1
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Koppe J, Pell AJ. Structure Determination and Refinement of Paramagnetic Materials by Solid-State NMR. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2023; 3:419-433. [PMID: 37780542 PMCID: PMC10540298 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.3c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Paramagnetism in solid-state materials has long been considered an additional challenge for structural investigations by using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (ssNMR). The strong interactions between unpaired electrons and the surrounding atomic nuclei, on the one hand, are complex to describe, and on the other hand can cause fast decaying signals and extremely broad resonances. However, significant progress has been made over the recent years in developing both theoretical models to understand and calculate the frequency shifts due to paramagnetism and also more sophisticated experimental protocols for obtaining high-resolution ssNMR spectra. While the field is continuously moving forward, to date, the combination of state-of-the-art numerical and experimental techniques enables us to obtain high-quality data for a variety of systems. This involves the determination of several ssNMR parameters that represent different contributions to the frequency shift in paramagnetic solids. These contributions encode structural information on the studied material on various length scales, ranging from crystal morphologies, to the mid- and long-range order, down to the local atomic bonding environment. In this perspective, the different ssNMR parameters characteristic for paramagnetic materials are discussed with a focus on their interpretation in terms of structure. This includes a summary of studies that have explored the information content of these ssNMR parameters, mostly to complement experimental data from other methods, e.g., X-ray diffraction. The presented overview aims to demonstrate how far ssNMR has hitherto been able to determine and refine the structures of materials and to discuss where it currently falls short of its full potential. We attempt to highlight how much further ssNMR can be pushed to determine and refine structure to deliver a comprehensive structural characterization of paramagnetic materials comparable to what is to date achieved by the combined effort of electron microscopy, diffraction, and spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Koppe
- Centre
de RMN à Très Hauts Champs de Lyon (UMR 5082 −
CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1), Université de Lyon, 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Andrew J. Pell
- Centre
de RMN à Très Hauts Champs de Lyon (UMR 5082 −
CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1), Université de Lyon, 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
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2
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Nobile AG, Trummer D, Berkson ZJ, Wörle M, Copéret C, Payard PA. Assigning 1H chemical shifts in paramagnetic mono- and bimetallic surface sites using DFT: a case study on the Union Carbide polymerization catalyst. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2361-2368. [PMID: 36873845 PMCID: PMC9977395 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06827c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Union Carbide (UC) ethylene polymerization catalyst, based on silica-supported chromocene, is one of the first industrial catalysts prepared by surface organometallic chemistry, though the structure of the surface sites remains elusive. Recently, our group reported that monomeric and dimeric Cr(ii) sites, as well as Cr(iii) hydride sites, are present and that their proportion varies as a function of the Cr loading. While 1H chemical shifts extracted from solid-state 1H NMR spectra should be diagnostic of the structure of such surface sites, unpaired electrons centered on Cr atoms induce large paramagnetic 1H shifts that complicate their NMR analysis. Here, we implement a cost-efficient DFT methodology to calculate 1H chemical shifts for antiferromagnetically coupled metal dimeric sites using a Boltzmann-averaged Fermi contact term over the population of the different spin states. This method allowed us to assign the 1H chemical shifts observed for the industrial-like UC catalyst. The presence of monomeric and dimeric Cr(ii) sites, as well as a dimeric Cr(iii)-hydride sites, was confirmed and their structure was clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Giorgia Nobile
- ETH Zürich Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - David Trummer
- ETH Zürich Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Zachariah J Berkson
- ETH Zürich Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Michael Wörle
- ETH Zürich Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Christophe Copéret
- ETH Zürich Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Adrien Payard
- ETH Zürich Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland .,Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, CNRS, INSA, CPE, UMR 5246, ICBMS Rue Victor Grignard F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex France
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3
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Carvalho JP, Papawassiliou W, Pell AJ. Half-integer-spin quadrupolar nuclei in magic-angle spinning paramagnetic NMR: The case of NaMnO 2. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2022; 340:107235. [PMID: 35644097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2022.107235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A combination of solid-state NMR methods for the extraction of 23Na shift and quadrupolar parameters in the as-synthesized, structurally complex NaMnO2 Na-ion cathode material, under magic-angle spinning (MAS) is presented. We show that the integration of the Magic-Angle Turning experiment with Rotor-Assisted Population transfer (RAPT) can be used both to identify shifts and to extract a range of magnitudes for their quadrupolar couplings. We also demonstrate the applicability of the two-dimensional one pulse (TOP) based double-sheared Satellite Transition Magic-Angle Spinning (TOP-STMAS) showing how it can yield a spectrum with separated shift and second-order quadrupolar anisotropies, which in turn can be used to analyze a quadrupolar lineshape free of anisotropic bulk magnetic susceptibility (ABMS) induced shift dispersion and determine both isotropic shift and quadrupolar products. Combining all these experiments, the shift and quadrupolar parameters for all observed Na environments were extracted and yielded excellent agreement with the density functional theory (DFT) based models that were reported in previous literature. We expect these methods to open the door for new possibilities for solid-state NMR to probe half-integer quadrupolar nuclei in paramagnetic materials and other systems exhibiting large shift dispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- José P Carvalho
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16 C, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wassilios Papawassiliou
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16 C, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew J Pell
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16 C, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Centre de RMN Très Hauts Champs de Lyon (UMR5082 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1), Université de Lyon, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France.
