1
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Helou de Oliveira PH, Boaler PJ, Hua G, West NM, Hembre RT, Penney JM, Al-Afyouni MH, Woollins JD, García-Domínguez A, Lloyd-Jones GC. Kinetics of sulfur-transfer from titanocene (poly)sulfides to sulfenyl chlorides: rapid metal-assisted concerted substitution. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11875-11883. [PMID: 39092120 PMCID: PMC11290412 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02737j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of sulfur transfer from titanocene (poly)sulfides (RCp2TiS5, Cp2TiS4CMe2, Cp2Ti(SAr)2, Cp2TiCl(SAr)) to sulfenyl chlorides (S2Cl2, RSCl) have been investigated by a combination of stopped-flow UV-Vis/NMR reaction monitoring, titration assays, numerical kinetic modelling and KS-DFT calculations. The reactions are rapid, proceeding to completion over timescales of milliseconds to minutes, via a sequence of two S-S bond-forming steps (k 1, k 2). The archetypical polysulfides Cp2TiS5 (1a) and Cp2TiS4C(Me2) (2a) react with disulfur dichloride (S2Cl2) through rate-limiting intermolecular S-S bond formation (k 1) followed by a rapid intramolecular cyclization (k 2, with k 2 ≫ k 1 [RSCl]). The monofunctional sulfenyl chlorides (RSCl) studied herein react in two intermolecular S-S bond forming steps proceeding at similar rates (k 1 ≈ k 2). Reactions of titanocene bisthiophenolates, Cp2Ti(SAr)2 (5), with both mono- and di-functional sulfenyl chlorides result in rapid accumulation of the monothiophenolate, Cp2TiCl(SAr) (6) (k 1 > k 2). Across the range of reactants studied, the rates are relatively insensitive to changes in temperature and in the electronics of the sulfenyl chloride, moderately sensitive to the electronics of the titanocene (poly)sulfide (ρ (Ti-(SAr)) ≈ -2.0), and highly sensitive to the solvent polarity, with non-polar solvents (CS2, CCl4) leading to the slowest rates. The combined sensitivities are the result of a concerted, polarized and late transition state for the rate-limiting S-S bond forming step, accompanied by a large entropic penalty. Each substitution step {[Ti]-SR' + Cl-SR → [Ti]-Cl + RS-SR'} proceeds via titanium-assisted Cl-S cleavage to generate a transient pentacoordinate complex, Cl-[Cp2TiX]-S(R')-SR, which then undergoes rapid Ti-S dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick J Boaler
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Guoxiong Hua
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST UK
| | - Nathan M West
- Eastman Chemical Company 200 S Wilcox Dr Kingsport Tennessee 37660 USA
| | - Robert T Hembre
- Eastman Chemical Company 200 S Wilcox Dr Kingsport Tennessee 37660 USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Guy C Lloyd-Jones
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
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2
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Ogura T, Wakayama M. Coaxial-Tube Quantitative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance for Various Solutions Using SI-Traceable Concentration References. Anal Chem 2024; 96:11657-11665. [PMID: 38975800 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) is an accepted method for determining analyte concentrations using quantitative substances in one spectrum. Conventional qNMR is performed using a mixture of analytes and reference substances. In coaxial-tube NMR, two tubes are used as different solutions, similar to normal NMR spectra. Currently, coaxial tubes with various diameters are available; however, coaxial-tube qNMR is limited, and a general analytical protocol is yet to be proposed. In this study, we established an effective volume ratio (EVR) measurement method using the weight density and qNMR methods. Various analyte concentrations were determined using coaxial-tube qNMR and an SI-traceable reagent. The EVR required for the qNMR concentration calculation was determined using a coefficient of variation (CV) of <1% for an inner tube of ϕ 3 mm or less. The peak integral of each substance was correlated with the effective volume, depending on the abundance of the tube and matched 1H in the solution. The T1 relaxation times differed depending on the substructure, and the T1 values of the formate and OH groups varied for each tube set. Thus, each partial structural characteristic of the peak must be understood before qNMR is performed. The concentrations of various substances, including hygroscopic substances, were determined using coaxial-tube qNMR. Coaxial tubes eliminate the need to mix the analyte with the reference substance; thus, we can quantify the analyte without causing pH and structural changes caused by other mixtures and reuse the analyte for other test systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Ogura
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Masataka Wakayama
- Integrated Medical and Agricultural School for Public Health, Ehime University, 454 Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
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3
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Boaler P, Piskorz TK, Bickerton LE, Wang J, Duarte F, Lloyd-Jones GC, Lusby PJ. Origins of High-Activity Cage-Catalyzed Michael Addition. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19317-19326. [PMID: 38976816 PMCID: PMC11258793 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Cage catalysis continues to create significant interest, yet catalyst function remains poorly understood. Herein, we report mechanistic insights into coordination-cage-catalyzed Michael addition using kinetic and computational methods. The study has been enabled by the detection of identifiable catalyst intermediates, which allow the evolution of different cage species to be monitored and modeled alongside reactants and products. The investigations show that the overall acceleration results from two distinct effects. First, the cage reaction shows a thousand-fold increase in the rate constant for the turnover-limiting C-C bond-forming step compared to a reference state. Computational modeling and experimental analysis of activation parameters indicate that this stems from a significant reduction in entropy, suggesting substrate coencapsulation. Second, the cage markedly acidifies the bound pronucleophile, shifting this equilibrium by up to 6 orders of magnitude. The combination of these two factors results in accelerations up to 109 relative to bulk-phase reference reactions. We also show that the catalyst can fundamentally alter the reaction mechanism, leading to intermediates and products that are not observable outside of the cage. Collectively, the results show that cage catalysis can proceed with very high activity and unique selectivity by harnessing a series of individually weak noncovalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick
J. Boaler
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster
Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Tomasz K. Piskorz
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Laura E. Bickerton
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster
Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Jianzhu Wang
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster
Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Guy C. Lloyd-Jones
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster
Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Paul J. Lusby
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster
Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ, U.K.
