, Liu Y, Sun L, Li F. Anti-saccade as a tool to evaluate cognitive impairment in vestibular migraine. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1419372. [PMID: 38948136 PMCID: PMC11211558 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1419372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Vestibular migraine (VM), an intricate subtype of migraine, amalgamates the dual attributes of migraine and vestibular disorders. In clinical settings, individuals with VM frequently articulate concerns regarding the manifestation of subjective cognitive impairment. This cognitive dysfunction is intricately linked with diminished mobility, heightened susceptibility to falls, and increased absenteeism in afflicted patients. Consequently, comprehending the features of cognitive impairment in VM patients holds potential clinical significance. The pursuit of rapid and objective methods for detection and assessment is foundational and prerequisite for efficacious cognitive management of VM patients. Methods The study encompassed 50 patients diagnosed with vestibular migraine and recruited 50 age-sex matched healthy controls. All participants underwent anti-saccade tasks, and cognitive evaluation was performed using the MMSE and MoCA to assess overall cognitive function. Additionally, RBANS scales were employed to measure specific cognitive domains. Results The VM patients and normal controls demonstrated statistical parity in terms of age, gender, education, weight, and BMI, with no significant differences observed. Analysis of cognitive scores divulged a marked increase in the incidence of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) in VM patients compared to Healthy Controls (HCs). Both MMSE and MoCA scores were notably lower in VM patients compared to their healthy counterparts. The RBANS cognitive test indicated significant impairment in immediate memory, visuospatial construction, language, attention, and delayed memory among VM patients. Notably, the Trail Making Test and Stroop Color-Word Test revealed compromised processing speed and executive function cognitive domains. The anti-saccadic task highlighted significantly elevated anti-saccadic latency and frequency of direction errors in vestibular migraine patients. Symptom severity, illness duration, and episode frequency in VM patients positively correlated with counter-scanning errors and negatively correlated with cognitive performance across diverse cognitive domains. Conclusion VM patients exhibit cognitive decline across multiple cognitive domains during the interictal period. This cognitive impairment may not be fully reversible, underscoring its potential clinical significance for cognitive management in VM patients. The sensitivity of anti-saccade tasks to the cognitive status of VM patients positions them as promising objective indicators for diagnosis, intervention, and evaluation of cognitive impairment effects in VM in future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingmei Lu
- Department of Neurology, Qidong People’s Hospital/Affiliated Qidong Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wenyu Ni
- Department of Endocrinology, Qidong People’s Hospital/Affiliated Qidong Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yin Liu
- Dizziness Clinic, Jilin Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Li Sun
- Dizziness Clinic, Jilin Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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2
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Johnston R, Smith MA. Brain-wide arousal signals are segregated from movement planning in the superior colliculus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.26.591284. [PMID: 38746466 PMCID: PMC11092505 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.26.591284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The superior colliculus (SC) is traditionally considered a brain region that functions as an interface between processing visual inputs and generating eye movement outputs. Although its role as a primary reflex center is thought to be conserved across vertebrate species, evidence suggests that the SC has evolved to support higher-order cognitive functions including spatial attention. When it comes to oculomotor areas such as the SC, it is critical that high precision fixation and eye movements are maintained even in the presence of signals related to ongoing changes in cognition and brain state, both of which have the potential to interfere with eye position encoding and movement generation. In this study, we recorded spiking responses of neuronal populations in the SC while monkeys performed a memory-guided saccade task and found that the activity of some of the neurons fluctuated over tens of minutes. By leveraging the statistical power afforded by high-dimensional neuronal recordings, we were able to identify a low-dimensional pattern of activity that was correlated with the subjects' arousal levels. Importantly, we found that the spiking responses of deep-layer SC neurons were less correlated with this brain-wide arousal signal, and that neural activity associated with changes in pupil size and saccade tuning did not overlap in population activity space with movement initiation signals. Taken together, these findings provide a framework for understanding how signals related to cognition and arousal can be embedded in the population activity of oculomotor structures without compromising the fidelity of the motor output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Johnston
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Matthew A. Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA
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3
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Wu W. We know what attention is! Trends Cogn Sci 2024; 28:304-318. [PMID: 38103983 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Attention is one of the most thoroughly investigated psychological phenomena, yet skepticism about attention is widespread: we do not know what it is, it is too many things, there is no such thing. The deficiencies highlighted are not about experimental work but the adequacy of the scientific theory of attention. Combining common scientific claims about attention into a single theory leads to internal inconsistency. This paper demonstrates that a specific functional conception of attention is incorporated into the tasks used in standard experimental paradigms. In accepting these paradigms as valid probes of attention, we commit to this common conception. The conception unifies work at multiple levels of analysis into a coherent scientific explanation of attention. Thus, we all know what attention is.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Wu
- Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Philosophy and Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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4
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Hüer J, Saxena P, Treue S. Pathway-selective optogenetics reveals the functional anatomy of top-down attentional modulation in the macaque visual cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2304511121. [PMID: 38194453 PMCID: PMC10801865 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304511121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Spatial attention represents a powerful top-down influence on sensory responses in primate visual cortical areas. The frontal eye field (FEF) has emerged as a key candidate area for the source of this modulation. However, it is unclear whether the FEF exerts its effects via its direct axonal projections to visual areas or indirectly through other brain areas and whether the FEF affects both the enhancement of attended and the suppression of unattended sensory responses. We used pathway-selective optogenetics in rhesus macaques performing a spatial attention task to inhibit the direct input from the FEF to area MT, an area along the dorsal visual pathway specialized for the processing of visual motion information. Our results show that the optogenetic inhibition of the FEF input specifically reduces attentional modulation in MT by about a third without affecting the neurons' sensory response component. We find that the direct FEF-to-MT pathway contributes to both the enhanced processing of target stimuli and the suppression of distractors. The FEF, thus, selectively modulates firing rates in visual area MT, and it does so via its direct axonal projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Hüer
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen37077, Germany
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt60528, Germany
| | - Pankhuri Saxena
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Stefan Treue
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen37077, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37073, Germany
- Leibniz-ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, Göttingen37077, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Göttingen37073, Germany
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5
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Rahmatullah N, Schmitt LM, De Stefano L, Post S, Robledo J, Chaudhari G, Pedapati E, Erickson C, Portera-Cailliau C, Goel A. Hypersensitivity to Distractors in Fragile X Syndrome from Loss of Modulation of Cortical VIP Interneurons. J Neurosci 2023; 43:8172-8188. [PMID: 37816596 PMCID: PMC10697397 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0571-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit is one of the most prominent and disabling symptoms in Fragile X syndrome (FXS). Hypersensitivity to sensory stimuli contributes to attention difficulties by overwhelming and/or distracting affected individuals, which disrupts activities of daily living at home and learning at school. We find that auditory or visual distractors selectively impair visual discrimination performance in humans and mice with FXS but not in typically developing controls. In both species, males and females were examined. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) neurons were significantly modulated by incorrect responses in the poststimulus period during early distractor trials in WT mice, consistent with their known role as error signals. Strikingly, however, VIP cells from Fmr1 -/- mice showed little modulation in error trials, and this correlated with their poor performance on the distractor task. Thus, VIP interneurons and their reduced modulatory influence on pyramidal cells could be a potential therapeutic target for attentional difficulties in FXS.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Sensory hypersensitivity, impulsivity, and persistent inattention are among the most consistent clinical features of FXS, all of which impede daily functioning and create barriers to learning. However, the neural mechanisms underlying sensory over-reactivity remain elusive. To overcome a significant challenge in translational FXS research we demonstrate a compelling alignment of sensory over-reactivity in both humans with FXS and Fmr1 -/- mice (the principal animal model of FXS) using a novel analogous distractor task. Two-photon microscopy in mice revealed that lack of modulation by VIP cells contributes to susceptibility to distractors. Implementing research efforts we describe here can help identify dysfunctional neural mechanisms associated not only with sensory issues but broader impairments, including those in learning and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noorhan Rahmatullah