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4
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Blahut J, Benda L, Lejeune AL, Sanders KJ, Burcher B, Jeanneau E, Proriol D, Catita L, Breuil PAR, Quoineaud AA, Pell AJ, Pintacuda G. Proton-detected fast-magic-angle spinning NMR of paramagnetic inorganic solids. RSC Adv 2021; 11:29870-29876. [PMID: 35479571 PMCID: PMC9040908 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04110j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fast (60 kHz) magic angle spinning solid-state NMR allows very sensitive proton detection in highly paramagnetic organometallic powders. We showcase this technique with the complete assignment of 1H and 13C resonances in a high-spin Fe(ii) polymerisation catalyst with less than 2 mg of sample at natural abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Blahut
- Université de Lyon, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs de Lyon (UMR 5082 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1) 5 rue de la Doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Ladislav Benda
- Université de Lyon, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs de Lyon (UMR 5082 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1) 5 rue de la Doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Arthur L Lejeune
- Université de Lyon, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs de Lyon (UMR 5082 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1) 5 rue de la Doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
- IFP Energies Nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize 69360 Solaize France
| | - Kevin J Sanders
- Université de Lyon, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs de Lyon (UMR 5082 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1) 5 rue de la Doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Benjamin Burcher
- IFP Energies Nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize 69360 Solaize France
| | - Erwann Jeanneau
- Université de Lyon, Centre de Diffractométrie Henri Longchambon (UCB Lyon 1) 5 rue de la Doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - David Proriol
- IFP Energies Nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize 69360 Solaize France
| | - Leonor Catita
- IFP Energies Nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize 69360 Solaize France
| | | | | | - Andrew J Pell
- Université de Lyon, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs de Lyon (UMR 5082 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1) 5 rue de la Doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
- Stockholm University, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry Svante Arrhenius väg 16C SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Guido Pintacuda
- Université de Lyon, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs de Lyon (UMR 5082 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1) 5 rue de la Doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
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5
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Koppe J, Bußkamp M, Hansen MR. Frequency-Swept Ultra-Wideline Magic-Angle Spinning NMR Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:5643-5649. [PMID: 34138561 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c02958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed the development of solid-state NMR techniques that allow the direct investigation of extremely wide inhomogeneously broadened resonance lines. To date, this typically involves the application of frequency sweeps as offered by wideband uniform rate smooth truncation (WURST) pulses. While the effects of such advanced irradiation schemes on static samples are well understood, the interference between the varying carrier frequency and the time-dependent evolution of the spin system under magic-angle spinning (MAS) conditions is more complex. Herein, we introduce the well-known WURST-Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (WCPMG) pulse sequence for spinning samples. Using numerical spin-density matrix analysis, an ideal design based on fast frequency sweeps and high truncation of the incorporated WURST pulses is presented that enables uniform excitation/refocusing under MAS conditions with low-to-moderate radio-frequency power requirements. This permits the acquisition of ultra-wideline MAS NMR lines exceeding 500 kHz with chemical shift resolution in a single transmitter step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Koppe
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstr. 28/30, DE-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Max Bußkamp
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstr. 28/30, DE-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation (CMTC), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, DE-48149 Münster, Germany
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6
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Dasgupta R, Gupta KBSS, Elam D, Ubbink M, de Groot HJM. Dipolar dephasing for structure determination in a paramagnetic environment. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2021; 113:101728. [PMID: 33744671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2021.101728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the efficacy of the REDOR-type sequences in determining dipolar coupling strength in a paramagnetic environment. Utilizing paramagnetic effects of enhanced relaxation rates and rapid electronic fluctuations in Cu(II)-(DL-Ala)2.H2O, the dipolar coupling for the methyl C-H that is 4.20 Å (methyl carbon) away from the Cu2+ ion, was estimated to be 8.8 ± 0.6 kHz. This coupling is scaled by a factor of ~0.3 in comparison to the rigid limit value of ~32 kHz, in line with partial averaging of the dipolar interaction by rotational motion of the methyl group. Limited variation in the scaling factor of the dipolar coupling strength at different temperatures is observed. The C-H internuclear distance derived from the size of the dipolar coupling is similar to that observed in the crystal structure. The errors in the dipolar coupling strength observed in the REDOR-type experiments are similar to those reported for diamagnetic systems. Increase in resolution due to the Fermi contact shifts, coupled with MAS frequencies of 30-35 kHz allowed to estimate the hyperfine coupling strengths for protons and carbons from the temperature dependence of the chemical shift and obtain a high resolution 1H-1H spin diffusion spectrum. This study shows the utility of REDOR-type sequences in obtaining reliable structural and dynamical information from a paramagnetic complex. We believe that this can help in studying the active site of paramagnetic metalloproteins at high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubin Dasgupta
- Leiden University, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg, 55 2333 CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Karthick B S S Gupta
- Leiden University, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg, 55 2333 CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Derek Elam
- Leiden University, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg, 55 2333 CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marcellus Ubbink
- Leiden University, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg, 55 2333 CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Huub J M de Groot
- Leiden University, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg, 55 2333 CC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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7
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Carvalho JP, Pell AJ. Frequency-swept adiabatic pulses for broadband solid-state MAS NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2021; 324:106911. [PMID: 33482528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a complete description of frequency-swept adiabatic pulses applied to isolated spin-1/2 nuclei with a shift anisotropy in solid materials under magic-angle spinning. Our theoretical framework unifies the existing descriptions of adiabatic pulses in the high-power regime, where the radiofrequency (RF) amplitude is greater than twice the spinning frequency, and the low-power regime, where the RF power is less than the spinning frequency, and so links the short high-powered adiabatic pulse (SHAP) and single-sideband-selective adiabatic pulses (S3AP) schemes used in paramagnetic solid-state NMR. We also identify a hitherto unidentified third regime intermediate between the low- and high-power regimes, and separated from them by rotary resonance conditions. We show that the prevailing benchmark of inversion performance based on (super) adiabatic factors is only applicable in the high- and intermediate-power regimes, but fails to account both for the poor performance at rotary resonance, and the impressive inversion seen in the low-power regime. For low-power pulses, which are non-adiabatic according to this definition of (super) adiabaticity, the effective Floquet Hamiltonian in the jolting frame reveals "hidden" (super) adiabaticity. The theory is demonstrated using a combination of simulation and experiment, and is used to refine the practical recommendations for the experimentalist who wishes to use these pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- José P Carvalho
- Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svänte Arrhenius väg 16 C 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew J Pell
- Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svänte Arrhenius väg 16 C 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre de RMN Trés Hauts Champs de Lyon (FRE 2034 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1), Université de Lyon, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France.