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4
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Vinothkanna A, Dar OI, Liu Z, Jia AQ. Advanced detection tools in food fraud: A systematic review for holistic and rational detection method based on research and patents. Food Chem 2024; 446:138893. [PMID: 38432137 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Modern food chain supply management necessitates the dire need for mitigating food fraud and adulterations. This holistic review addresses different advanced detection technologies coupled with chemometrics to identify various types of adulterated foods. The data on research, patent and systematic review analyses (2018-2023) revealed both destructive and non-destructive methods to demarcate a rational approach for food fraud detection in various countries. These intricate hygiene standards and AI-based technology are also summarized for further prospective research. Chemometrics or AI-based techniques for extensive food fraud detection are demanded. A systematic assessment reveals that various methods to detect food fraud involving multiple substances need to be simple, expeditious, precise, cost-effective, eco-friendly and non-intrusive. The scrutiny resulted in 39 relevant experimental data sets answering key questions. However, additional research is necessitated for an affirmative conclusion in food fraud detection system with modern AI and machine learning approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annadurai Vinothkanna
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570311, China.
| | - Owias Iqbal Dar
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhu Liu
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Ai-Qun Jia
- Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570311, China.
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5
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Herold D, Brauser M, Kind J, Thiele CM. Evolution of a Combined UV/Vis and NMR Setup with Fixed Pathlengths for Mass-limited Samples. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304016. [PMID: 38360972 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The investigation of reaction mechanisms is a complex task that usually requires the use of several techniques. To obtain as much information as possible on the reaction and any intermediates - possibly invisible to one technique - the combination of techniques is a solution. In this work we present a new setup for combined UV/Vis and NMR spectroscopy and compare it to an established alternative. The presented approach allows a versatile usage of different commercially-available components like mirrors and fiber bundles as well as different fixed pathlengths according to double transmission or single transmission measurements. While a previous approach is based on a dip-probe setup for conventional NMR probes, the new one is based on a micro-Helmholtz coil array (LiquidVoxel™). This makes the use of rectangular cuvettes possible, which ensure well-defined pathlengths allowing for quantification of species. Additionally, very low quantities of compound can be analyzed due to the microfabrication and small cuvette size used. As proof-of-principle this new setup for combined UV/Vis and NMR spectroscopy is used to examine a well-studied photochromic system of the dithienylethene compound class. A thorough comparison of the pros and cons of the two setups for combined UV/Vis and NMR measurements is performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Herold
- Technische Universität Darmstadt/Technical University of Darmstadt, Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie/Clemens Schöpf Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Darmstadt, D-64289, Germany
| | - Matthias Brauser
- Technische Universität Darmstadt/Technical University of Darmstadt, Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie/Clemens Schöpf Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Darmstadt, D-64289, Germany
| | - Jonas Kind
- Technische Universität Darmstadt/Technical University of Darmstadt, Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie/Clemens Schöpf Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Darmstadt, D-64289, Germany
| | - Christina M Thiele
- Technische Universität Darmstadt/Technical University of Darmstadt, Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie/Clemens Schöpf Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Darmstadt, D-64289, Germany
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6
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Nowag J, Brauser M, Steuernagel L, Wende RC, Schreiner PR, Thiele CM. Quantifying Intermolecular Interactions in Asymmetric Peptide Organocatalysis as a Key toward Understanding Selectivity. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:170-180. [PMID: 38117177 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The kinetic resolution of trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diol with a lipophilic oligopeptide catalyst shows extraordinary selectivities. To improve our understanding of the factors governing selectivity, we quantified the Gibbs free energies of interactions of the peptide with both enantiomers of trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diol using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. For this, we use advanced methods such as transverse relaxation (R2), diffusion measurements, saturation transfer difference (STD), and chemical shift (δ) analysis of peptide-diol mixtures upon varying their composition (NMR titrations). The methods employed give comparable and consistent results. The molecular recognition by the catalyst is approximately 3 kJ mol-1 in favor of the preferentially acetylated (R,R)-enantiomer in the temperature range studied. Interestingly, the difference of 3 kJ mol-1 is also confirmed by results from reaction monitoring of the acylation step under catalytic conditions, indicating that this finding is true regardless of whether the investigation is performed on the acetylated species or on the free catalyst. To arrive at these conclusions, the self-association of both the catalyst and the substrate in toluene was found to play an important role and thus needs to be taken into account in reaction screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Nowag
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 16, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Matthias Brauser
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 16, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lisa Steuernagel
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 16, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Raffael C Wende
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter R Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Christina M Thiele
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 16, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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7
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Lin Z, Oliveira JC, Scheremetjew A, Ackermann L. Palladium-Catalyzed Electrooxidative Double C-H Arylation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:228-239. [PMID: 38150013 PMCID: PMC10785825 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical transition metal-catalyzed cross-dehydrogenative reaction has emerged as a promising platform to achieve a sustainable and atom-economic organic synthesis that avoids hazardous oxidants and minimizes undesired byproducts and circuitous functional group operations. However, a poor mechanistic understanding still prevents the widespread adoption of this strategy. In this regard, we herein present an electrochemical palladium-catalyzed oxidative coupling strategy to access biaryls in the absence of a stoichiometric chemical oxidant. The robust palladaelectrocatalysis considerably suppresses the occurrence of homocoupling and oxygenation, being compatible even with electron-deficient arenes. Late-stage functionalization and Boscalid precursor synthesis further highlighted the practical importance of our electrolysis. Remarkably, mechanistic studies including the evaluation of the reaction order of each component by variable time normalization analysis (VTNA) and initial rate analysis, H/D exchange experiment, kinetic isotope effect, and stoichiometric organometallic experiments provided strong support for the involvement of transmetalation between two organopalladium complexes in the turnover limiting step. Therefore, matching the concentrations or lifetimes of two distinct organopalladium intermediates is revealed to be a pivot to the success of electrooxidative catalysis. Moreover, the presence of cationic copper(II) seems to contribute to the stabilization of the palladium(0) catalyst instead of playing a role in the oxidation of the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Lin
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Wöhler
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - João C.
