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Rieder AS, Ramires Júnior OV, Prauchner GRK, Wyse ATS. Effects of methylphenidate on mitochondrial dynamics and bioenergetics in the prefrontal cortex of juvenile rats are sex-dependent. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 134:111057. [PMID: 38880464 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) is a central nervous system stimulant drug and a first order prescription in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Although MPH biochemistry in neurodevelopment is not completely understood, studies showed it alters energy metabolism in rat brains. ADHD prevalence during neurodevelopment is related to males and the investigation has been mainly done in these subjects, therefore, little is known about MPH action in females and, consequently, about sexual dimorphism. In the present study we evaluated markers of mitochondrial dynamics (DRP1 and MFN2, fission and fusion, respectively), biogenesis (mtTFA) and bioenergetics (respiratory chain complexes) in prefrontal cortex of male and female juvenile rats submitted to exposure to MPH to better understand MPH effect during postnatal neurodevelopment. ATP and oxidative stress levels were also evaluated. Wistar rats received intraperitoneal injection of MPH (2.0 mg/kg) or control (saline), once a day, from 15th to 45th day of age. Results showed that MPH increased DRP1 and decreased MFN2, as well as increased mtTFA in prefrontal cortex of male rats. In female, MPH decreased NRF1 and increased Parkin, which are mitochondrial regulatory proteins. Respiratory chain complexes (complex I, SDH, complexes III and IV), ATP production and oxidative stress parameters were altered and shown to be sex-dependent. Taken together, results suggest that chronic MPH exposure at an early age in healthy animals changes mitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis and bioenergetics differently depending on the sex of the subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Schmitt Rieder
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Osmar Vieira Ramires Júnior
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ricardo Krupp Prauchner
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Pari E, Sheibani M, Sazegar MR, Mir S, Moazam A, Khalilzadeh M, Motevalian M. Comparison of neuroprotective effects of a topiramate-loaded biocomposite based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles with pure topiramate against methylphenidate-induced neurodegeneration. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:65. [PMID: 38170306 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylphenidate (MPH) abuse has been criticized for its role in neurodegeneration. Also, a high risk of seizure was reported in the first month of MPH treatment. Topiramate, a broad-spectrum Antiepileptic Drug (AED), has been used as a neuroprotective agent in both aforementioned complications. Nanotechnology is introduced to increase desirable neurological treatment with minimum side effects. We aimed to investigate the potential neuroprotective activity of topiramate loaded on nanoparticles. METHODS AND RESULTS MTT assay was performed to evaluate the cellular cytotoxicity of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSN). Male rats were randomly divided into eight groups. Rats received an intraperitoneal (i.p) MPH (10 mg/kg) injection and a daily oral dose of topiramate (TPM, 30 mg/kg), MSN with Zn core (10 and 30 mg/kg), and MSN with Cu core (10 and 30 mg/kg) for three weeks. On day 21, a seizure was induced by a single injection of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) to evaluate the protective effects of TPM-loaded nanoparticles on seizure latency and duration following MPH-induced neurotoxicity. Moreover, the hippocampal content of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), malondialdehyde (MDA), and the anti-oxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx, and GR) activities were assessed. Also, BAX and Bcl-2 as two main apoptotic markers were evaluated. RESULTS MPH neurotoxicity was observed as a raised duration and reduced latency in PTZ-induced seizure. However, TPM-loaded MSN with Zn species (NE) treatment reduced the duration and improved the latency time. Also, NE and, somewhat, TPM-loaded MSN with Cu species (NM) administration reduced inflammatory cytokines, MDA, and Bax levels and increased activities in the rat hippocampus. CONCLUSION TPM-loaded nanoparticles could be used as neuroprotective agents against MPH-induced neurodegeneration by improving seizure parameters and reducing inflammatory, oxidant, and apoptotic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Pari
- Faculty of Chemistry, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hakimiyeh, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sheibani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Sazegar
- Faculty of Chemistry, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hakimiyeh, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saeedeh Mir
- Faculty of Chemistry, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hakimiyeh, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashrafsadat Moazam
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Khalilzadeh