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8
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Aleksis R, Pell AJ. Low-power synchronous helical pulse sequences for large anisotropic interactions in MAS NMR: Double-quantum excitation of 14N. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:244202. [PMID: 33380069 DOI: 10.1063/5.0030604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We develop a theoretical framework for a class of pulse sequences in the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of rotating solids, which are applicable to nuclear spins with anisotropic interactions substantially larger than the spinning frequency, under conditions where the radiofrequency amplitude is smaller than or comparable to the spinning frequency. The treatment is based on average Hamiltonian theory and allows us to derive pulse sequences with well-defined relationships between the pulse parameters and spinning frequency for exciting specific coherences without the need for any detailed calculations. This framework is applied to the excitation of double-quantum spectra of 14N and is used both to evaluate the existing low-power pulse schemes and to predict the new ones, which we present here. It is shown that these sequences can be designed to be γ-encoded and therefore allow the acquisition of sideband-free spectra. It is also shown how these new double-quantum excitation sequences are incorporated into heteronuclear correlation NMR, such as 1H-14N dipolar double-quantum heteronuclear multiple-quantum correlation spectroscopy. The new experiments are evaluated both with numerical simulations and experiments on glycine and N-acetylvaline, which represent cases with "moderate" and "large" quadrupolar interactions, respectively. The analyzed pulse sequences perform well for the case of a "moderate" quadrupolar interaction, however poorly with a "large" quadrupolar interaction, for which future work on pulse sequence development is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihards Aleksis
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew J Pell
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Guo H, Jaworski A, Ma Z, Slabon A, Bacsik Z, Nedumkandathil R, Häussermann U. Trapping of different stages of BaTiO 3 reduction with LiH. RSC Adv 2020; 10:35356-35365. [PMID: 35515653 PMCID: PMC9056924 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07276a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the hydride reduction of tetragonal BaTiO3 using LiH. The reactions employed molar H : BaTiO3 ratios of 1.2, 3, and 10 and variable temperatures up to 700 °C. The air-stable reduced products were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and 1H magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy. Effective reduction, as indicated by the formation of dark blue to black colored, cubic-phased, products was observed at temperatures as low as 300 °C. The product obtained at 300 °C corresponded to oxyhydride BaTiO∼2.9H∼0.1, whereas reduction at higher temperatures resulted in simultaneous O defect formation, BaTiO2.9-x H0.1□ x , and eventually - at temperatures above 450 °C - to samples void of hydridic H. Concomitantly, the particles of samples reduced at high temperatures (500-600 °C) display substantial surface alteration, which is interpreted as the formation of a TiO x (OH) y shell, and sintering. Diffuse reflectance UV-VIS spectroscopy shows broad absorption in the VIS-NIR region, which is indicative of the presence of n-type free charge carriers. The size of the intrinsic band gap (∼3.2 eV) appears only slightly altered. Mott-Schottky measurements confirm the n-type conductivity and reveal shifts of the conduction band edge in the LiH reduced samples. Thus LiH appears as a versatile reagent to produce various distinct forms of reduced BaTiO3 with tailored electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Guo
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Aleksander Jaworski
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Zili Ma
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden .,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 DE-52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Adam Slabon
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Zoltan Bacsik
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Reji Nedumkandathil
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Ulrich Häussermann
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden
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10
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Fishman NN, Lukzen NN, Ivanov KL, Edeleva MV, Fokin SV, Romanenko GV, Ovcharenko VI. Multifrequency Nuclear Magnetic Resonance as an Efficient Tool To Investigate Heterospin Complexes in Solutions. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:1343-1352. [PMID: 31986040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a multifrequency nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study of heterospin complexes [Eu(SQ)3Ln], where SQ is 3,6-di(tert-butyl)-1,2-semiquinone, L is tetrahydrofuran (THF), pyridine (Py), or 2,2'-dipyridyl (Dipy), and n is the number of diamagnetic ligands. Multifrequency NMR experiments allowed us to determine the effective paramagnetic shifts of the ligands (L = THF or Py) and the chemical equilibrium constant for [Eu(SQ)3(THF)2]. In addition, we have found a strong magnetic field effect on the NMR line broadening, giving rise to very broad NMR lines at high magnetic fields. We attribute this effect to broadening under fast exchange conditions when the NMR spectrum represents a homogeneously broadened line with a width proportional to the square of the NMR frequency difference of the free and bound forms of L. Consequently, the line width strongly increases with the magnetic field. This broadening effect allows one to determine relevant kinetic parameters, i.e., the effective exchange time. The strong broadening effect allows one to exploit the [Eu(SQ)3(THF)2] complex as an efficient shift reagent, which not only shifts unwanted NMR signals but also broadens them, notably, in high-field NMR experiments. We have also found that [Eu(SQ)3Dipy] is a thermodynamically stable complex; hence, one can study [Eu(SQ)3Dipy] solutions without special precautions. We report an X-ray structure of the [Eu(SQ)3Dipy]·C6D6 crystals that have been grown directly in an NMR tube. This shows that multifrequency NMR investigations of heterospin compound solutions not only provide thermodynamic and kinetic data for heterospin species but also can be useful for the rational design of stable heterospin complexes and optimization of synthetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya N Fishman
- International Tomography Center , Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Institutskaya Strasse 3a , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia.,Novosibirsk State University , Pirogova Strasse 1 , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia
| | - Nikita N Lukzen