A. Oliveira
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Wöhler
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexej Scheremetjew
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Wöhler
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Wöhler
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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8
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Morrelli D, Maitra S, Krishnan VV. To flame-seal or not to flame-seal NMR tubes: The role of liquid-vapor equilibria on the accuracy of variable temperature experiments. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2024; 62:19-27. [PMID: 37994184 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
In NMR experiments, it is crucial to control the temperature of the sample, especially when measuring kinetic parameters. Usually, it takes 2 to 5 min for the temperature of the sample inside the NMR probe to stabilize at a fixed value set for the experiment. However, the NMR sample tubes are flame-sealed in some cases, such as when working with volatile solvents, atmosphere-sensitive samples, or calibration samples for long-term use. When these samples are placed inside the NMR probe, the spectrometer controls the lower portion (liquid phase) of the NMR sample tube with a gas flow at a fixed temperature, while the upper portion (vapor) is at ambient temperature. This probe design creates a unique temperature gradient across the sample, leading to vapor pressure build-up, particularly inside a sealed NMR tube. By analyzing the temperature-dependent spectral line shape changes of a chemical exchange process, we report that under standard experimental conditions, the sample temperature can take up to 2 to 3 h (instead of minutes) to stabilize. The time scale of the liquid-vapor equilibrium process is much slower, with a half-life exceeding 35 min, in contrast to the 2-min duration required to obtain each spectrum. This phenomenon is exclusively due to the liquid-vapor equilibrium process of the flame-sealed NMR tube and is not observable otherwise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Morrelli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fresno, Fresno, California, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Southwestern Oregon Community College, Coos Bay, Oregon, USA
| | - Santanu Maitra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fresno, Fresno, California, USA
| | - V V Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fresno, Fresno, California, USA
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
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9
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Minshull H, Lloyd-Jones GC. TMSCF 3-Mediated Conversion of Salicylates into α,α-Difluoro-3-coumaranones: Chain Kinetics, Anion-Speciation, and Mechanism. J Org Chem 2023; 88:17450-17460. [PMID: 38041656 PMCID: PMC10729029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
As reported by Zhao, the TBAT ([Ph3SiF2]-[Bu4N]+)-initiated reaction of ethyl salicylate with TMSCF3 in THF generates α,α-difluoro-3-coumaranones via the corresponding O-silylated ethoxy ketals. The mechanism has been investigated by in situ 19F and 29Si NMR spectroscopy, CF2-trapping, competition, titration, and comparison of the kinetics with the 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-fluoro ethyl salicylate analogues and their O-silylated derivatives. The process evolves in five distinct stages, each arising from a discrete array of anion speciations that modulate a sequence of silyl-transfer chain reactions. The deconvolution of coupled equilibria between salicylate, [CF3]-, and siliconate [Me3Si(CF3)2]- anions allowed the development of a kinetic model that accounts for the first three stages. The model provides valuable practical insights. For example, it explains how the initial concentrations of the TMSCF3 and salicylate and the location of electron-withdrawing salicylate ring substituents profoundly impact the overall viability of the process, how stoichiometric CF3H generation can be bypassed by using the O-silylated salicylate, and how the very slow liberation of the α,α-difluoro-3-coumaranone can be rapidly accelerated by evaporative or aqueous workup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah
B. Minshull
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Guy C. Lloyd-Jones
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K.
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10
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de Kleijne FFJ, Ter Braak F, Piperoudis D, Moons PH, Moons SJ, Elferink H, White PB, Boltje TJ. Detection and Characterization of Rapidly Equilibrating Glycosylation Reaction Intermediates Using Exchange NMR. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:26190-26201. [PMID: 38008912 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The stereoselective introduction of glycosidic bonds (glycosylation) is one of the main challenges in the chemical synthesis of carbohydrates. Glycosylation reaction mechanisms are difficult to control because, in many cases, the exact reactive species driving product formation cannot be detected and the product outcome cannot be explained by the primary reaction intermediate observed. In these cases, reactions are expected to take place via other low-abundance reaction intermediates that are in rapid equilibrium with the primary reaction intermediate via a Curtin-Hammett scenario. Despite this principle being well-known in organic synthesis, mechanistic studies investigating this model in glycosylation reactions are complicated by the challenge of detecting the extremely short-lived reactive species responsible for product formation. Herein, we report the utilization of the chemical equilibrium between low-abundance reaction intermediates and the stable, readily observed α-glycosyl triflate intermediate in order to infer the structure of the former species by employing exchange NMR. Using this technique, we enabled the detection of reaction intermediates such as β-glycosyl triflates and glycosyl dioxanium ions. This demonstrates the power of exchange NMR to unravel reaction mechanisms as we aim to build a catalog of kinetic parameters, allowing for the understanding and eventual prediction of glycosylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank F J de Kleijne
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Floor Ter Braak
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitrios Piperoudis
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H Moons
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sam J Moons
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hidde Elferink
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul B White
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Boltje
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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11
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Praud C, Ribay V, Dey A, Charrier B, Mandral J, Farjon J, Dumez JN, Giraudeau P. Optimization of heteronuclear ultrafast 2D NMR for the study of complex mixtures hyperpolarized by dynamic nuclear polarization. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:6209-6219. [PMID: 37942549 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01681a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized 13C NMR at natural abundance, based on dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (d-DNP), provides rich, sensitive and repeatable 13C NMR fingerprints of complex mixtures. However, the sensitivity enhancement is associated with challenges such as peak overlap and the difficulty to assign hyperpolarized 13C signals. Ultrafast (UF) 2D NMR spectroscopy makes it possible to record heteronuclear 2D maps of d-DNP hyperpolarized samples. Heteronuclear UF 2D NMR can provide correlation peaks that link quaternary carbons and protons through long-range scalar couplings. Here, we report the analytical assessment of an optimized UF long-range HETCOR pulse sequence, applied to the detection of metabolic mixtures at natural abundance and hyperpolarized by d-DNP, based on repeatability and sensitivity considerations. We show that metabolite-dependent limits of quantification in the range of 1-50 mM (in the sample before dissolution) can be achieved, with a repeatability close to 10% and a very good linearity. We provide a detailed comparison of such analytical performance in two different dissolution solvents, D2O and MeOD. The reported pulse sequence appears as an useful analytical tool to facilitate the assignment and integration of metabolite signals in hyperpolarized complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Praud
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Victor Ribay
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Arnab Dey
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Benoît Charrier
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Joris Mandral
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Jonathan Farjon
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France.