- Experimental Medicine Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manijeh Motevalian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Pharmacology Department, Medical School & Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Senior D, Ahmed R, Arnavut E, Carvalho A, Lee WX, Blum K, Komatsu DE, Hadjiargyrou M, Badgaiyan RD, Thanos PK. Behavioral, Neurochemical and Developmental Effects of Chronic Oral Methylphenidate: A Review. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13040574. [PMID: 37108960 PMCID: PMC10144804 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13040574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of animal studies on methylphenidate (MP) use intraperitoneal (IP) injections, subcutaneous (SC) injections, or the oral gavage route of administration. While all these methods allow for delivery of MP, it is the oral route that is clinically relevant. IP injections commonly deliver an immediate and maximum dose of MP due to their quick absorption. This quick-localized effect can give timely results but will only display a small window of the psychostimulant's effects on the animal model. On the opposite side of the spectrum, a SC injection does not accurately represent the pathophysiology of an oral exposure because the metabolic rate of the drug would be much slower. The oral-gavage method, while providing an oral route, possesses some adverse effects such as potential animal injury and can be stressful to the animal compared to voluntary drinking. It is thus important to allow the animal to have free consumption of MP, and drinking it to more accurately mirror human treatment. The use of a two-bottle drinking method allows for this. Rodents typically have a faster metabolism than humans, which means this needs to be considered when administering MP orally while reaching target pharmacokinetic levels in plasma. With this oral two-bottle approach, the pathophysiological effects of MP on development, behavior, neurochemistry and brain function can be studied. The present review summarizes these effects of oral MP which have important implications in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Senior
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology & Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Rania Ahmed
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology & Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Eliz Arnavut
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology & Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Alexandra Carvalho
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology & Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Wen Xuan Lee
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology & Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine & Primary Care (Office of the Provost), Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - David E Komatsu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Stony Brook University, New York, NY 11794, USA
| | - Michael Hadjiargyrou
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | | | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology & Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
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Miniksar DY, Cansız MA, Göçmen AY, Kılıç M, Miniksar ÖH. The Effect of Drug Use, Body Mass Index and Blood Pressure on Oxidative Stress Levels in Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN COLLEGE OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 21:88-98. [PMID: 36700315 PMCID: PMC9889889 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2023.21.1.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between clinical variables such as body mass index, blood pressure, drug use and oxidative stress level in children and adolescents with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods Total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), oxidative stress index (OSI), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured in the serum of 51 patients (38 male, 13 female) diagnosed with ADHD according to DSM-5 diagnostic criteria and 32 control subjects (12 male, 20 female). The Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Present and Lifetime Version was applied to all participants. Results The mean TOS, OSI, MDA values were determined to be significantly higher (p < 0.001) and the mean SOD value was lower in the ADHD group (p < 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis indicated significantly lower SOD and diastolic blood pressure values and significantly higher MDA in the ADHD group compared to the control group (p < 0.01). Low SOD (sensitivity 90.2%, specificity 78.0%) and high MDA (sensitivity 86.3%, specificity 81.2%) were determined to be predictive parameters for diagnosing ADHD. In univariate analysis, the mean TOS, OSI and SOD values were higher in ADHD patients under medication, while the mean TAS was higher in patients not using medication (p < 0.01). Only TOS was significant in multivariate logistic regression analysis (p < 0.01). Conclusion The results of this study demonstrate that impaired oxidative balance may play a role in the etiology of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilşad Yıldız Miniksar