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Lauren M Schmitt
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH 45267
| | - Lisa De Stefano
- Department of Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnatti, Ohio 45267
| | - Sam Post
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Jessica Robledo
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Gunvant Chaudhari
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Ernest Pedapati
- Department of Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnatti, Ohio 45267
- Department of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnatti, Ohio 45267
| | - Craig Erickson
- Department of Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnatti, Ohio 45267
| | - Carlos Portera-Cailliau
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Anubhuti Goel
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
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6
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Isabel Vanegas M, Akbarian A, Clark KL, Nesse WH, Noudoost B. Prefrontal activity sharpens spatial sensitivity of extrastriate neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.25.564095. [PMID: 37961256 PMCID: PMC10634826 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.25.564095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Prefrontal cortex is known to exert its control over representation of visual signals in extrastriate areas such as V4. Frontal Eye Field (FEF) is suggested to be the proxy for the prefrontal control of visual signals. However, it is not known which aspects of sensory representation within extrastriate areas are under the influence of FEF activity. We employed a causal manipulation to examine how FEF activity contributes to spatial sensitivity of extrastriate neurons. Finding FEF and V4 areas with overlapping response field (RF) in two macaque monkeys, we recorded V4 responses before and after inactivation of the overlapping FEF. We assessed spatial sensitivity of V4 neurons in terms of their response gain, RF spread, coding capacity, and spatial discriminability. Unexpectedly, we found that in the absence of FEF activity, spontaneous and visually-evoked activity of V4 neurons both increase and their RFs enlarge. However, assessing the spatial sensitivity within V4, we found that these changes were associated with a reduction in the ability of V4 neurons to represent spatial information: After FEF inactivation, V4 neurons showed a reduced response gain and a decrease in their spatial discriminability and coding capacity. These results show the necessity of FEF activity for shaping spatial responses of extrastriate neurons and indicates the importance of FEF inputs in sharpening the sensitivity of V4 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Isabel Vanegas
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Amir Akbarian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Kelsey L. Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - William H. Nesse
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Behrad Noudoost
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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7
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Wang Y, Chen Z, Ma G, Wang L, Liu Y, Qin M, Fei X, Wu Y, Xu M, Zhang S. A frontal transcallosal inhibition loop mediates interhemispheric balance in visuospatial processing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5213. [PMID: 37626171 PMCID: PMC10457336 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40985-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Interhemispheric communication through the corpus callosum is required for both sensory and cognitive processes. Impaired transcallosal inhibition causing interhemispheric imbalance is believed to underlie visuospatial bias after frontoparietal cortical damage, but the synaptic circuits involved remain largely unknown. Here, we show that lesions in the mouse anterior cingulate area (ACA) cause severe visuospatial bias mediated by a transcallosal inhibition loop. In a visual-change-detection task, ACA callosal-projection neurons (CPNs) were more active with contralateral visual field changes than with ipsilateral changes. Unilateral CPN inactivation impaired contralateral change detection but improved ipsilateral detection by altering interhemispheric interaction through callosal projections. CPNs strongly activated contralateral parvalbumin-positive (PV+) neurons, and callosal-input-driven PV+ neurons preferentially inhibited ipsilateral CPNs, thus mediating transcallosal inhibition. Unilateral PV+ neuron activation caused a similar behavioral bias to contralateral CPN activation and ipsilateral CPN inactivation, and bilateral PV+ neuron activation eliminated this bias. Notably, restoring interhemispheric balance by activating contralesional PV+ neurons significantly improved contralesional detection in ACA-lesioned animals. Thus, a frontal transcallosal inhibition loop comprising CPNs and callosal-input-driven PV+ neurons mediates interhemispheric balance in visuospatial processing, and enhancing contralesional transcallosal inhibition restores interhemispheric balance while also reversing lesion-induced bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Wang
- Songjiang Research Institute, Shanghai Songjiang District Central Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Zhaonan Chen
- Songjiang Research Institute, Shanghai Songjiang District Central Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Guofen Ma
- Songjiang Research Institute, Shanghai Songjiang District Central Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Lizhao Wang
- Songjiang Research Institute, Shanghai Songjiang District Central Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yanmei Liu
- Songjiang Research Institute, Shanghai Songjiang District Central Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Meiling Qin
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiang Fei
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Songjiang Research Institute, Shanghai Songjiang District Central Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Min Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Siyu Zhang
- Songjiang Research Institute, Shanghai Songjiang District Central Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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8
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Polden M, Crawford TJ. Eye Movement Latency Coefficient of Variation as a Predictor of Cognitive Impairment: An Eye Tracking Study of Cognitive Impairment. Vision (Basel) 2023; 7:vision7020038. [PMID: 37218956 DOI: 10.3390/vision7020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies demonstrated impairment in the control of saccadic eye movements in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) when conducting the pro-saccade and antisaccade tasks. Research showed that changes in the pro and antisaccade latencies may be particularly sensitive to dementia and general executive functioning. These tasks show potential for diagnostic use, as they provide a rich set of potential eye tracking markers. One such marker, the coefficient of variation (CV), is so far overlooked. For biological markers to be reliable, they must be able to detect abnormalities in preclinical stages. MCI is often viewed as a predecessor to AD, with certain classifications of MCI more likely than others to progress to AD. The current study examined the potential of CV scores on pro and antisaccade tasks to distinguish participants with AD, amnestic MCI (aMCI), non-amnesiac MCI (naMCI), and older controls. The analyses revealed no significant differences in CV scores across the groups using the pro or antisaccade task. Antisaccade mean latencies were able to distinguish participants with AD and the MCI subgroups. Future research is needed on CV measures and attentional fluctuations in AD and MCI individuals to fully assess this measure's potential to robustly distinguish clinical groups with high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Polden
- Department of Primary Care & Mental Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5TR, UK
- Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK
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9
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Yao T, Vanduffel W. Spike rates of frontal eye field neurons predict reaction times in a spatial attention task. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112384. [PMID: 37043349 PMCID: PMC10157294 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Which neuronal signal(s) predict reaction times when subjects respond to a target at covertly attended locations? Although recent studies showed that spike rates are not predictive, it remains a highly contested question. Therefore, we record single-unit activity from frontal eye field (FEF) neurons while macaques are performing a covert spatial attention task. We find that the attentional modulation of spike rates of FEF neurons is strongly correlated with behavioral reaction times. Moreover, this correlation already emerges 1 s before target dimming, which triggers the behavioral responses. This prediction of reaction times by spike rates is found in neurons showing attention-dependent enhanced and suppressed activity for targets and distractors, respectively, yet in varying degrees across subjects. Thus, spike rates of FEF neurons can predict reaction times persistently and well before the operant behavior during selective attention tasks. Such long prediction windows will be useful for developing spike-based brain-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yao
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven Medical School, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Wim Vanduffel
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven Medical School, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02144, USA.