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12
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Lhoste C, Bazzoni M, Bonnet J, Bernard A, Felpin FX, Giraudeau P, Dumez JN. Broadband ultrafast 2D NMR spectroscopy for online monitoring in continuous flow. Analyst 2023; 148:5255-5261. [PMID: 37740277 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01165h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Flow NMR is a powerful tool to monitor chemical reactions under realistic conditions. Here, we describe ultrafast (UF) 2D NMR schemes that make it possible to acquire broadband homonuclear 2D NMR spectra in 90 seconds or less for a continuously flowing sample. An interleaved acquisition strategy is used to address the spectral width limitation of UF 2D NMR. We show how, for a flowing sample, the use of a transverse axis for spatial encoding makes it possible to achieve the very high scan-to-scan stability required for interleaved acquisition. We also describe an optimised solvent suppression strategy that is effective for interleaved acquisition in continuous flow. These developments open the way to online monitoring with flow 2D NMR at high time resolution, as we illustrate with the monitoring of an organocatalysed condensation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Lhoste
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | | | - Justine Bonnet
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Aurélie Bernard
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, F-44000 Nantes, France.
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13
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Williams PJH, Killeen C, Chagunda IC, Henderson B, Donnecke S, Munro W, Sidhu J, Kraft D, Harrington DA, McIndoe JS. Continuous addition kinetic elucidation: catalyst and reactant order, rate constant, and poisoning from a single experiment. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9970-9977. [PMID: 37736619 PMCID: PMC10510844 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02698a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinetic analysis of catalytic reactions is a powerful tool for mechanistic elucidation but is often challenging to perform, limiting understanding and therefore development of these reactions. Establishing order in a catalyst is usually achieved by running several reactions at different loadings, which is both time-consuming and complicated by the challenge of maintaining consistent run-to-run experimental conditions. Continuous addition kinetic elucidation (CAKE) was developed to circumvent these issues by continuously injecting a catalyst into a reaction, while monitoring reaction progress over time. For reactions that are mth order in a single yield-limiting reactant and nth order in catalyst, a plot of reactant concentration against time has a shape dependent only on the orders m and n. Therefore, fitting experimental CAKE data (using open access code or a convenient web tool) allows the reactant and catalyst orders, rate constant, and the amount of complete catalyst inhibition to be determined from a single experiment. Kinetic information obtained from CAKE experiments showed good agreement with the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J H Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria PO Box 1700 STN CSC Victoria BC V8W 2Y2 Canada +1 250 721-7166
| | - Charles Killeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria PO Box 1700 STN CSC Victoria BC V8W 2Y2 Canada +1 250 721-7166
| | - Ian C Chagunda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria PO Box 1700 STN CSC Victoria BC V8W 2Y2 Canada +1 250 721-7166
| | - Brett Henderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria PO Box 1700 STN CSC Victoria BC V8W 2Y2 Canada +1 250 721-7166
| | - Sofia Donnecke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria PO Box 1700 STN CSC Victoria BC V8W 2Y2 Canada +1 250 721-7166
| | - Wil Munro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria PO Box 1700 STN CSC Victoria BC V8W 2Y2 Canada +1 250 721-7166
| | - Jaspreet Sidhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria PO Box 1700 STN CSC Victoria BC V8W 2Y2 Canada +1 250 721-7166
| | - Denaisha Kraft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria PO Box 1700 STN CSC Victoria BC V8W 2Y2 Canada +1 250 721-7166
| | - David A Harrington
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria PO Box 1700 STN CSC Victoria BC V8W 2Y2 Canada +1 250 721-7166
| | - J Scott McIndoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria PO Box 1700 STN CSC Victoria BC V8W 2Y2 Canada +1 250 721-7166
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14
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Dale HA, Hodges GR, Lloyd-Jones GC. Kinetics and Mechanism of Azole n-π*-Catalyzed Amine Acylation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18126-18140. [PMID: 37526380 PMCID: PMC10436283 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Azole anions are highly competent in the activation of weak acyl donors, but, unlike neutral (aprotic) Lewis bases, are not yet widely applied as acylation catalysts. Using a combination of in situ and stopped-flow 1H/19F NMR spectroscopy, kinetics, isotopic labeling, 1H DOSY, and electronic structure calculations, we have investigated azole-catalyzed aminolysis of p-fluorophenyl acetate. The global kinetics have been elucidated under four sets of conditions, and the key elementary steps underpinning catalysis deconvoluted using a range of intermediates and transition state probes. While all evidence points to an overarching mechanism involving n-π* catalysis via N-acylated azole intermediates, a diverse array of kinetic regimes emerges from this framework. Even seemingly minor changes to the solvent, auxiliary base, or azole catalyst can elicit profound changes in the temporal evolution, thermal sensitivity, and progressive inhibition of catalysis. These observations can only be rationalized by taking a holistic view of the mechanism and a set of limiting regimes for the kinetics. Overall, the analysis of 18 azole catalysts spanning nearly 10 orders of magnitude in acidity highlights the pitfall of pursuing ever more nucleophilic catalysts without regard for catalyst speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey
J. A. Dale
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - George R. Hodges
- Jealott’s
Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, U.K.
| | - Guy C. Lloyd-Jones
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K.