- International Tomography Center , Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Institutskaya Strasse 3a , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia.,Novosibirsk State University , Pirogova Strasse 1 , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia
| | - Konstantin L Ivanov
- International Tomography Center , Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Institutskaya Strasse 3a , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia.,Novosibirsk State University , Pirogova Strasse 1 , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia
| | - Mariya V Edeleva
- Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry , Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Academician Lavrentyev Avenue 9 , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia
| | - Sergey V Fokin
- International Tomography Center , Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Institutskaya Strasse 3a , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia
| | - Galina V Romanenko
- International Tomography Center , Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Institutskaya Strasse 3a , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia
| | - Victor I Ovcharenko
- International Tomography Center , Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Institutskaya Strasse 3a , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia
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11
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Aleksis R, Carvalho JP, Jaworski A, Pell AJ. Artefact-free broadband 2D NMR for separation of quadrupolar and paramagnetic shift interactions. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2019; 101:51-62. [PMID: 31121358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Two new two-dimensional, broadband, solid-state NMR experiments for separating and correlating the quadrupolar and shift interactions of spin I=1 nuclei in paramagnetic systems are proposed. The new pulse sequences incorporate the short, high-power adiabatic pulses (SHAPs) into the shifting d-echo experiment of Walder et al. [J. Chem. Phys., 142, 014201 (2015)], in two different ways, giving double and quadruple adiabatic shifting d-echo sequences. These new experiments have the advantage over previous methods of both suppressing spectral artefacts due to pulse imperfections, and exhibiting a broader excitation bandwidth. Both experiments are analysed with theoretical calculations and simulations, and are applied experimentally to the 2H NMR of deuterated CuCl2 ⋅2H2O, and two deuterated samples of the ion conductor oxyhydride BaTiO3-xHy prepared using two different methods. For the CuCl2 ⋅2H2O sample, both new methods obtain very high-quality spectra from which the parameters describing the shift and quadrupolar interaction tensors, and their relative orientation, were extracted. The two BaTiO3-xHy samples exhibited different local hydride environments with different tensor parameters. The 2H spectra of these oxyhydrides exhibit inhomogeneous broadening of the 2H shifts, and so whilst the quadrupolar interaction parameters were easily extracted, the measurement of the shift parameters was more complex. However, effective shift parameters were extracted, which combine the effects of both the paramagnetic shift tensor and the inhomogeneous broadening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihards Aleksis
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - José P Carvalho
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aleksander Jaworski
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew J Pell
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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12
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Pigliapochi R, O’Brien L, Pell AJ, Gaultois MW, Janssen Y, Khalifah PG, Grey CP. When Do Anisotropic Magnetic Susceptibilities Lead to Large NMR Shifts? Exploring Particle Shape Effects in the Battery Electrode Material LiFePO4. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:13089-13100. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Liam O’Brien
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE Liverpool, U.K
| | - Andrew J. Pell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW Cambridge, U.K
| | | | - Yuri Janssen
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Peter G. Khalifah
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Clare P. Grey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW Cambridge, U.K
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13
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Rankin AGM, Trébosc J, Paluch P, Lafon O, Amoureux JP. Evaluation of excitation schemes for indirect detection of 14N via solid-state HMQC NMR experiments. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 303:28-41. [PMID: 30999136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It has previously been shown that 14N NMR spectra can be reliably obtained through indirect detection via HMQC experiments. This method exploits the transfer of coherence between single-(SQ) or double-quantum (DQ) 14N coherences, and SQ coherences of a suitable spin-1/2 'spy' nucleus, e.g., 1H. It must be noted that SQ-SQ methods require a carefully optimized setup to minimize the broadening related to the first-order quadrupole interaction (i.e., an extremely well-adjusted magic angle and a highly stable spinning speed), whereas DQ-SQ ones do not. In this work, the efficiencies of four 14N excitation schemes (DANTE, XiX, Hard Pulse (HP), and Selective Long Pulse (SLP)) are compared using J-HMQC based numerical simulations and either SQ-SQ or DQ-SQ 1H-{14N} D-HMQC experiments on l-histidine HCl and N-acetyl-l-valine at 18.8 T and 62.5 kHz MAS. The results demonstrate that both DANTE and SLP provide a more efficient 14N excitation profile than XiX and HP. Furthermore, it is shown that the SLP scheme: (i) is efficient over a large range of quadrupole interaction, (ii) is highly robust to offset and rf-pulse length and amplitude, and (iii) is very simple to set up. These factors make SLP ideally suited to widespread, non-specialist use in solid-state NMR analyses of nitrogen-containing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G M Rankin
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unit of Catalysis and Chemistry of Solids, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Julien Trébosc
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unit of Catalysis and Chemistry of Solids, F-59000 Lille, France; Univ. Lille, CNRS-FR2638, Fédération Chevreul, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Piotr Paluch
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unit of Catalysis and Chemistry of Solids, F-59000 Lille, France; Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, PL-90363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Olivier Lafon
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unit of Catalysis and Chemistry of Solids, F-59000 Lille, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Jean-Paul Amoureux
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unit of Catalysis and Chemistry of Solids, F-59000 Lille, France; Bruker Biospin, 34 rue de l'industrie, F-67166 Wissembourg, France.