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10
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Lin YS, Weibel J, Landolt HP, Santini F, Slawik H, Borgwardt S, Cajochen C, Reichert CF. Brain activity during a working memory task after daily caffeine intake and caffeine withdrawal: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1002. [PMID: 36653409 PMCID: PMC9849460 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26808-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute caffeine intake has been found to increase working memory (WM)-related brain activity in healthy adults without improving behavioral performances. The impact of daily caffeine intake-a ritual shared by 80% of the population worldwide-and of its discontinuation on working memory and its neural correlates remained unknown. In this double-blind, randomized, crossover study, we examined working memory functions in 20 young healthy non-smokers (age: 26.4 ± 4.0 years; body mass index: 22.7 ± 1.4 kg/m2; and habitual caffeine intake: 474.1 ± 107.5 mg/day) in a 10-day caffeine (150 mg × 3 times/day), a 10-day placebo (3 times/day), and a withdrawal condition (9-day caffeine followed by 1-day placebo). Throughout the 10th day of each condition, participants performed four times a working memory task (N-Back, comprising 3- and 0-back), and task-related blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) activity was measured in the last session with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Compared to placebo, participants showed a higher error rate and a longer reaction time in 3- against 0-back trials in the caffeine condition; also, in the withdrawal condition we observed a higher error rate compared to placebo. However, task-related BOLD activity, i.e., an increased attention network and decreased default mode network activity in 3- versus 0-back, did not show significant differences among three conditions. Interestingly, irrespective of 3- or 0-back, BOLD activity was reduced in the right hippocampus in the caffeine condition compared to placebo. Adding to the earlier evidence showing increasing cerebral metabolic demands for WM function after acute caffeine intake, our data suggest that such demands might be impeded over daily intake and therefore result in a worse performance. Finally, the reduced hippocampal activity may reflect caffeine-associated hippocampal grey matter plasticity reported in the previous analysis. The findings of this study reveal an adapted neurocognitive response to daily caffeine exposure and highlight the importance of classifying impacts of caffeine on clinical and healthy populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shiuan Lin
- Centre for Chronobiology, University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, Wilhelm-Klein Strasse 27, 4002, Basel, Switzerland. .,Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Neuropsychiatry and Brain Imaging, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Janine Weibel
- Centre for Chronobiology, University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, Wilhelm-Klein Strasse 27, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.,Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter Landolt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Sleep and Health Zurich, University Center of Competence, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Santini
- Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Helen Slawik
- Centre for Chronobiology, University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, Wilhelm-Klein Strasse 27, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.,Clinical Sleep Laboratory, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Neuropsychiatry and Brain Imaging, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Cajochen
- Centre for Chronobiology, University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, Wilhelm-Klein Strasse 27, 4002, Basel, Switzerland. .,Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Carolin Franziska Reichert
- Centre for Chronobiology, University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, Wilhelm-Klein Strasse 27, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.,Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Rahmatullah N, Schmitt LM, De Stefano L, Post S, Robledo J, Chaudhari GR, Pedapati E, Erickson CA, Portera-Cailliau C, Goel A. Hypersensitivity to distractors in Fragile X syndrome from loss of modulation of cortical VIP interneurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.03.522654. [PMID: 36711901 PMCID: PMC9881942 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.03.522654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit is one of the most prominent and disabling symptoms in Fragile X Syndrome (FXS). Hypersensitivity to sensory stimuli contributes to attention difficulties by overwhelming and/or distracting affected individuals, which disrupts activities of daily living at home and learning at school. We find that auditory or visual distractors selectively impair visual discrimination performance in both humans and mice with FXS, but not their typically developing controls. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) neurons were significantly modulated by incorrect responses in the post-stimulus period during early distractor trials in WT mice, consistent with their known role as 'error' signals. Strikingly, however, VIP cells from Fmr1-/- mice showed little modulation in error trials, and this correlated with their poor performance on the distractor task. Thus, VIP interneurons and their reduced modulatory influence on pyramidal cells, could be a potential therapeutic target for attentional difficulties in FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noorhan Rahmatullah
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UC Riverside, CA
- Department of Psychology, UC Riverside, CA
| | - Lauren M. Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH
| | - Lisa De Stefano
- Department of Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH
| | - Sam Post
- Department of Psychology, UC Riverside, CA
| | | | | | - Ernest Pedapati
- Department of Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH
- Department of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH
| | - Craig A. Erickson
- Department of Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH
| | - Carlos Portera-Cailliau
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, CA
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, CA
| | - Anubhuti Goel
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UC Riverside, CA
- Department of Psychology, UC Riverside, CA
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12
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Sriram S, Natiq H, Rajagopal K, Krejcar O, Krejcar O. Dynamics of a two-layer neuronal network with asymmetry in coupling. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2023; 20:2908-2919. [PMID: 36899564 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2023137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the effect of changes in neuronal connectivity on the brain's behavior is of interest in neuroscience studies. Complex network theory is one of the most capable tools to study the effects of these changes on collective brain behavior. By using complex networks, the neural structure, function, and dynamics can be analyzed. In this context, various frameworks can be used to mimic neural networks, among which multi-layer networks are a proper one. Compared to single-layer models, multi-layer networks can provide a more realistic model of the brain due to their high complexity and dimensionality. This paper examines the effect of changes in asymmetry coupling on the behaviors of a multi-layer neuronal network. To this aim, a two-layer network is considered as a minimum model of left and right cerebral hemispheres communicated with the corpus callosum. The chaotic model of Hindmarsh-Rose is taken as the dynamics of the nodes. Only two neurons of each layer connect two layers of the network. In this model, it is assumed that the layers have different coupling strengths, so the effect of each coupling change on network behavior can be analyzed. As a result, the projection of the nodes is plotted for several coupling strengths to investigate how the asymmetry coupling influences the network behaviors. It is observed that although no coexisting attractor is present in the Hindmarsh-Rose model, an asymmetry in couplings causes the emergence of different attractors. The bifurcation diagrams of one node of each layer are presented to show the variation of the dynamics due to coupling changes. For further analysis, the network synchronization is investigated by computing intra-layer and inter-layer errors. Calculating these errors shows that the network can be synchronized only for large enough symmetric coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridevi Sriram
- Centre for Computational Biology, Chennai Institute of Technology, Chennai 600069, India
| | - Hayder Natiq
- Department of Computer Technology Engineering, College of Information Technology, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad 10001, Iraq
| | - Karthikeyan Rajagopal
- Centre for Nonlinear Systems, Chennai Institute of Technology, Chennai 600069, India
| | - Ondrej Krejcar
- Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
- Institute of Technology and Business in Ceske Budejovice, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Measurement, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technical University of Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Ondrej Krejcar
- Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
- School of Engineering, Monash University, Selangor, Malaysia
- College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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13
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Eraslan Boz H, Koçoğlu K, Akkoyun M, Tüfekci IY, Ekin M, Özçelik P, Akdal G. The influence of stimulus eccentricity on prosaccade outcomes in patients with Alzheimer's Disease dementia at an early stage and amnestic mild cognitive impairment. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2022; 44:713-729. [PMID: 36856708 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2023.2183937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prosaccade task is a widely used objective method to evaluate reflexive saccade and visual attention. The study aimed to investigate prosaccade stimulus eccentricity, compare prosaccade parameters in patients with Alzheimer's disease dementia (AD), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and neurotypical adults (NA), and examine the relationship between prosaccade and neuropsychological tests. METHODS Thirty patients with AD, 34 with aMCI, and 32 NA were included in the study. Eye movements were recorded with the EyeLink 1000 Plus in the prosaccade task, and this study evaluated cognitive function with comprehensive neuropsychological tests assessing attention, memory, executive function, visuospatial function, and language domains. RESULTS The correct saccade rates of patients with AD were significantly lower than NA in the 5° and 10° stimulus eccentricities. Patients with AD had significantly longer latencies in the 10° stimulus eccentricity than those with aMCI and NA. Patients with aMCI did not differ in prosaccade performance compared to NA. Prosaccade parameters were significantly correlated with all cognitive domains. As the amplitude of the stimuli increased, the rate of correct saccades decreased, while the express saccade rate, latency, amplitude, and peak velocity increased. CONCLUSION Our findings that correct saccade rates and latency may be distinguishing parameters of early AD are promising. This study also found that stimulus eccentricity affects prosaccade measures in AD, MCI, and NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Eraslan Boz
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Türkiye.,Department of Neurology, Unit of Neuropsychology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Koray Koçoğlu
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Müge Akkoyun