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15
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Ruoff KP, Gish MK, Song E, Douair I, Pandey P, Steger M, Johnson JC, Carroll PJ, Gau M, Chang CH, Larsen RE, Ferguson AJ, Schelter EJ. Mediating Photochemical Reaction Rates at Lewis Acidic Rare Earths by Selective Energy Loss to 4f-Electron States. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37467432 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Manifesting chemical differences in individual rare earth (RE) element complexes is challenging due to the similar sizes of the tripositive cations and the corelike 4f shell. We disclose a new strategy for differentiating between similarly sized Dy3+ and Y3+ ions through a tailored photochemical reaction of their isostructural complexes in which the f-electron states of Dy3+ act as an energy sink. Complexes RE(hfac)3(NMMO)2 (RE = Dy (2-Dy) and Y (2-Y), hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetonate, and NMMO = N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide) showed variable rates of oxygen atom transfer (OAT) to triphenylphosphine under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, as monitored by 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopies. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) identified the excited state(s) responsible for the photochemical OAT reaction or lack thereof. Competing sensitization pathways leading to excited-state deactivation in 2-Dy through energy transfer to the 4f electron manifold ultimately slows the OAT reaction at this metal cation. The measured rate differences between the open-shell Dy3+ and closed-shell Y3+ complexes demonstrate that using established principles of 4f ion sensitization may deliver new, selective modalities for differentiating the RE elements that do not depend on cation size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Ruoff
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Melissa K Gish
- Materials, Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Ellen Song
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Iskander Douair
- Materials, Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Pragati Pandey
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Mark Steger
- Materials, Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Justin C Johnson
- Materials, Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Patrick J Carroll
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Michael Gau
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Christopher H Chang
- Materials, Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Ross E Larsen
- Materials, Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Andrew J Ferguson
- Materials, Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Eric J Schelter
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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16
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Bara‐Estaún A, Harder MC, Lyall CL, Lowe JP, Suturina E, Hintermair U. Paramagnetic Relaxation Agents for Enhancing Temporal Resolution and Sensitivity in Multinuclear FlowNMR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300215. [PMID: 36946535 PMCID: PMC10962566 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Sensitivity in FlowNMR spectroscopy for reaction monitoring often suffers from low levels of pre-magnetisation due to limited residence times of the sample in the magnetic field. While this in-flow effect is tolerable for high sensitivity nuclei such as 1 H and 19 F, it significantly reduces the signal-to-noise ratio in 31 P and 13 C spectra, making FlowNMR impractical for low sensititvity nuclei at low concentrations. Paramagnetic relaxation agents (PRAs), which enhance polarisation and spin-lattice relaxation, could eliminate the adverse in-flow effect and improve the signal-to-noise ratio. Herein, [Co(acac)3 ], [Mn(acac)3 ], [Fe(acac)3 ], [Cr(acac)3 ], [Ni(acac)2 ]3, [Gd(tmhd)3 ] and [Cr(tmhd)3 ] are investigated for their effectiveness in improving signal intensity per unit time in FlowNMR applications under the additional constraint of chemical inertness towards catalytically active transition metal complexes. High-spin Cr(III) acetylacetonates emerged as the most effective compounds, successfully reducing 31 P T1 values four- to five-fold at PRA concentrations as low as 10 mM without causing adverse line broadening. Whereas [Cr(acac)3 ] showed signs of chemical reactivity with a mixture of triphenylphosphine, triphenylphosphine oxide and triphenylphosphate over the course of several hours at 80° C, the bulkier [Cr(tmhd)3 ] was stable and equally effective as a PRA under these conditions. Compatibility with a range of representative transition metal complexes often used in homogeneous catalysis has been investigated, and application of [Cr(tmhd)3 ] in significantly improving 1 H and 31 P{1 H} FlowNMR data quality in a Rh-catalysed hydroformylation reaction has been demonstrated. With the PRA added, 13 C relaxation times were reduced more than six-fold, allowing quantitative reaction monitoring of substrate consumption and product formation by 13 C{1 H} FlowNMR spectroscopy at natural abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Bara‐Estaún
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Bath Claverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring FacilityUniversity of Bath, Claverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
| | - Marie C. Harder
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Bath Claverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring FacilityUniversity of Bath, Claverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
| | - Catherine L. Lyall
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Bath Claverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring FacilityUniversity of Bath, Claverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
| | - John P. Lowe
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Bath Claverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring FacilityUniversity of Bath, Claverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
| | - Elizaveta Suturina
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Bath Claverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
| | - Ulrich Hintermair
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Bath Claverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring FacilityUniversity of Bath, Claverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
- Institute for SustainabilityUniversity of BathBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
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17
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Dalligos D, Pilling MJ, Dimitrakis G, Ball LT. Coaxial Dielectric Spectroscopy as an In-Line Process Analytical Technique for Reaction Monitoring. Org Process Res Dev 2023; 27:1094-1103. [PMID: 37342802 PMCID: PMC10278184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The suitability of broadband dielectric spectroscopy (DS) as a tool for in-line (in situ) reaction monitoring is demonstrated. Using the esterification of 4-nitrophenol as a test-case, we show that multivariate analysis of time-resolved DS data-collected across a wide frequency range with a coaxial dip-probe-allows reaction progress to be measured with both high precision and high accuracy. In addition to the workflows for data collection and analysis, we also establish a convenient method for rapidly assessing the applicability of DS to previously untested reactions or processes. We envisage that, given its orthogonality to other spectroscopic methods, its low cost, and its ease of implementation, DS will be a valuable addition to the process chemist's analytical toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree
M. Dalligos
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Coates Building, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Michael J. Pilling
- Chemical
Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K.
| | - Georgios Dimitrakis
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Coates Building, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Liam T. Ball
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
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18
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Chen DW, Wan P, Yao J, Yang X, Liu J. Egg yolk phospholipids as an ideal precursor of fatty note odorants for chicken meat and fried foods: A review. Food Chem 2023; 407:135177. [PMID: 36527950 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Egg yolk phospholipids (PLs) have been demonstrated to generate large quantities of lipid-derived odorants, especially the fatty note odorants. Recently, egg yolk PLs have been successfully used in chicken meat and fried foods to improve aroma. This review comprehensively summarizes the properties of egg yolk PLs as precursors of fatty note odorants, including their classes, extraction, identification, oxidation, decomposition and odorant formation, applications, considerations and future prospects in the food industry. Most likely, phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the most abundant class in egg yolk PLs, and PC is more efficient than phosphatidylethanolamine in generating fatty note odorants; moreover, the predominant polyunsaturated fatty acid is linoleic acid, and its corresponding predominant hydroperoxide is 9-hydroperoxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid during autoxidation, which is the precursor of 2,4-decadienals and 2,4-nonadienals, the key fatty note odorants. Therefore, egg yolk PLs could be an ideal precursor of fatty note odorants for chicken meat and fried foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Wei Chen
- Department of Food Science, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China.