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14
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Götzke L, Schaper G, März J, Kaden P, Huittinen N, Stumpf T, Kammerlander KK, Brunner E, Hahn P, Mehnert A, Kersting B, Henle T, Lindoy LF, Zanoni G, Weigand JJ. Coordination chemistry of f-block metal ions with ligands bearing bio-relevant functional groups. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Pell AJ, Pintacuda G, Grey CP. Paramagnetic NMR in solution and the solid state. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 111:1-271. [PMID: 31146806 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The field of paramagnetic NMR has expanded considerably in recent years. This review addresses both the theoretical description of paramagnetic NMR, and the way in which it is currently practised. We provide a review of the theory of the NMR parameters of systems in both solution and the solid state. Here we unify the different languages used by the NMR, EPR, quantum chemistry/DFT, and magnetism communities to provide a comprehensive and coherent theoretical description. We cover the theory of the paramagnetic shift and shift anisotropy in solution both in the traditional formalism in terms of the magnetic susceptibility tensor, and using a more modern formalism employing the relevant EPR parameters, such as are used in first-principles calculations. In addition we examine the theory first in the simple non-relativistic picture, and then in the presence of spin-orbit coupling. These ideas are then extended to a description of the paramagnetic shift in periodic solids, where it is necessary to include the bulk magnetic properties, such as magnetic ordering at low temperatures. The description of the paramagnetic shift is completed by describing the current understanding of such shifts due to lanthanide and actinide ions. We then examine the paramagnetic relaxation enhancement, using a simple model employing a phenomenological picture of the electronic relaxation, and again using a more complex state-of-the-art theory which incorporates electronic relaxation explicitly. An additional important consideration in the solid state is the impact of bulk magnetic susceptibility effects on the form of the spectrum, where we include some ideas from the field of classical electrodynamics. We then continue by describing in detail the solution and solid-state NMR methods that have been deployed in the study of paramagnetic systems in chemistry, biology, and the materials sciences. Finally we describe a number of case studies in paramagnetic NMR that have been specifically chosen to highlight how the theory in part one, and the methods in part two, can be used in practice. The systems chosen include small organometallic complexes in solution, solid battery electrode materials, metalloproteins in both solution and the solid state, systems containing lanthanide ions, and multi-component materials used in pharmaceutical controlled-release formulations that have been doped with paramagnetic species to measure the component domain sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Pell
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16 C, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Guido Pintacuda
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques (CNRS UMR 5280, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1), Université de Lyon, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Clare P Grey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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16
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Nedumkandathil R, Jaworski A, Grins J, Bernin D, Karlsson M, Eklöf-Österberg C, Neagu A, Tai CW, Pell AJ, Häussermann U. Hydride Reduction of BaTiO 3 - Oxyhydride Versus O Vacancy Formation. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:11426-11438. [PMID: 31459246 PMCID: PMC6645482 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the hydride reduction of tetragonal BaTiO3 using the metal hydrides CaH2, NaH, MgH2, NaBH4, and NaAlH4. The reactions employed molar BaTiO3/H ratios of up to 1.8 and temperatures near 600 °C. The air-stable reduced products were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and 1H magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy. PXRD showed the formation of cubic products-indicative of the formation of BaTiO3-x H x -except for NaH. Lattice parameters were in a range between 4.005 Å (for NaBH4-reduced samples) and 4.033 Å (for MgH2-reduced samples). With increasing H/BaTiO3 ratio, CaH2-, NaAlH4-, and MgH2-reduced samples were afforded as two-phase mixtures. TGA in air flow showed significant weight increases of up to 3.5% for reduced BaTiO3, suggesting that metal hydride reduction yielded oxyhydrides BaTiO3-x H x with x values larger than 0.5. 1H MAS NMR spectroscopy, however, revealed rather low concentrations of H and thus a simultaneous presence of O vacancies in reduced BaTiO3. It has to be concluded that hydride reduction of BaTiO3 yields complex disordered materials BaTiO3-x H y □(x-y) with x up to 0.6 and y in a range 0.04-0.25, rather than homogeneous solid solutions BaTiO3-x H x . Resonances of (hydridic) H substituting O in the cubic perovskite structure appear in the -2 to -60 ppm spectral region. The large range of negative chemical shifts and breadth of the signals signifies metallic conductivity and structural disorder in BaTiO3-x H y □(x-y). Sintering of BaTiO3-x H y □(x-y) in a gaseous H2 atmosphere resulted in more ordered materials, as indicated by considerably sharper 1H resonances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reji Nedumkandathil
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aleksander Jaworski
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jekabs Grins
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Diana Bernin
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maths Karlsson
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carin Eklöf-Österberg
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Neagu
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cheuk-Wai Tai
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew J. Pell
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrich Häussermann
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Li Y, Trébosc J, Hu B, Shen M, Amoureux JP, Lafon O. Indirect detection of broad spectra in solid-state NMR using interleaved DANTE trains. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2018; 294:101-114. [PMID: 30032034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the performances and the optimization of 1H-{I} HMQC experiments using basic and interleaved DANTE schemes for the indirect detection of nuclei I = 1/2 or 1 exhibiting wide lines dominated by chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) or quadrupole interaction, respectively. These sequences are first described using average Hamiltonian theory. Then, we analyze using numerical simulations (i) the optimal lengths of the DANTE train and the individual pulses, (ii) the robustness of these experiments to offset, and (iii) the optimal choice of the defocusing and refocusing times for both 1H-{I} J- and D-HMQC sequences for 195Pt (I = 1/2) and 14N (I = 1) nuclei subject to large CSA and quadrupole interaction, respectively. These simulations are compared to 1H-{14N} D-HMQC experiments on γ-glycine and L-histidine.HCl at B0 = 18.8 T and MAS frequency of 62.5 kHz. The present study shows that (i) the optimal defocusing and refocusing times do not depend on the chosen DANTE scheme, (ii) the DANTE trains must be applied with the highest rf-field compatible with the probe specifications and the stability of the sample, (iii) the excitation bandwidth along the indirect dimension of HMQC sequence using DANTE trains is inversely proportional to their length, (iv) interleaved DANTE trains increase the excitation bandwidth of these sequences, and (v) dephasing under residual 1H-1H and 1H-I dipolar couplings, as well as 14N second-order quadrupole interaction, during the length of the DANTE scheme attenuate the transfer efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Li
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8181-UCCS, Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille, France; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Julien Trébosc
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8181-UCCS, Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bingwen Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Ming Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jean-Paul Amoureux
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8181-UCCS, Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille, France; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; Bruker France, 34 rue de l'Industrie, F-67166 Wissembourg, France.
| | - Olivier Lafon
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8181-UCCS, Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 1, rue Descartes, 75231 Paris, France.