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Işıl Yağmur Tüfekci
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Merve Ekin
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Pınar Özçelik
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Gülden Akdal
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Türkiye.,Department of Neurology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye
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14
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Derbie AY, Dejenie MA, Zegeye TG. Visuospatial representation in patients with mild cognitive impairment: Implication for rehabilitation. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31462. [PMID: 36343037 PMCID: PMC9646670 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral and neurophysiological experiments have demonstrated that distinct and common cognitive processes and associated neural substrates maintain allocentric and egocentric spatial representations. This review aimed to provide evidence from previous behavioral and neurophysiological studies on collating cognitive processes and associated neural substrates and linking them to the state of visuospatial representations in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Even though MCI patients showed impaired visuospatial attentional processing and working memory, previous neuropsychological experiments in MCI largely emphasized memory impairment and lacked substantiating evidence of whether memory impairment could be associated with how patients with MCI encode objects in space. The present review suggests that impaired memory capacity is linked to impaired allocentric representation in MCI patients. This review indicates that further research is needed to examine how the decline in visuospatial attentional resources during allocentric coding of space could be linked to working memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiot Y. Derbie
- Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
- Department of Psychology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- *Correspondence: Abiot Y. Derbie, Department of Psychology, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia (e-mail: )
| | | | - Tsigie G. Zegeye
- Department of Special Needs, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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15
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Hsiao A, Lee-Miller T, Block HJ. Conscious awareness of a visuo-proprioceptive mismatch: Effect on cross-sensory recalibration. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:958513. [PMID: 36117619 PMCID: PMC9470947 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.958513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain estimates hand position using vision and position sense (proprioception). The relationship between visual and proprioceptive estimates is somewhat flexible: visual information about the index finger can be spatially displaced from proprioceptive information, resulting in cross-sensory recalibration of the visual and proprioceptive unimodal position estimates. According to the causal inference framework, recalibration occurs when the unimodal estimates are attributed to a common cause and integrated. If separate causes are perceived, then recalibration should be reduced. Here we assessed visuo-proprioceptive recalibration in response to a gradual visuo-proprioceptive mismatch at the left index fingertip. Experiment 1 asked how frequently a 70 mm mismatch is consciously perceived compared to when no mismatch is present, and whether awareness is linked to reduced visuo-proprioceptive recalibration, consistent with causal inference predictions. However, conscious offset awareness occurred rarely. Experiment 2 tested a larger displacement, 140 mm, and asked participants about their perception more frequently, including at 70 mm. Experiment 3 confirmed that participants were unbiased at estimating distances in the 2D virtual reality display. Results suggest that conscious awareness of the mismatch was indeed linked to reduced cross-sensory recalibration as predicted by the causal inference framework, but this was clear only at higher mismatch magnitudes (70–140 mm). At smaller offsets (up to 70 mm), conscious perception of an offset may not override unconscious belief in a common cause, perhaps because the perceived offset magnitude is in range of participants’ natural sensory biases. These findings highlight the interaction of conscious awareness with multisensory processes in hand perception.
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16
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Sex differences in cognitive processing: An integrative review of electrophysiological findings. Biol Psychol 2022; 172:108370. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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17
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McLennan YA, Mosconi MW, McKenzie FJ, Famula J, Krawchuk B, Kim K, Clark CJ, Hessl D, Rivera SM, Simon TJ, Tassone F, Hagerman RJ. Prosaccade and Antisaccade Behavior in Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome Progression. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2022; 9:473-478. [PMID: 35586536 PMCID: PMC9092736 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quantitative measurement of eye movements can reveal subtle progression in neurodegenerative diseases. Objective To determine if quantitative measurements of eye movements may reveal subtle progression of fragile X-associated tremor and ataxia (FXTAS). Methods Prosaccade (PS) and antisaccade (AS) behavior was analyzed in 25 controls, 57 non-FXTAS carriers, and 46 carriers with FXTAS. Results Symptomatic individuals with FXTAS had longer AS latencies, increased rates of AS errors, and increased AS dysmetria relative to non-FXTAS carriers and controls. These deficits, along with PS latency and velocity, were greater in advanced FXTAS stages. Conclusion AS deficits differentiated FXTAS from non-FXTAS premutation carriers implicating top-down control and frontostriatal deterioration. However, the absence of group differences between non-FXTAS carriers and controls in AS and PS markers suggests saccade performance may not be a sensitive enough measure for detecting conversion to FXTAS, but instead more helpful as translational biomarkers of FXTAS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingratana A. McLennan
- The MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Matthew W. Mosconi
- Life Span Institute, Kansas Center for Autism Research and Training, and Clinical Child Psychology ProgramUniversity of KansasLawrenceKansasUSA
| | | | - Jessica Famula
- The MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Bennet Krawchuk
- University of California Davis School of MedicineSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Courtney J. Clark
- The MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - David Hessl
- The MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- University of California Davis School of MedicineSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Susan M. Rivera
- The MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tony J. Simon
- The MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- University of California Davis School of MedicineSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Flora Tassone
- The MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis School of MedicineSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Randi J. Hagerman
- The MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
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18
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19
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Norman KJ, Koike H, McCraney SE, Garkun Y, Bateh J, Falk EN, Im S, Caro K, Demars MP, Morishita H. Chemogenetic suppression of anterior cingulate cortical neurons projecting to the visual cortex disrupts attentional behavior in mice. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2021; 41:207-214. [PMID: 33955711 PMCID: PMC8340833 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Attention is a goal-directed cognitive process that facilitates the detection of task-relevant sensory stimuli from dynamic environments. Anterior cingulate cortical area (ACA) is known to play a key role in attentional behavior, but the specific circuits mediating attention remain largely unknown. As ACA modulates sensory processing in the visual cortex (VIS), we aim to test a hypothesis that frontal top-down neurons projecting from ACA to VIS (ACAVIS ) contributes to visual attention behavior through chemogenetic approach. METHODS Adult, male mice were trained to perform the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5CSRTT) using a touchscreen system. An intersectional viral approach was used to selectively express inhibitory designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (iDREADD) or a static fluorophore (mCherry) in ACAVIS neurons. Mice received counterbalanced injections (i.p.) of the iDREADD ligand (clozapine-N-oxide; CNO) or vehicle (saline) prior to 5CSRTT testing. Finally, mice underwent progressive ratio testing and open field testing following CNO or saline administration. RESULTS Chemogenetic suppression of ACAVIS neuron activity decreased correct task performance during the 5CSRTT mainly driven by an increase in omission and a trending decrease in accuracy with no change in behavioral outcomes associated with motivation, impulsivity, or compulsivity. Breakpoint during the progressive ratio task and distance moved in the open field test were unaffected by ACAVIS neuron suppression. CNO administration itself had no effect on task performance in mCherry-expressing mice. CONCLUSION These results identify long-range frontal-sensory ACAVIS projection neurons as a key enactor of top-down attentional behavior and may serve as a beneficial therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Norman
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Koike
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah E McCraney
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yury Garkun
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julia Bateh
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisa N Falk
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susanna Im
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Keaven Caro
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael P Demars
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hirofumi Morishita
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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A source for awareness-dependent figure-ground segregation in human prefrontal cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:30836-30847. [PMID: 33199608 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922832117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Figure-ground modulation, i.e., the enhancement of neuronal responses evoked by the figure relative to the background, has three complementary components: edge modulation (boundary detection), center modulation (region filling), and background modulation (background suppression). However, the neuronal mechanisms mediating these three modulations and how they depend on awareness remain unclear. For each modulation, we compared both the cueing effect produced in a Posner paradigm and fMRI blood oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal in primary visual cortex (V1) evoked by visible relative to invisible orientation-defined figures. We found that edge modulation was independent of awareness, whereas both center and background modulations were strongly modulated by awareness, with greater modulations in the visible than the invisible condition. Effective-connectivity analysis further showed that the awareness-dependent region-filling and background-suppression processes in V1 were not derived through intracortical interactions within V1, but rather by feedback from the frontal eye field (FEF) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), respectively. These results indicate a source for an awareness-dependent figure-ground segregation in human prefrontal cortex.