| | - Peng Wan
- Department of Food Science, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Jingyu Yao
- Department of Food Science, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- Department of Food Science, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Food Science, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
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19
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Sagmeister P, Prieschl M, Kaldre D, Gadiyar C, Moessner C, Sedelmeier J, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Continuous Flow-Facilitated CB2 Agonist Synthesis, Part 1: Azidation and [3 + 2] Cycloaddition. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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20
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Stroek W, Albrecht M. Discovery of a simple iron catalyst reveals the intimate steps of C-H amination to form C-N bonds. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2849-2859. [PMID: 36937598 PMCID: PMC10016609 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04170g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of ubiquitous C-N bonds traditionally uses prefunctionalized carbon precursors. Recently, metal-catalyzed amination of unfunctionalized C-H bonds with azides has become an attractive and atom-economic strategy for C-N bond formation, though all catalysts contain sophisticated ligands. Here, we report Fe(HMDS)2 (HMDS = N(SiMe3)2 -) as an easy-to-prepare catalyst for intramolecular C-H amination. The catalyst shows unprecedented turnover frequencies (110 h-1 vs. 70 h-1 reported to date) and requires no additives. Amination is successful for benzylic and aliphatic C-H bonds (>80% yield) and occurs even at room temperature. The simplicity of the catalyst enabled for the first time comprehensive mechanistic investigations. Kinetic, stoichiometric, and computational studies unveiled the intimate steps of the C-H amination process, including the resting state of the catalyst and turnover-limiting N2 loss of the coordinated azide. The high reactivity of the iron imido intermediate is rationalized by its complex spin system revealing imidyl and nitrene character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wowa Stroek
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Martin Albrecht
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
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21
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Grubel K, Rosenthal WS, Autrey T, Henson NJ, Koh K, Flowers S, Blake TA. An experimental, computational, and uncertainty analysis study of the rates of iodoalkane trapping by DABCO in solution phase organic media. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:6914-6926. [PMID: 36807434 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05286e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy was used to measure the rates of the first and second substitution reactions between iodoalkane (R = Me, 1-butyl) and DABCO in methanol, acetonitrile and DMSO. Most of the reactions were recorded at three different temperatures, which permitted calculation of the activation parameters from Eyring and Arrhenius plots. Additionally, the reaction rate and heat of reaction for 1-iodobutane + DABCO in acetonitrile and DMSO were also measured using calorimetry. To help interpret experimental results, ab initio calculations were performed on the reactant, product, and transition state entities to understand structures, reaction enthalpies and activation parameters. Markov chain Monte Carlo statistical sampling was used to determine a distribution of kinetic rates with respect to the uncertainties in measured concentrations and correlations between parameters imposed by a kinetics model. The reactions with 1-iodobutane are found to be slower in all cases compared to reactions under similar conditions for iodomethane. This is due to steric crowding around the reaction centre for the larger butyl group compared to methyl which results in a larger activation energy for the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Grubel
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K4-13, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| | - W Steven Rosenthal
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K4-13, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| | - Tom Autrey
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K4-13, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| | - Neil J Henson
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K4-13, Richland, WA 99352, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Katherine Koh
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K4-13, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| | - Sarah Flowers
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K4-13, Richland, WA 99352, USA. .,Boston Heart Diagnostics, 31 Gage St., Needham, MA 02492, USA
| | - Thomas A Blake
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K4-13, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
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22
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Ondar EE, Polynski MV, Ananikov VP. Predicting 195 Pt NMR Chemical Shifts in Water-Soluble Inorganic/Organometallic Complexes with a Fast and Simple Protocol Combining Semiempirical Modeling and Machine Learning. Chemphyschem 2023:e202200940. [PMID: 36806426 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble Pt complexes are the key components in medicinal chemistry and catalysis. The well-known cisplatin family of anticancer drugs and industrial hydrosylilation catalysts are two leading examples. On the molecular level, the activity mechanisms of such complexes mostly involve changes in the Pt coordination sphere. Using 195 Pt NMR spectroscopy for operando monitoring would be a valuable tool for uncovering the activity mechanisms; however, reliable approaches for the rapid correlation of Pt complex structure with 195 Pt chemical shifts are very challenging and not available for everyday research practice. While NMR shielding is a response property, molecular 3D structure determines NMR spectra, as widely known, which allows us to build up 3D structure to 195 Pt chemical shift correlations. Accordingly, we present a new workflow for the determination of lowest-energy configurational/conformational isomers based on the GFN2-xTB semiempirical method and prediction of corresponding chemical shifts with a Machine Learning (ML) model tuned for Pt complexes. The workflow was designed for the prediction of 195 Pt chemical shifts of water-soluble Pt(II) and Pt(IV) anionic, neutral, and cationic complexes with halide, NO2 - , (di)amino, and (di)carboxylate ligands with chemical shift values ranging from -6293 to 7090 ppm. The model offered an accuracy (normalized root-mean-square deviation/RMSD) of 1.08 %/145.02 ppm on the held-out test set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniia E Ondar
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Polynski
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Scientific Technological Center of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences, 26 Azatutyan Ave, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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23
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Deem M, Hein JE. A Method for Converting HPLC Peak Area from Online Reaction Monitoring to Concentration Using Nonlinear Regression. J Org Chem 2023; 88:1292-1297. [PMID: 36625157 PMCID: PMC9872085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Online HPLC reaction progress monitoring provides detailed data-rich profiles; however, extracting kinetic information requires ultraviolet-visible response factors to determine concentrations from peak areas. If the reaction's overall mass balance is known and some analytical trend for all relevant species can be recorded, it is possible to estimate the absolute response factors of all species using a system of linear equations. We delineate a method using the Microsoft Solver plug-in to convert time course profiles to reagent concentrations without analytical standards.