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey,Address for correspondence: Dilşad Yıldız Miniksar Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Yozgat Bozok University, Atatürk Road 7. Km Azizli/Yozgat 66100, Turkey, E-mail: , ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6389-4377
| | - Mehmet Akif Cansız
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | | | - Mahmut Kılıç
- Department of Public Health, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Ökkeş Hakan Miniksar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
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Clinical Investigation of French Maritime Pine Bark Extract on Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder as compared to Methylphenidate and Placebo: Part 2: Oxidative Stress and Immunological Modulation. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Schmitz F, Ferreira FS, Silveira JS, V. R. Júnior O, T. S. Wyse A. Effects of methylphenidate after a long period of discontinuation include changes in exploratory behavior and increases brain activities of Na+,K+-ATPase and acetylcholinesterase. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2022; 192:107637. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Evidence of methylphenidate effect on mitochondria, redox homeostasis, and inflammatory aspects: Insights from animal studies. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 116:110518. [PMID: 35092763 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant known for its effectiveness in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), a neuropsychiatric condition that has a high incidence in childhood and affects behavior and cognition. However, the increase in its use among individuals who do not present all the diagnostic criteria for ADHD has become a serious public health problem since the neurological and psychiatric consequences of this unrestricted use are not widely known. In addition, since childhood is a critical period for the maturation of the CNS, the high prescription of MPH for preschool children also raises several concerns. This review brings new perspectives on how MPH (in different doses, routes of administration and ages) affects the CNS, focusing on animal studies that evaluated changes in mitochondrial (bioenergetics), redox balance and apoptosis, as well as inflammatory parameters. MPH alters brain energy homeostasis, increasing glucose consumption and impairing the activity of enzymes in the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain, as well as ATP levels and Na+,K+-ATPase activity. MPH induces oxidative stress, increasing the levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and altering enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses, which, consequently, is related to damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA. Among the harmful effects of MPH, studies also demonstrate its ability to induce inflammation as well as alter the apoptosis pathway. It is important to highlight that age, treatment time, administration route, and dose are factors that can influence MPH effects. However, young animals seem to be more susceptible to damage caused by MPH. It is possible that changes in mitochondrial function and markers of status oxidative, apoptosis and inflammation may be exerting important mechanisms associated with MPH toxicity and, therefore, the unrestricted use of this drug can cause brain damage.
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Evidence That Methylphenidate Treatment Evokes Anxiety-Like Behavior Through Glucose Hypometabolism and Disruption of the Orbitofrontal Cortex Metabolic Networks. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1830-1845. [PMID: 34797528 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) has been widely misused by children and adolescents who do not meet all diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder without a consensus about the consequences. Here, we evaluate the effect of MPH treatment on glucose metabolism and metabolic network in the rat brain, as well as on performance in behavioral tests. Wistar male rats received intraperitoneal injections of MPH (2.0 mg/kg) or an equivalent volume of 0.9% saline solution (controls), once a day, from the 15th to the 44th postnatal day. Fluorodeoxyglucose-18 was used to investigate cerebral metabolism, and a cross-correlation matrix was used to examine the brain metabolic network in MPH-treated rats using micro-positron emission tomography imaging. Performance in the light-dark transition box, eating-related depression, and sucrose preference tests was also evaluated. While MPH provoked glucose hypermetabolism in the auditory, parietal, retrosplenial, somatosensory, and visual cortices, hypometabolism was identified in the left orbitofrontal cortex. MPH-treated rats show a brain metabolic network more efficient and connected, but careful analyses reveal that the MPH interrupts the communication of the orbitofrontal cortex with other brain areas. Anxiety-like behavior was also observed in MPH-treated rats. This study shows that glucose metabolism evaluated by micro-positron emission tomography in the brain can be affected by MPH in different ways according to the region of the brain studied. It may be related, at least in part, to a rewiring in the brain the metabolic network and behavioral changes observed, representing an important step in exploring the mechanisms and consequences of MPH treatment.