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21
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Limanowski J, Litvak V, Friston K. Cortical beta oscillations reflect the contextual gating of visual action feedback. Neuroimage 2020; 222:117267. [PMID: 32818621 PMCID: PMC7779369 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We decouple seen and felt hand postures during action via virtual reality. Vision of the hand is either task-relevant or a distractor. Task-relevance of vision is reflected by in- or decreases of occipital beta power. DCM suggests underlying changes in cortical (visual) excitability. Occipital beta may indicate the contextual gating of visual action feedback.
In sensorimotor integration, the brain needs to decide how its predictions should accommodate novel evidence by ‘gating’ sensory data depending on the current context. Here, we examined the oscillatory correlates of this process by recording magnetoencephalography (MEG) data during a new task requiring action under intersensory conflict. We used virtual reality to decouple visual (virtual) and proprioceptive (real) hand postures during a task in which the phase of grasping movements tracked a target (in either modality). Thus, we rendered visual information either task-relevant or a (to-be-ignored) distractor. Under visuo-proprioceptive incongruence, occipital beta power decreased (relative to congruence) when vision was task-relevant but increased when it had to be ignored. Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) revealed that this interaction was best explained by diametrical, task-dependent changes in visual gain. These results suggest a crucial role for beta oscillations in the contextual gating (i.e., gain or precision control) of visual vs proprioceptive action feedback, depending on current behavioral demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Limanowski
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom; Centre for Tactile Internet with Human-in-the-Loop, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Vladimir Litvak
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Friston
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
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22
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Sampedro-Piquero P, Ladrón de Guevara-Miranda D, Pavón FJ, Serrano A, Suárez J, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Santín LJ, Castilla-Ortega E. Neuroplastic and cognitive impairment in substance use disorders: a therapeutic potential of cognitive stimulation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 106:23-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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23
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Chehrehnegar N, Nejati V, Shati M, Esmaeili M, Rezvani Z, Haghi M, Foroughan M. Behavioral and cognitive markers of mild cognitive impairment: diagnostic value of saccadic eye movements and Simon task. Aging Clin Exp Res 2019; 31:1591-1600. [PMID: 30659514 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-019-01121-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) has been considered as a prodromal stage of Alzheimer disease (AD). Subtle changes in specific aspects of executive function like inhibitory control have been found in MCI. AIMS We examined attentional and inhibitory control with the aim to distinguish between amnestic MCI patients and healthy controls. METHOD Using neuropsychological, behavioral, and oculomotor function experiments, we examined executive function in 59 normal control, 49, multiple domain amnestic MCI (a-MCI) subjects, and 21 early stage AD patients using eye tracking and Simon task as measures of attentional control, to determine which saccade and behavioral tasks were sensitive enough to identify a-MCI. Saccades were investigated in gap and overlap pro-saccade and anti-saccade tasks. RESULTS Scores on the Simon task were inversely correlated with general cognitive status and can distinguish a-MCI from controls with excellent specificity (AUC = 0.65 for reaction time and 0.59 for false responses). More importantly, our results showed that saccadic gains were affected in a-MCI and were the most sensitive measures to distinguish a-MCI from normal participants AST gap task AUC = 0.7, PST gap task AUC = 0.63, AST overlap task (AUC = 0.73). Moreover, these parameters were strongly correlated with neuropsychological measures. Using tests in parallel model, improved sensitivity up to 0.97. CONCLUSION The present results enable us to suggest eye tracking along with behavioral data as a possible sensitive tools to detect a-MCI in preclinical stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Chehrehnegar
- Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Occupational Therapy Department, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Vahid Nejati
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Shahid Behehsti University Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Shati
- Mental health, Research center, School of behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Esmaeili
- Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Rezvani
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Haghi
- Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Foroughan
- Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Using Partial Directed Coherence to Study Alpha-Band Effective Brain Networks during a Visuospatial Attention Task. Behav Neurol 2019; 2019:1410425. [PMID: 31565094 PMCID: PMC6745104 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1410425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the neural mechanisms underlying visual spatial attention rely on top-down control information from the frontal and parietal cortexes, which ultimately amplifies sensory processing of stimulus occurred at the attended location relative to those at unattended location. However, the modulations of effective brain networks in response to stimulus at attended and unattended location are not yet clear. In present study, we collected event-related potentials (ERPs) from 15 subjects during a visual spatial attention task, and a partial directed coherence (PDC) method was used to construct alpha-band effective brain networks of two conditions (targets at attended and nontargets at unattended location). Flow gain mapping, effective connectivity pattern, and graph measures including clustering coefficient (C), characteristic path length (L), global efficiency (Eglobal), and local efficiency (Elocal) were compared between two conditions. Flow gain mapping showed that the frontal region seemed to serve as the main source of information transmission in response to targets at attended location while the parietal region served as the main source in nontarget condition. Effective connectivity pattern indicated that in response to targets, there existed obvious top-down connections from the frontal, temporal, and parietal cortexes to the visual cortex compared with in response to nontargets. Graph theory analysis was used to quantify the topographical properties of the brain networks, and results revealed that in response to targets, the brain networks were characterized by significantly smaller characteristic path length and larger global efficiency than in response to nontargets. Our findings suggested that smaller characteristic path length and larger global efficiency could facilitate global integration of information and provide a substrate for more efficient perceptual processing of targets at attended location compared with processing of nontargets at ignored location, which revealed the neural mechanisms underlying visual spatial attention from the perspective of effective brain networks and graph theory for the first time and opened new vistas to interpret a cognitive process.