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24
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Dumez JN. NMR methods for the analysis of mixtures. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:13855-13872. [PMID: 36458684 PMCID: PMC9753098 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05053f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy is a powerful approach for the analysis of mixtures. Its usefulness arises in large part from the vast landscape of methods, and corresponding pulse sequences, that have been and are being designed to tackle the specific properties of mixtures of small molecules. This feature article describes a selection of methods that aim to address the complexity, the low concentrations, and the changing nature that mixtures can display. These notably include pure-shift and diffusion NMR methods, hyperpolarisation methods, and fast 2D NMR methods such as ultrafast 2D NMR and non-uniform sampling. Examples or applications are also described, in fields such as reaction monitoring and metabolomics, to illustrate the relevance and limitations of different methods.
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25
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Bai X, Wan P, Liu J, Yao J, Chen DW. Investigation on the changes of carotenoids and capsaicinoids in chili oil at different frying temperature by using 1H NMR. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 6:100411. [PMID: 36510595 PMCID: PMC9735263 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.100411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The color and pungency are important indicators for evaluating the quality of chili oil, which are mainly determined by the carotenoids and capsaicinoids, respectively. In this study, the effect of frying temperature on the changes of carotenoids and capsaicinoids in chili oil was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by 1H NMR. The increasing frying temperature caused the thermal degradation of carotenoids to be intensified, and the degradation of red carotenoids was greater than that of yellow carotenoids. After 10 min of frying at 130, 150, 170 and 190 °C, the contents of capsanthin in chili oil were 40.3, 15.4, 9.6 and 6.2 mg/kg, respectively. Meanwhile, the contents of total carotenoids were 63.0, 25.5, 17.7 and 13.3 mg/kg, respectively. The observed change of R/Y values correlated well with the degradation of carotenoids. The contents of capsaicinoids were 14.8, 20.9, 19.4 and 7.4 mg/kg, respectively. The best frying temperature for the extraction of carotenoids was 130 °C, and over 90% of the carotenoids were dissolved in the frying oil at this frying condition. However, capsaicinoids were more stable than carotenoids, and the best frying temperature for capsaicinoids was 150-170 °C with over 90% extraction rate. Therefore, the temperature fried at 130-150 °C was suitable for the quality of chili oil, considering the higher extraction rates of both total carotenoids and capsaicinoids. This study is of great significance for the quality control of chili oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Bai
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China,Department of Food Science, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Peng Wan
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China,Department of Food Science, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China,Department of Food Science, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Jingyu Yao
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China,Department of Food Science, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - De-Wei Chen
- Department of Food Science, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China,Corresponding author.
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Zhao Z, Wan P, Liu J, Yu S, Yang X, Chen DW. Monitoring of the oxidation process of egg yolk phospholipids at frying temperature by nuclear magnetic resonance. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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27
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Marchand A, Mishra R, Bernard A, Dumez J. Online Reaction Monitoring with Fast and Flow‐Compatible Diffusion NMR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201175. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rituraj Mishra
- Nantes Université CNRS CEISAM UMR 6230 44000 Nantes France
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Kutateladze DA, Wagen CC, Jacobsen EN. Chloride-Mediated Alkene Activation Drives Enantioselective Thiourea and Hydrogen Chloride Co-Catalyzed Prins Cyclizations. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15812-15824. [PMID: 35994741 PMCID: PMC9437134 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of chiral hydrogen-bond donor (HBD) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) co-catalyzed Prins cyclizations was analyzed through a combination of experimental and computational methods and revealed to involve an unexpected and previously unrecognized mode of alkene activation. Kinetic and spectroscopic studies support the participation of a catalytically active HCl·HBD complex that displays reduced Brønsted acidity relative to HCl alone. Nevertheless, rate acceleration relative to the HCl-catalyzed background reaction as well as high levels of enantioselectivity are achieved. This inverse Brønsted correlation is ascribed to chloride-mediated substrate activation in the rate-limiting and enantiodetermining cyclization transition state. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations, distortion-interaction analysis, and quasiclassical dynamics simulations support a stepwise mechanism in which rate acceleration and enantioselectivity are achieved through the precise positioning of the chloride anion within the active site of the chiral thiourea to enhance the nucleophilicity of the alkene and provide transition-state stabilization through local electric field effects. This mode of selective catalysis through anion positioning likely has general implications for the design of enantioselective Brønsted acid-catalyzed reactions involving π-nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric N. Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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Recent Trends in the Preparation of Nano-Starch Particles. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175497. [PMID: 36080267 PMCID: PMC9457580 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch is affected by several limitations, e.g., retro-gradation, high viscosity even at low concentrations, handling issues, poor freeze–thaw stability, low process tolerance, and gel opacity. In this context, physical, chemical, and enzymatic methods have been investigated for addressing such limitations or adding new attributes. Thus, the creation of biomaterial-based nanoparticles has sparked curiosity. Because of that, single nucleotide polymorphisms are gaining a lot of interest in food packaging technology. This is due to their ability to increase the mechanical and water vapor resistance of the matrix, as well as hide its re-crystallization during storage in high-humidity atmospheres and enhance the mechanical properties of films when binding in paper machines and paper coating. In medicine, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are suitable as carriers in the field of drug delivery for immobilized bioactive or therapeutic agents, as well as wastewater treatments as an alternative to expensive activated carbons. Starch nanoparticle preparations can be performed by hydrolysis via acid hydrolysis of the amorphous part of a starch molecule, the use of enzymes such as pullulanase or isoamylase, or a combination of two regeneration and mechanical treatments with the employment of extrusion, irradiation, ultrasound, or precipitation. The possibility of obtaining cheap and easy-to-use methods for starch and starch derivative nanoparticles is of fundamental importance. Nano-precipitation and ultra-sonication are rather simple and reliable methods for nanoparticle production. The process involves the addition of a diluted starch solution into a non-solvent, and ultra-sonication aims to reduce the size by breaking the covalent bonds in polymeric material due to intense shear forces or mechanical effects associated with the collapsing of micro-bubbles by sound waves. The current study focuses on starch nanoparticle manufacturing, characterization, and emerging applications.