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Risk of Respiratory Infectious Diseases and the Role of Methylphenidate in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Population-Based Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115824. [PMID: 34071586 PMCID: PMC8199289 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are commonly affected by medical illness. The aim of the present study was to explore the risks of contracting respiratory infectious diseases (RIDs), including upper and lower RIDs and influenza, in children with ADHD. We also examined whether methylphenidate has a protective effect regarding the risk of contracting RIDs among children with ADHD who have a history of methylphenidate treatment. Children in the Taiwan Maternal and Child Health Database from 2004 to 2016 were included in the present study. Upper and lower RIDs, influenza, ADHD, age, sex, and records of methylphenidate prescription were identified. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate the significance of the risk of RIDs among children with ADHD in comparison with that among children without ADHD after adjustment for sex and age. The self-controlled case series analysis was conducted to examine the protective effect of methylphenidate treatment against RIDs. In total, 85,853 children with ADHD and 1,458,750 children without ADHD were included in the study. After controlling for sociodemographic variables, we observed that children with ADHD had significantly higher risks of upper RIDs, lower RIDs, and influenza infection than did those without ADHD. Among the children with ADHD who had a history of methylphenidate treatment, the risk of contracting RIDs was lower during the methylphenidate treatment period than during the nontreatment period. Children with ADHD had a higher RID risk than those without ADHD. Methylphenidate might reduce the risk of RIDs among children with ADHD who have a history of methylphenidate treatment.
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Corona JC. Role of Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111039. [PMID: 33114154 PMCID: PMC7690797 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder of childhood. Although abnormalities in several brain regions and disturbances of the catecholaminergic pathway have been demonstrated, the pathophysiology of ADHD is not completely understood, but as a multifactorial disorder, has been associated with an increase in oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. This review presents an overview of factors that increase oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. The imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants and also the treatment with medications are two factors that can increase oxidative damage, whereas the comorbidity between ADHD and inflammatory disorders, altered immune response, genetic and environmental associations, and polymorphisms in inflammatory-related genes can increase neuroinflammation. Evidence of an association with these factors has become valuable for research on ADHD. Such evidence opens up new intervention routes for the use of natural products as antioxidants that could have potential as a treatment against oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Corona
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
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Kong N, Bao Y, Zhao H, Kang X, Tai X, Shen Y. Methylphenidate causes cytotoxicity on photoreceptor cells via autophagy. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 40:71-80. [PMID: 32748667 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120940357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) is used as the first-line treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, there are concerns that this treatment may be associated with increased risk of retinal damage. This study was to investigate cytotoxicity of MPH on photoreceptor cells and explore its underlying mechanisms. MPH-caused cell toxicity was established in 661 W cells. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium-bromid and lactate dehydrogenase assays. Oxidative stress was measured by the markers: glutathione (GSH) reductase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities as well as GSH, reactive oxygen species, and malondialdehyde levels. Gene and protein expression was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot, respectively. Results showed that MPH decreased 661 W cell viability, increased caspase-3/9 activities, and induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, MPH treatment increased messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of Beclin-1 and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3B (LC3B) protein expression in 661 W cells, suggesting autophagy was induced. MPH treatment also upregulated p-JAK1/p-STAT1 protein expression. These data demonstrated that MPH could increase oxidative stress in photoreceptor cells to cause cell toxicity via autophagy, providing the scientific rationale for the photoreceptor cell damage caused by the MPH administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kong
- Department of Ophthalmology, 477093Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y Bao
- Department of Ophthalmology, 477093Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - H Zhao
- Center of Myopia, Affiliated Hospital of 66287Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - X Kang
- Center of Myopia, Affiliated Hospital of 66287Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - X Tai
- Center of Myopia, Affiliated Hospital of 66287Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Y Shen
- Center of Myopia, Affiliated Hospital of 66287Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
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Antioxidants as a Potential Target against Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9020176. [PMID: 32098021 PMCID: PMC7070894 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychostimulants and non-psychostimulants are the medications prescribed for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, several adverse results have been linked with an increased risk of substance use and side effects. The pathophysiology of ADHD is not completely known, although it has been associated with an increase in inflammation and oxidative stress. This review presents an overview of findings following antioxidant treatment for ADHD and describes the potential amelioration of inflammation and oxidative stress using antioxidants that might have a future as multi-target adjuvant therapy in ADHD. The use of antioxidants against inflammation and oxidative conditions is an emerging field in the management of several neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Thus, antioxidants could be promising as an adjuvant ADHD therapy.