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25
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The Effects of Methylphenidate (Ritalin) on the Neurophysiology of the Monkey Caudal Prefrontal Cortex. eNeuro 2019; 6:eN-NWR-0371-18. [PMID: 30847388 PMCID: PMC6402537 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0371-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH), commonly known as Ritalin, is the most widely prescribed drug worldwide to treat patients with attention deficit disorders. Although MPH is thought to modulate catecholamine neurotransmission in the brain, it remains unclear how these neurochemical effects influence neuronal activity and lead to attentional enhancements. Studies in rodents overwhelmingly point to the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) as a main site of action of MPH. To understand the mechanism of action of MPH in a primate brain, we recorded the responses of neuronal populations using chronic multielectrode arrays implanted in the caudal LPFC of two macaque monkeys while the animals performed an attention task (N = 2811 neuronal recordings). Over different recording sessions (N = 55), we orally administered either various doses of MPH or a placebo to the animals. Behavioral analyses revealed positive effects of MPH on task performance at specific doses. However, analyses of individual neurons activity, noise correlations, and neuronal ensemble activity using machine learning algorithms revealed no effects of MPH. Our results suggest that the positive behavioral effects of MPH observed in primates (including humans) may not be mediated by changes in the activity of caudal LPFC neurons. MPH may enhance cognitive performance by modulating neuronal activity in other regions of the attentional network in the primate brain.
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McDermott TJ, Wiesman AI, Mills MS, Spooner RK, Coolidge NM, Proskovec AL, Heinrichs‐Graham E, Wilson TW. tDCS modulates behavioral performance and the neural oscillatory dynamics serving visual selective attention. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:729-740. [PMID: 30368974 PMCID: PMC6328324 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive method for modulating human brain activity. Although there are several hypotheses about the net effects of tDCS on brain function, the field's understanding remains incomplete and this is especially true for neural oscillatory activity during cognitive task performance. In this study, we examined whether different polarities of occipital tDCS differentially alter flanker task performance and the underlying neural dynamics. To this end, 48 healthy adults underwent 20 min of anodal, cathodal, or sham occipital tDCS, and then completed a visual flanker task during high-density magnetoencephalography (MEG). The resulting oscillatory responses were imaged in the time-frequency domain using beamforming, and the effects of tDCS on task-related oscillations and spontaneous neural activity were assessed. The results indicated that anodal tDCS of the occipital cortices inhibited flanker task performance as measured by reaction time, elevated spontaneous activity in the theta (4-7 Hz) and alpha (9-14 Hz) bands in prefrontal and occipital cortices, respectively, and reduced task-related theta oscillatory activity in prefrontal cortices during task performance. Cathodal tDCS of the occipital cortices did not significantly affect behavior or any of these neuronal parameters in any brain region. Lastly, the power of theta oscillations in the prefrontal cortices was inversely correlated with reaction time. In conclusion, anodal tDCS modulated task-related oscillations and spontaneous activity across multiple cortical areas, both near the electrode and in distant sites that were putatively connected to the targeted regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. McDermott
- Center for MagnetoencephalographyUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC)OmahaNebraska
| | - Alex I. Wiesman
- Center for MagnetoencephalographyUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC)OmahaNebraska
- Department of Neurological SciencesUNMCOmahaNebraska
| | - Mackenzie S. Mills
- Center for MagnetoencephalographyUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC)OmahaNebraska
| | - Rachel K. Spooner
- Center for MagnetoencephalographyUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC)OmahaNebraska
- Department of Neurological SciencesUNMCOmahaNebraska
| | - Nathan M. Coolidge
- Center for MagnetoencephalographyUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC)OmahaNebraska
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of NebraskaOmahaNebraska
| | - Amy L. Proskovec
- Center for MagnetoencephalographyUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC)OmahaNebraska
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of NebraskaOmahaNebraska
| | - Elizabeth Heinrichs‐Graham
- Center for MagnetoencephalographyUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC)OmahaNebraska
- Department of Neurological SciencesUNMCOmahaNebraska
| | - Tony W. Wilson
- Center for MagnetoencephalographyUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC)OmahaNebraska
- Department of Neurological SciencesUNMCOmahaNebraska
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27
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Bahmani Z, Clark K, Merrikhi Y, Mueller A, Pettine W, Isabel Vanegas M, Moore T, Noudoost B. Prefrontal Contributions to Attention and Working Memory. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2019; 41:129-153. [PMID: 30739308 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2018_74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The processes of attention and working memory are conspicuously interlinked, suggesting that they may involve overlapping neural mechanisms. Working memory (WM) is the ability to maintain information in the absence of sensory input. Attention is the process by which a specific target is selected for further processing, and neural resources directed toward that target. The content of WM can be used to direct attention, and attention can in turn determine which information is encoded into WM. Here we discuss the similarities between attention and WM and the role prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays in each. First, at the theoretical level, we describe how attention and WM can both rely on models based on attractor states. Then we review the evidence for an overlap between the areas involved in both functions, especially the frontal eye field (FEF) portion of the prefrontal cortex. We also discuss similarities between the neural changes in visual areas observed during attention and WM. At the cellular level, we review the literature on the role of prefrontal DA in both attention and WM at the behavioral and neural levels. Finally, we summarize the anatomical evidence for an overlap between prefrontal mechanisms involved in attention and WM. Altogether, a summary of pharmacological, electrophysiological, behavioral, and anatomical evidence for a contribution of the FEF part of prefrontal cortex to attention and WM is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bahmani
- School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
| | - Kelsey Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Yaser Merrikhi
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Adrienne Mueller
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Warren Pettine
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Isabel Vanegas
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Tirin Moore
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Behrad Noudoost
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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28
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Embury CM, Wiesman AI, McDermott TJ, Proskovec AL, Heinrichs-Graham E, Lord GH, Brau KL, Drincic AT, Desouza CV, Wilson TW. The impact of type 1 diabetes on neural activity serving attention. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 40:1093-1100. [PMID: 30368968 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes has been associated with alterations in attentional processing and other cognitive functions, and previous studies have found alterations in both brain structure and function in affected patients. However, these previous neuroimaging studies have generally examined older patients, particularly those with major comorbidities known to affect functioning independent of diabetes. The primary aim of the current study was to examine the neural dynamics of selective attention processing in a young group of patients with type 1 diabetes who were otherwise healthy (i.e., without major comorbidities). Our hypothesis was that these patients would exhibit significant aberrations in attention circuitry relative to closely matched controls. The final sample included 69 participants age 19-35 years old, 35 with type 1 diabetes and 34 matched nondiabetic controls, who completed an Eriksen flanker task while undergoing magnetoencephalography. Significant group differences in flanker interference activity were found across a network of brain regions, including the anterior cingulate, inferior parietal cortices, paracentral lobule, and the left precentral gyrus. In addition, neural activity in the anterior cingulate and the paracentral lobule was correlated with disease duration in patients with type 1 diabetes. These findings suggest that alterations in the neural circuitry underlying selective attention emerge early in the disease process and are specifically related to type 1 diabetes and not common comorbidities. These findings highlight the need for longitudinal studies in large cohorts to clarify the clinical implications of type 1 diabetes on cognition and the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Embury
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, Nebraska.,Center for Magnetoencephalography, UNMC, Omaha, Nebraska.,Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Alex I Wiesman
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, Nebraska.,Center for Magnetoencephalography, UNMC, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Timothy J McDermott
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, Nebraska.,Center for Magnetoencephalography, UNMC, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Amy L Proskovec
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, Nebraska.,Center for Magnetoencephalography, UNMC, Omaha, Nebraska.,Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Elizabeth Heinrichs-Graham
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, Nebraska.,Center for Magnetoencephalography, UNMC, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Grace H Lord
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, UNMC, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Kaitlin L Brau
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, UNMC, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Andjela T Drincic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, UNMC, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Cyrus V Desouza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, UNMC, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Tony W Wilson
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, Nebraska.,Center for Magnetoencephalography, UNMC, Omaha, Nebraska
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29
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Electrical stimulation of macaque lateral prefrontal cortex modulates oculomotor behavior indicative of a disruption of top-down attention. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17715. [PMID: 29255155 PMCID: PMC5735183 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) of primates is hypothesized to be heavily involved in decision-making and selective visual attention. Recent neurophysiological evidence suggests that information necessary for an orchestration of those high-level cognitive factors are indeed represented in the lPFC. However, we know little about the specific contribution of sub-networks within lPFC to the deployment of top-down influences that can be measured in extrastriate visual cortex. Here, we systematically applied electrical stimulations to areas 8Av and 45 of two macaque monkeys performing a concurrent goal-directed saccade task. Despite using currents well above saccadic thresholds of the directly adjacent Frontal Eye Fields (FEF), saccades were only rarely evoked by the stimulation. Instead, two types of behavioral effects were observed: Stimulations of caudal sites in 8Av (close to FEF) shortened or prolonged saccadic reaction times, depending on the task-instructed saccade, while rostral stimulations of 8Av/45 seem to affect the relative attentional weighting of saccade targets as well as saccadic reaction times. These results illuminate important differences in the causal involvement of different sub-networks within the lPFC and are most compatible with a stimulation-induced biasing of stimulus processing that accelerates the detection of saccade targets presented ipsilateral to stimulation through a disruption of contralaterally deployed top-down attention.