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18
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Pell AJ, Sanders KJ, Wegner S, Pintacuda G, Grey CP. Low-power broadband solid-state MAS NMR of 14N. J Chem Phys 2018; 146:194202. [PMID: 28527462 DOI: 10.1063/1.4983220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose two broadband pulse schemes for 14N solid-state magic-angle-spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) that achieves (i) complete population inversion and (ii) efficient excitation of the double-quantum spectrum using low-power single-sideband-selective pulses. We give a comprehensive theoretical description of both schemes using a common framework that is based on the jolting-frame formalism of Caravatti et al. [J. Magn. Reson. 55, 88 (1983)]. This formalism is used to determine for the first time that we can obtain complete population inversion of 14N under low-power conditions, which we do here using single-sideband-selective adiabatic pulses. It is then used to predict that double-quantum coherences can be excited using low-power single-sideband-selective pulses. We then proceed to design a new experimental scheme for double-quantum excitation. The final double-quantum excitation pulse scheme is easily incorporated into other NMR experiments, as demonstrated here for double quantum-single quantum 14N correlation spectroscopy, and 1H-14N dipolar heteronuclear multiple-quantum correlation experiments. These pulses and irradiation schemes are evaluated numerically using simulations on single crystals and full powders, as well as experimentally on ammonium oxalate ((NH4)2C2O4) at moderate MAS and glycine at ultra-fast MAS. The performance of these new NMR methods is found to be very high, with population inversion efficiencies of 100% and double-quantum excitation efficiencies of 30%-50%, which are hitherto unprecedented for the low radiofrequency field amplitudes, up to the spinning frequency, that are used here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Pell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J Sanders
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1), Université de Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Guido Pintacuda
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1), Université de Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Clare P Grey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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19
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Mitoudi-Vagourdi E, Papawassiliou W, Müllner S, Jaworski A, Pell AJ, Lemmens P, Kremer RK, Johnsson M. Synthesis and Physical Properties of the Oxofluoride Cu2(SeO3)F2. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:4640-4648. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Mitoudi-Vagourdi
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wassilios Papawassiliou
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Silvia Müllner
- Institute for Physics of Condensed Matter, TU Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Aleksander Jaworski
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew J. Pell
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Lemmens
- Institute for Physics of Condensed Matter, TU Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Reinhard K. Kremer
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mats Johnsson
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Sanders KJ, Pell AJ, Wegner S, Grey CP, Pintacuda G. Broadband MAS NMR spectroscopy in the low-power limit. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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21
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Wittmann T, Mondal A, Tschense CBL, Wittmann JJ, Klimm O, Siegel R, Corzilius B, Weber B, Kaupp M, Senker J. Probing Interactions of N-Donor Molecules with Open Metal Sites within Paramagnetic Cr-MIL-101: A Solid-State NMR Spectroscopic and Density Functional Theory Study. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:2135-2144. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wittmann
- Inorganic
Chemistry III, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Arobendo Mondal
- Institute
of Chemistry, Theoretical Chemistry/Quantum Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Sekr. C7, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten B. L. Tschense
- Inorganic
Chemistry III, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Johannes J. Wittmann
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Institute of Biophysical
Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7-9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ottokar Klimm
- Inorganic
Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Renée Siegel
- Inorganic
Chemistry III, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Björn Corzilius
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Institute of Biophysical
Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7-9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Birgit Weber
- Inorganic
Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Martin Kaupp
- Institute
of Chemistry, Theoretical Chemistry/Quantum Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Sekr. C7, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Juergen Senker
- Inorganic
Chemistry III, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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22
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Avadhut YS, Weber J, Schmedt Auf der Günne J. Accurate determination of chemical shift tensor orientations of single-crystals by solid-state magic angle spinning NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2017; 282:89-103. [PMID: 28797926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An improved implementation of single-crystal magic-angle-spinning (MAS) NMR is presented which gives access to chemical shift tensors both in orientation (relative to the crystal axis system) and principal axis values. For mounting arbitrary crystals inside ordinary MAS rotors, a mounting tool is described which allows to relate the crystal orientation determined by diffraction techniques to the rotor coordinate system. The crystal is finally mounted into a MAS rotor equipped with a special insert which allows a defined reorientation of the single-crystal by 90°. The approach is based on the idea that the dispersive spectra, which are obtained when applying read-pulses at specific rotor-phases, not only yield the size of the eigenvalues but also encode the orientation of the different chemical shift (rank-2) tensors. For this purpose two 2D-data sets with orthogonal crystal orientation are fitted simultaneously. The presented analysis for chemical shift tensors is supported by an analytical formula which allows fast calculation of phase and amplitude of individual spinning side-bands and by a protocol which solves the problem of finding the correct reference phase of the spectrum. Different rotor-synchronized pulse-sequences are introduced for the same reason. Experiments are performed on L-alanine and O-phosphorylethanolamine and the observed errors are analyzed in detail. The experimental data are opposed to DFT-computed chemical shift tensors which have been obtained by the extended embedded ion method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamini S Avadhut
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Egerlandstrasse 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstraβe 5-13 (D), D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Johannes Weber
- Universität Siegen, Department Chemie und Biologie, Adolf-Reichweinstraβe, D-57068 Siegen, Germany; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstraβe 5-13 (D), D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Jörn Schmedt Auf der Günne
- Universität Siegen, Department Chemie und Biologie, Adolf-Reichweinstraβe, D-57068 Siegen, Germany; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstraβe 5-13 (D), D-81377 München, Germany.