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Ebrahimzadeh A, Moghadam SY, Rahimi H, Motaghinejad M, Motevalian M, Safari S, Mesrabadi MA. Crocin acts as a neuroprotective mediator against methylphenidate-induced neurobehavioral and neurochemical sequelae: Possible role of the CREB-BDNF signaling pathway. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2020. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2019-033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Motamedi S, Sheibani V, Rajizadeh MA, Esmaeilpour K, Sepehri G. The effects of co-administration of marijuana and methylphenidate on spatial learning and memory in male rats. TOXIN REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2019.1633544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Motamedi
- Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Vahid Sheibani
- Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Khadijeh Esmaeilpour
- Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Sepehri
- Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Salehi P, Shahmirzadi ZY, Mirrezaei FS, Shirvani Boushehri F, Mayahi F, Songhori M, Abofazeli M, Motaghinejad M, Safari S. A hypothetic role of minocycline as a neuroprotective agent against methylphenidate-induced neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction and tau protein hyper-phosphorylation: Possible role of PI3/Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway. Med Hypotheses 2019; 128:6-10. [PMID: 31203911 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The underlining mechanism in neural mitochondrial dysfunction and consequences neurotoxicity, and cognitive behavior after methylphenidate (MPH) prolonged uses is unclear and proposing of therapeutic approaches for treatment of these types of neurotoxicity is one of the main goals of scientist in this manner. MPH-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in neural cells caused induction of oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation and cognition impairment, which leads to neurotoxicity, was reported previously but role of key neural cells proteins and involved signaling pathway in this manner remained indeterminate. Tau protein aggregation is a biomarker for mitochondrial dysfunction, neurodegenerative event and cognition impairment. Tau aggregation occur by stimulation effects of Glycogen synthase kinase-3(GSK3β) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) which activates protein kinase B(Akt) and causes inhibition of phosphorylation(activation) of GSK3β, thus Akt activation can cause inhibition of tau aggregation (hyper-phosphorylation). Management of mentioned MPH-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and consequences of neurotoxicity, and cognitive behavior through a new generation neuroprotective combination, based on modulation of disturbed in Akt function and inhibition of GSK3β and tau hyper-phosphorylation can be a prefect therapeutic interventions. Therefore, finding, introduction and development of new neuroprotective properties and explanation of their effects with potential capacity for modulation of tau hyper-phosphorylation via PI3/Akt/GSK signaling pathway is necessitated. During recent years, using new neuroprotective compounds with therapeutic probability for treatment of psychostimulant-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, neurotoxicity and cognitive malicious effects have been amazingly increased. Many previous studies have reported the neuroprotective roles of minocycline (a broad-spectrum and long-acting antibiotic) in multiple neurodegenerative events and diseases in animal model. But the role of neuroprotective effects of this agent against MPH induced mitochondrial dysfunction, neurotoxicity and cognitive malicious and also role of tau hyper-phosphorylation by modulation of PI3/Akt/GSK signaling pathway in this manner remain unknown. Thus we suggested and theorized that by using minocycline in MPH addicted subject, it would provide neuroprotection against MPH-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, neurotoxicity and cognitive malicious. Also we hypothesized that minocycline, via modulation of PI3/Akt/GSK and inhibition of tau hyper-phosphorylation, can inhibit MPH-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, neurotoxicity and cognitive malicious. In this article, we tried to discuss our hypothesis regarding the possible role of minocycline, as a powerful neuroprotective agent, and also role of tau hyper-phosphorylation related to PI3/Akt/GSK signaling pathway in treatment of MPH-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, neurotoxicity and cognitive disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Salehi
- Research Center for Addiction and Risky Behaviors (ReCARB), Iran Psychiatric Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zhara Yaraei Shahmirzadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IUAPS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadat Mirrezaei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IUAPS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Farima Shirvani Boushehri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IUAPS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mayahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IUAPS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Songhori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IUAPS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Abofazeli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IUAPS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Motaghinejad