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30
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Paneri S, Gregoriou GG. Top-Down Control of Visual Attention by the Prefrontal Cortex. Functional Specialization and Long-Range Interactions. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:545. [PMID: 29033784 PMCID: PMC5626849 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to select information that is relevant to current behavioral goals is the hallmark of voluntary attention and an essential part of our cognition. Attention tasks are a prime example to study at the neuronal level, how task related information can be selectively processed in the brain while irrelevant information is filtered out. Whereas, numerous studies have focused on elucidating the mechanisms of visual attention at the single neuron and population level in the visual cortices, considerably less work has been devoted to deciphering the distinct contribution of higher-order brain areas, which are known to be critical for the employment of attention. Among these areas, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) has long been considered a source of top-down signals that bias selection in early visual areas in favor of the attended features. Here, we review recent experimental data that support the role of PFC in attention. We examine the existing evidence for functional specialization within PFC and we discuss how long-range interactions between PFC subregions and posterior visual areas may be implemented in the brain and contribute to the attentional modulation of different measures of neural activity in visual cortices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Paneri
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.,Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Georgia G Gregoriou
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.,Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
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31
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Noiret N, Carvalho N, Laurent É, Chopard G, Binetruy M, Nicolier M, Monnin J, Magnin E, Vandel P. Saccadic Eye Movements and Attentional Control in Alzheimer's Disease. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2017; 33:1-13. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acx044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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32
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McDermott TJ, Wiesman AI, Proskovec AL, Heinrichs-Graham E, Wilson TW. Spatiotemporal oscillatory dynamics of visual selective attention during a flanker task. Neuroimage 2017; 156:277-285. [PMID: 28501539 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The flanker task is a test of visual selective attention that has been widely used to probe error monitoring, response conflict, and related constructs. However, to date, few studies have focused on the selective attention component of this task and imaged the underlying oscillatory dynamics serving task performance. In this study, 21 healthy adults successfully completed an arrow-based version of the Eriksen flanker task during magnetoencephalography (MEG). All MEG data were pre-processed and transformed into the time-frequency domain. Significant oscillatory brain responses were imaged using a beamforming approach, and voxel time series were extracted from the peak responses to identify the temporal dynamics. Across both congruent and incongruent flanker conditions, our results indicated robust decreases in alpha (9-12Hz) activity in medial and lateral occipital regions, bilateral parietal cortices, and cerebellar areas during task performance. In parallel, increases in theta (3-7Hz) oscillatory activity were detected in dorsal and ventral frontal regions, and the anterior cingulate. As per conditional effects, stronger alpha responses (i.e., greater desynchronization) were observed in parietal, occipital, and cerebellar cortices during incongruent relative to congruent trials, whereas the opposite pattern emerged for theta responses (i.e., synchronization) in the anterior cingulate, left dorsolateral prefrontal, and ventral prefrontal cortices. Interestingly, the peak latency of theta responses in these latter brain regions was significantly correlated with reaction time, and may partially explain the amplitude difference observed between congruent and incongruent trials. Lastly, whole-brain exploratory analyses implicated the frontal eye fields, right temporoparietal junction, and premotor cortices. These findings suggest that regions of both the dorsal and ventral attention networks contribute to visual selective attention processes during incongruent trials, and that such differential processes are transient and fully completed shortly after the behavioral response in most trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J McDermott
- Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Alex I Wiesman
- Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Neurological Sciences, UNMC, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Amy L Proskovec
- Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Elizabeth Heinrichs-Graham
- Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Neurological Sciences, UNMC, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Tony W Wilson
- Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Neurological Sciences, UNMC, Omaha, NE, USA.
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33
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Spatial working memory alters the efficacy of input to visual cortex. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15041. [PMID: 28447609 PMCID: PMC5414175 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Prefrontal cortex modulates sensory signals in extrastriate visual cortex, in part via its direct projections from the frontal eye field (FEF), an area involved in selective attention. We find that working memory-related activity is a dominant signal within FEF input to visual cortex. Although this signal alone does not evoke spiking responses in areas V4 and MT during memory, the gain of visual responses in these areas increases, and neuronal receptive fields expand and shift towards the remembered location, improving the stimulus representation by neuronal populations. These results provide a basis for enhancing the representation of working memory targets and implicate persistent FEF activity as a basis for the interdependence of working memory and selective attention. Frontal eye field (FEF) is a visual prefrontal area involved in top-down attention. Here the authors report that FEF neurons projecting to V4/MT are persistently active during spatial working memory, and V4/MT neurons show changes in receptive field and gain at the location held in working memory.