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23
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Bertarello A, Schubeis T, Fuccio C, Ravera E, Fragai M, Parigi G, Emsley L, Pintacuda G, Luchinat C. Paramagnetic Properties of a Crystalline Iron–Sulfur Protein by Magic-Angle Spinning NMR Spectroscopy. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:6624-6629. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bertarello
- Centre de RMN à
Très Hauts Champs, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (CNRS,
ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1), Université de Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Tobias Schubeis
- Centre de RMN à
Très Hauts Champs, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (CNRS,
ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1), Université de Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Giotto Biotech S.R.L., Via Madonna
del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Carmelo Fuccio
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Interuniversity Consortium for Magnetic Resonance of Metallo Proteins (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Enrico Ravera
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Interuniversity Consortium for Magnetic Resonance of Metallo Proteins (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marco Fragai
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Interuniversity Consortium for Magnetic Resonance of Metallo Proteins (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Giacomo Parigi
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Interuniversity Consortium for Magnetic Resonance of Metallo Proteins (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut
des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guido Pintacuda
- Centre de RMN à
Très Hauts Champs, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (CNRS,
ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1), Université de Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Giotto Biotech S.R.L., Via Madonna
del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Interuniversity Consortium for Magnetic Resonance of Metallo Proteins (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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24
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Stebbins JF, McCarty RJ, Palke AC. Solid-state NMR and short-range order in crystalline oxides and silicates: a new tool in paramagnetic resonances. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 2017; 73:128-136. [PMID: 28257006 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229616015606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Most applications of high-resolution NMR to questions of short-range order/disorder in inorganic materials have been made in systems where ions with unpaired electron spins are of negligible concentration, with structural information extracted primarily from chemical shifts, quadrupolar coupling parameters, and nuclear dipolar couplings. In some cases, however, the often-large additional resonance shifts caused by interactions between unpaired electron and nuclear spins can provide unique new structural information in materials with contents of paramagnetic cations ranging from hundreds of ppm to several per cent and even higher. In this brief review we focus on recent work on silicate, phosphate, and oxide materials with relatively low concentrations of paramagnetic ions, where spectral resolution can remain high enough to distinguish interactions between NMR-observed nuclides and one or more magnetic neighbors in different bonding configurations in the first, second, and even farther cation shells. We illustrate the types of information available, some of the limitations of this approach, and the great prospects for future experimental and theoretical work in this field. We give examples for the effects of paramagnetic transition metal, lanthanide, and actinide cation substitutions in simple oxides, pyrochlore, zircon, monazite, olivine, garnet, pyrochlores, and olivine structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan F Stebbins
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Ryan J McCarty
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Aaron C Palke
- Queensland Museum and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Pecher O, Halat DM, Lee J, Liu Z, Griffith KJ, Braun M, Grey CP. Enhanced efficiency of solid-state NMR investigations of energy materials using an external automatic tuning/matching (eATM) robot. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2017; 275:127-136. [PMID: 28064071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We have developed and explored an external automatic tuning/matching (eATM) robot that can be attached to commercial and/or home-built magic angle spinning (MAS) or static nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probeheads. Complete synchronization and automation with Bruker and Tecmag spectrometers is ensured via transistor-transistor-logic (TTL) signals. The eATM robot enables an automated "on-the-fly" re-calibration of the radio frequency (rf) carrier frequency, which is beneficial whenever tuning/matching of the resonance circuit is required, e.g. variable temperature (VT) NMR, spin-echo mapping (variable offset cumulative spectroscopy, VOCS) and/or in situ NMR experiments of batteries. This allows a significant increase in efficiency for NMR experiments outside regular working hours (e.g. overnight) and, furthermore, enables measurements of quadrupolar nuclei which would not be possible in reasonable timeframes due to excessively large spectral widths. Additionally, different tuning/matching capacitor (and/or coil) settings for desired frequencies (e.g.7Li and 31P at 117 and 122MHz, respectively, at 7.05 T) can be saved and made directly accessible before automatic tuning/matching, thus enabling automated measurements of multiple nuclei for one sample with no manual adjustment required by the user. We have applied this new eATM approach in static and MAS spin-echo mapping NMR experiments in different magnetic fields on four energy storage materials, namely: (1) paramagnetic 7Li and 31P MAS NMR (without manual recalibration) of the Li-ion battery cathode material LiFePO4; (2) paramagnetic 17O VT-NMR of the solid oxide fuel cell cathode material La2NiO4+δ; (3) broadband 93Nb static NMR of the Li-ion battery material BNb2O5; and (4) broadband static 127I NMR of a potential Li-air battery product LiIO3. In each case, insight into local atomic structure and dynamics arises primarily from the highly broadened (1-25MHz) NMR lineshapes that the eATM robot is uniquely suited to collect. These new developments in automation of NMR experiments are likely to advance the application of in and ex situ NMR investigations to an ever-increasing range of energy storage materials and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Pecher
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - David M Halat
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Jeongjae Lee
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Zigeng Liu
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Kent J Griffith
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Marco Braun
- NMR Service GmbH, Blumenstr. 70, 99092 Erfurt, Germany
| | - Clare P Grey