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30
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Ben-Tal Y, Lloyd-Jones GC. Kinetics of a Ni/Ir-Photocatalyzed Coupling of ArBr with RBr: Intermediacy of ArNi II(L)Br and Rate/Selectivity Factors. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15372-15382. [PMID: 35969479 PMCID: PMC9413222 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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The Ni/Ir-photocatalyzed coupling of an aryl bromide
(ArBr) with
an alkyl bromide (RBr) has been analyzed using in situ LED-19F NMR spectroscopy. Four components (light, [ArBr],
[Ni], [Ir]) are found to control the rate of ArBr consumption, but
not the product selectivity, while two components ([(TMS)3SiH], [RBr]) independently control the product selectivity, but not
the rate. A major resting state of nickel has been identified as ArNiII(L)Br, and 13C-isotopic entrainment is used to
show that the complex undergoes Ir-photocatalyzed conversion to products
(Ar-R, Ar-H, Ar-solvent) in competition with the release of ArBr.
A range of competing absorption and quenching effects lead to complex
correlations between the Ir and Ni catalyst loadings and the reaction
rate. Differences in the Ir/Ni Beer–Lambert absorption profiles
allow the rate to be increased by the use of a shorter-wavelength
light source without compromising the selectivity. A minimal kinetic
model for the process allows simulation of the reaction and provides
insights for optimization of these processes in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Ben-Tal
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Guy C Lloyd-Jones
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
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Dickson CL, Peat G, Rossetto M, Halse ME, Uhrín D. SHARPER-enhanced benchtop NMR: improving SNR by removing couplings and approaching natural linewidths. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5534-5537. [PMID: 35421881 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01325h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We present a signal enhancement strategy for benchtop NMR that produces SNR increases on the order of 10 to 30 fold by collapsing the target resonance into an extremely narrow singlet. Importantly, the resultant signal is amenable to quantitative interpretation and therefore can be applied to analytical applications such as reaction monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Dickson
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - George Peat
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | | | | | - Dušan Uhrín
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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García-Domínguez A, Leach AG, Lloyd-Jones GC. In Situ Studies of Arylboronic Acids/Esters and R 3SiCF 3 Reagents: Kinetics, Speciation, and Dysfunction at the Carbanion-Ate Interface. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1324-1336. [PMID: 35435655 PMCID: PMC9069690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Reagent instability reduces the efficiency of chemical processes, and while much effort is devoted to reaction optimization, less attention is paid to the mechanistic causes of reagent decomposition. Indeed, the response is often to simply use an excess of the reagent. Two reaction classes with ubiquitous examples of this are the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of boronic acids/esters and the transfer of CF3 or CF2 from the Ruppert-Prakash reagent, TMSCF3. This Account describes some of the overarching features of our mechanistic investigations into their decomposition. In the first section we summarize how specific examples of (hetero)arylboronic acids can decompose via aqueous protodeboronation processes: Ar-B(OH)2 + H2O → ArH + B(OH)3. Key to the analysis was the development of a kinetic model in which pH controls boron speciation and heterocycle protonation states. This method revealed six different protodeboronation pathways, including self-catalysis when the pH is close to the pKa of the boronic acid, and protodeboronation via a transient aryl anionoid pathway for highly electron-deficient arenes. The degree of "protection" of boronic acids by diol-esterification is shown to be very dependent on the diol identity, with six-membered ring esters resulting in faster protodeboronation than the parent boronic acid. In the second section of the Account we describe 19F NMR spectroscopic analysis of the kinetics of the reaction of TMSCF3 with ketones, fluoroarenes, and alkenes. Processes initiated by substoichiometric "TBAT" ([Ph3SiF2][Bu4N]) involve anionic chain reactions in which low concentrations of [CF3]- are rapidly and reversibly liberated from a siliconate reservoir, [TMS(CF3)2][Bu4N]. Increased TMSCF3 concentrations reduce the [CF3]- concentration and thus inhibit the rates of CF3 transfer. Computation and kinetics reveal that the TMSCF3 intermolecularly abstracts fluoride from [CF3]- to generate the CF2, in what would otherwise be an endergonic α-fluoride elimination. Starting from [CF3]- and CF2, a cascade involving perfluoroalkene homologation results in the generation of a hindered perfluorocarbanion, [C11F23]-, and inhibition. The generation of CF2 from TMSCF3 is much more efficiently mediated by NaI, and in contrast to TBAT, the process undergoes autoacceleration. The process involves NaI-mediated α-fluoride elimination from [CF3][Na] to generate CF2 and a [NaI·NaF] chain carrier. Chain-branching, by [(CF2)3I][Na] generated in situ (CF2 + TFE + NaI), causes autoacceleration. Alkenes that efficiently capture CF2 attenuate the chain-branching, suppress autoacceleration, and lead to less rapid difluorocyclopropanation. The Account also highlights how a collaborative approach to experiment and computation enables mechanistic insight for control of processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés García-Domínguez
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Andrew G. Leach
- School of Health Sciences, Stopford Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Guy C. Lloyd-Jones
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
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Berry DBG, Clegg I, Codina A, Lyall CL, Lowe JP, Hintermair U. Convenient and accurate insight into solution-phase equilibria from FlowNMR titrations. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00123c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solution phase titrations are made easy by multi-nuclear FlowNMR spectroscopy with automated, continuous titre addition to give accurate insights into Brønsted acid/base, hydrogen bonding, Lewis acid/base and metal/ligand binding equilibria under native conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B. G. Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring Facility, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | - Ian Clegg
- Bruker UK Ltd, Banner Lane, CV4 9GH Coventry, UK
| | - Anna Codina
- Bruker UK Ltd, Banner Lane, CV4 9GH Coventry, UK
| | - Catherine L. Lyall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring Facility, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | - John P. Lowe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring Facility, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | - Ulrich Hintermair
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring Facility, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Centre for Sustainable and Circular Technologies, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
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