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Kim H, Ährlund-Richter S, Wang X, Deisseroth K, Carlén M. Prefrontal Parvalbumin Neurons in Control of Attention. Cell 2016; 164:208-218. [PMID: 26771492 PMCID: PMC4715187 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
While signatures of attention have been extensively studied in sensory systems, the neural sources and computations responsible for top-down control of attention are largely unknown. Using chronic recordings in mice, we found that fast-spiking parvalbumin (FS-PV) interneurons in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) uniformly show increased and sustained firing during goal-driven attentional processing, correlating to the level of attention. Elevated activity of FS-PV neurons on the timescale of seconds predicted successful execution of behavior. Successful allocation of attention was characterized by strong synchronization of FS-PV neurons, increased gamma oscillations, and phase locking of pyramidal firing. Phase-locked pyramidal neurons showed gamma-phase-dependent rate modulation during successful attentional processing. Optogenetic silencing of FS-PV neurons deteriorated attentional processing, while optogenetic synchronization of FS-PV neurons at gamma frequencies had pro-cognitive effects and improved goal-directed behavior. FS-PV neurons thus act as a functional unit coordinating the activity in the local mPFC circuit during goal-driven attentional processing. Increased firing of mPFC PV interneurons is a signature of top-down attention Attention is characterized by synchronization of mPFC PV neurons and elevated gamma Local pyramidal neurons show gamma-phase-dependent rate modulation during attention Synchronization of mPFC PV neurons at gamma frequencies has pro-cognitive effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoseok Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sofie Ährlund-Richter
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xinming Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, W080 Clark Center, 318 Campus Drive West, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Bioengineering, W080 Clark Center, 318 Campus Drive West, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, W080 Clark Center, 318 Campus Drive West, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marie Carlén
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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35
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Schiffino FL, Holland PC. Secondary visual cortex is critical to the expression of surprise-induced enhancements in cue associability in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 44:1870-7. [PMID: 27225533 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Considerable evidence indicates that reinforcement prediction error, the difference between the obtained and expected reinforcer values, modulates attention to potential cues for reinforcement. The surprising delivery or omission of a reinforcer enhances the associability of the stimuli that were present when the error was induced, so that they more readily enter into new associations in the future. Previous research from our laboratory identified brain circuit elements critical to the enhancement of stimulus associability by omission of an expected event and to the subsequent expression of that altered associability in more rapid learning. A key finding was that the rat posterior parietal cortex was essential during the encoding, consolidation and retrieval of associability memories that were altered by the surprising omission of an expected event in a serial prediction task. Here, we found that the function of adjacent secondary visual cortex was critical only to the expression of altered cue associability in that same task. This specialization of function is discussed in the context of broader cortical and subcortical networks for modulation of attention in associative learning, as well as recent anatomical investigations that suggest that the rodent posterior parietal cortex overlaps with and may subsume secondary visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe L Schiffino
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Peter C Holland
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
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36
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Westendorff S, Kaping D, Everling S, Womelsdorf T. Prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex neurons encode attentional targets even when they do not apparently bias behavior. J Neurophysiol 2016; 116:796-811. [PMID: 27193317 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00027.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons in anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex (ACC/PFC) carry information about behaviorally relevant target stimuli. This information is believed to affect behavior by exerting a top-down attentional bias on stimulus selection. However, attention information may not necessarily be a biasing signal but could be a corollary signal that is not directly related to ongoing behavioral success, or it could reflect the monitoring of targets similar to an eligibility trace useful for later attentional adjustment. To test this suggestion we quantified how attention information relates to behavioral success in neurons recorded in multiple subfields in macaque ACC/PFC during a cued attention task. We found that attention cues activated three separable neuronal groups that encoded spatial attention information but were differently linked to behavioral success. A first group encoded attention targets on correct and error trials. This group spread across ACC/PFC and represented targets transiently after cue onset, irrespective of behavior. A second group encoded attention targets on correct trials only, closely predicting behavior. These neurons were not only prevalent in lateral prefrontal but also in anterior cingulate cortex. A third group encoded target locations only on error trials. This group was evident in ACC and PFC and was activated in error trials "as if" attention was shifted to the target location but without evidence for such behavior. These results show that only a portion of neuronaly available information about attention targets biases behavior. We speculate that additionally a unique neural subnetwork encodes counterfactual attention information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Westendorff
- Department of Biology, Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
| | - Daniel Kaping
- Department of Biology, Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; and
| | - Stefan Everling
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Western University, Ontario,Canada
| | - Thilo Womelsdorf
- Department of Biology, Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Western University, Ontario,Canada
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37
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Mayo JP, Morrison RM, Smith MA. A Probabilistic Approach to Receptive Field Mapping in the Frontal Eye Fields. Front Syst Neurosci 2016; 10:25. [PMID: 27047352 PMCID: PMC4796031 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2016.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of the neuronal mechanisms of perisaccadic vision often lack the resolution needed to determine important changes in receptive field (RF) structure. Such limited analytical power can lead to inaccurate descriptions of visuomotor processing. To address this issue, we developed a precise, probabilistic technique that uses a generalized linear model (GLM) for mapping the visual RFs of frontal eye field (FEF) neurons during stable fixation (Mayo et al., 2015). We previously found that full-field RF maps could be obtained using 1–8 dot stimuli presented at frame rates of 10–150 ms. FEF responses were generally robust to changes in the number of stimuli presented or the rate of presentation, which allowed us to visualize RFs over a range of spatial and temporal resolutions. Here, we compare the quality of RFs obtained over different stimulus and GLM parameters to facilitate future work on the detailed mapping of FEF RFs. We first evaluate the interactions between the number of stimuli presented per trial, the total number of trials, and the quality of RF mapping. Next, we vary the spatial resolution of our approach to illustrate the tradeoff between visualizing RF sub-structure and sampling at high resolutions. We then evaluate local smoothing as a possible correction for situations where under-sampling occurs. Finally, we provide a preliminary demonstration of the usefulness of a probabilistic approach for visualizing full-field perisaccadic RF shifts. Our results present a powerful, and perhaps necessary, framework for studying perisaccadic vision that is applicable to FEF and possibly other visuomotor regions of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Patrick Mayo
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robert M Morrison
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Matthew A Smith
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Bioengineering, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA; Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
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Niechwiej-Szwedo E, Chin J, Wolfe PJ, Popovich C, Staines WR. Abnormal visual experience during development alters the early stages of visual-tactile integration. Behav Brain Res 2016; 304:111-9. [PMID: 26896697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Visual experience during the critical periods in early postnatal life is necessary for the normal development of the visual system. Disruption of visual input during this period results in amblyopia, which is associated with reduced activation of the striate and extrastriate cortices. It is well known that visual input converges with other sensory signals and exerts a significant influence on cortical processing in multiple association areas. Recent work in healthy adults has also shown that task-relevant visual input can modulate neural excitability at very early stages of information processing in the primary somatosensory cortex. Here we used electroencephalography to investigate visual-tactile interactions in adults with abnormal binocular vision due to amblyopia and strabismus. Results showed three main findings. First, in comparison to a visually normal control group, participants with abnormal vision had a significantly lower amplitude of the P50 somatosensory event related potential (ERP) when visual and tactile stimuli were presented concurrently. Second, the amplitude of the P100 somatosensory ERP was significantly greater in participants with abnormal vision. These results indicate that task relevant visual input does not significantly influence the excitability of the primary somatosensory cortex, instead, the excitability of the secondary somatosensory cortex is increased. Third, participants with abnormal vision had a higher amplitude of the P1 visual ERP when a tactile stimulus was presented concurrently. Importantly, these results were not modulated by viewing condition, which indicates that the impact of amblyopia on crossmodal interactions is not simply related to the reduced visual acuity as it was evident when viewing with the unaffected eye and binocularly. These results indicate that the consequences of abnormal visual experience on neurophysiological processing extend beyond the primary and secondary visual areas to other modality-specific areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Chin
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Paul J Wolfe
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
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