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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Pecher O, Bayley PM, Liu H, Liu Z, Trease NM, Grey CP. Automatic Tuning Matching Cycler (ATMC) in situ NMR spectroscopy as a novel approach for real-time investigations of Li- and Na-ion batteries. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2016; 265:200-209. [PMID: 26938943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We have developed and explored the use of a new Automatic Tuning Matching Cycler (ATMC) in situ NMR probe system to track the formation of intermediate phases and investigate electrolyte decomposition during electrochemical cycling of Li- and Na-ion batteries (LIBs and NIBs). The new approach addresses many of the issues arising during in situ NMR, e.g., significantly different shifts of the multi-component samples, changing sample conditions (such as the magnetic susceptibility and conductivity) during cycling, signal broadening due to paramagnetism as well as interferences between the NMR and external cycler circuit that might impair the experiments. We provide practical insight into how to conduct ATMC in situ NMR experiments and discuss applications of the methodology to LiFePO4 (LFP) and Na3V2(PO4)2F3 cathodes as well as Na metal anodes. Automatic frequency sweep (7)Li in situ NMR reveals significant changes of the strongly paramagnetic broadened LFP line shape in agreement with the structural changes due to delithiation. Additionally, (31)P in situ NMR shows a full separation of the electrolyte and cathode NMR signals and is a key feature for a deeper understanding of the processes occurring during charge/discharge on the local atomic scale of NMR. (31)P in situ NMR with "on-the-fly" re-calibrated, varying carrier frequencies on Na3V2(PO4)2F3 as a cathode in a NIB enabled the detection of different P signals within a huge frequency range of 4000 ppm. The experiments show a significant shift and changes in the number as well as intensities of (31)P signals during desodiation/sodiation of the cathode. The in situ experiments reveal changes of local P environments that in part have not been seen in ex situ NMR investigations. Furthermore, we applied ATMC (23)Na in situ NMR on symmetrical Na-Na cells during galvanostatic plating. An automatic adjustment of the NMR carrier frequency during the in situ experiment ensured on-resonance conditions for the Na metal and electrolyte peak, respectively. Thus, interleaved measurements with different optimal NMR set-ups for the metal and electrolyte, respectively, became possible. This allowed the formation of different Na metal species as well as a quantification of electrolyte consumption during the electrochemical experiment to be monitored. The new approach is likely to benefit a further understanding of Na-ion battery chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Pecher
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Paul M Bayley
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Hao Liu
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Zigeng Liu
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Nicole M Trease
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Clare P Grey
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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27
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Rossini AJ, Hanrahan MP, Thuo M. Rapid acquisition of wideline MAS solid-state NMR spectra with fast MAS, proton detection, and dipolar HMQC pulse sequences. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:25284-25295. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04279a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fast MAS and proton detection are applied to rapidly acquire wideline solid-state NMR spectra of spin-1/2 and half-integer quadrupolar nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. Rossini
- Iowa State University
- Department of Chemistry
- Ames
- USA
- US DOE Ames Laboratory
| | | | - Martin Thuo
- US DOE Ames Laboratory
- Ames
- USA
- Iowa State University
- Materials Science and Engineering Department
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28
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Pandey MK, Nishiyama Y. Determination of relative orientation between (1)H CSA tensors from a 3D solid-state NMR experiment mediated through (1)H/(1)H RFDR mixing under ultrafast MAS. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2015; 70:15-20. [PMID: 26065628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To obtain piercing insights into inter and intramolecular H-bonding, and π-electron interactions measurement of (1)H chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) tensors is gradually becoming an obvious choice. While the magnitude of CSA tensors provides unique information about the local electronic environment surrounding the nucleus, the relative orientation between these tensors can offer further insights into the spatial arrangement of interacting nuclei in their respective three-dimensional (3D) space. In this regard, we present a 3D anisotropic/anisotropic/isotropic proton chemical shift (CSA/CSA/CS) correlation experiment mediated through (1)H/(1)H radio frequency-driven recoupling (RFDR) which enhances spin diffusion through recoupled (1)H-(1)H dipolar couplings under ultrafast magic angle spinning (MAS) frequency (70kHz). Relative orientation between two interacting 1H CSA tensors is obtained by fitting two-interacting (1)H CSA tensors by fitting two-dimensional (2D) (1)H/(1)H CSA/CSA spectral slices through extensive numerical simulations. To recouple (1)H CSAs in the indirect frequency dimensions of a 3D experiment we have employed γ-encoded radio frequency (RF) pulse sequence based on R-symmetry (R188(7)) with a series of phase-alternated 2700(°)-90180(°) composite-180° pulses on citric acid sample. Due to robustness of applied (1)H CSA recoupling sequence towards the presence of RF field inhomogeneity, we have successfully achieved an excellent (1)H/(1)H CSA/CSA cross-correlation efficiency between H-bonded sites of citric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Pandey
- RIKEN CLST-JEOL Collaboration Center, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nishiyama
- RIKEN CLST-JEOL Collaboration Center, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; JEOL RESONANCE Inc., Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan.
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Köhler FH, Storcheva O. Paramagnetic Prussian Blue Analogues CsMII[MIII(CN)6]. The Quest for Spin on Cesium Ions by Use of 133Cs MAS NMR Spectroscopy. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:6801-6. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank H. Köhler
- Department
Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Oksana Storcheva
- Department
Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
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30
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Szalontai G, Csonka R, Speier G, Kaizer J, Sabolović J. Solid-State NMR Study of Paramagnetic Bis(alaninato-κ2N,O)copper(II) and Bis(1-amino(cyclo)alkane-1-carboxylato-κ2N,O)copper(II) Complexes: Reflection of Stereoisomerism and Molecular Mobility in 13C and 2H Fast Magic Angle Spinning Spectra. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:4663-77. [DOI: 10.1021/ic502987e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Szalontai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem utca 10, H-8201 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Róbert Csonka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem utca 10, H-8201 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Gábor Speier
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem utca 10, H-8201 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - József Kaizer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem utca 10, H-8201 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Jasmina Sabolović
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, P.O. Box 291,
HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia
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