- Research Center for Addiction and Risky Behaviors (ReCARB), Iran Psychiatric Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sepideh Safari
- Razi Drug Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Hsu SPC, Wang DY, Min MY, Fu YS. Long-term challenge of methylphenidate changes the neuronal population and membrane property of dopaminergic neuron in rats. Neurochem Int 2019; 122:187-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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17
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Jiang HY, Zhang X, Jiang CM, Fu HB. Maternal and neonatal outcomes after exposure to ADHD medication during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2018; 28:288-295. [PMID: 30585374 DOI: 10.1002/pds.4716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications are used by increasing numbers of reproductive-age women. The safety of these medications during pregnancy has not been well described. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes associated with exposure to ADHD medication during pregnancy. The PubMed and Embase databases were searched to identify potential studies for inclusion. RESULTS Eight cohort studies that estimated adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes associated with exposure to ADHD medication during pregnancy were included. Exposure to ADHD medication was associated with an increased risk of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission compared with no exposure at any time (risk ratio (RR) 1.88; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.7-2.08) and compared with women with exposure either before or after pregnancy (RR 1.38; 95% CI, 1.23-1.54; P < 0.001). Exposure to methylphenidate (MPH) was marginally associated with an increased risk for cardiac malformation (RR 1.27; 95% CI, 0.99-1.63; P = 0.065) compared with no exposure. However, exposure to ADHD medication was not associated with an increased risk for other adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes. This analysis was limited by the small number of studies included and the limited adjustments for the possible confounders in the studies. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to ADHD medication during pregnancy does not appear to be associated with adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes. Given the few studies included, further larger, prospective studies that control for important confounders are needed to verify our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yin Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Ming Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, the Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Bin Fu
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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18
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Penna LMDC, Düsman E, Vicentini VEP. The mutagenic effect of psychostimulant modafinil in Wistar rats in vivo. Drug Chem Toxicol 2018; 43:373-377. [PMID: 30293447 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1517771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The demands imposed by today's world require a fast and efficient society, then, significant section of the population looks for support from psychotropic medicine. Modafinil is a psychostimulant that promotes wakefulness, it being recommended for treatment of narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea, and shift-work sleep disorder, besides being a cognitive function potentiator. However, chemical components of drugs can alter genetic material. Thus, the present study evaluated the cytotoxic and clastogenic/mutagenic potential of 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mg of Modafinil/mL of corn oil/100g body weight in acute treatments and subacute treatments, 15 days, to Rattus norvegicus, treated via gavage in a single daily dose. The drug was not cytotoxic at any of the evaluated doses in either of the treatments. However, the medicine showed clastogenic/mutagenic activity in the acute treatment group at the standard dose and at double dose. Data from the present study indicates that there should be greater caution as to the use of this psychostimulant by human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisângela Düsman
- Academic Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil
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19
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Carias E, Hamilton J, Robison LS, Delis F, Eiden R, Quattrin T, Hadjiargyrou M, Komatsu D, Thanos PK. Chronic oral methylphenidate treatment increases microglial activation in rats. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 125:1867-1875. [PMID: 30238340 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1931-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MP) is a widely prescribed psychostimulant used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Previously, we established a drinking paradigm to deliver MP to rats at doses that result in pharmacokinetic profiles similar to treated patients. In the present study, adolescent male rats were assigned to one of three groups: control (water), low-dose MP (LD; 4/10 mg/kg), and high dose MP (HD; 30/60 mg/kg). Following 3 months of treatment, half of the rats in each group were euthanized, and the remaining rats received only water throughout a 1-month-long abstinence phase. In vitro autoradiography using [3H] PK 11195 was performed to measure microglial activation. HD MP rats showed increased [3H] PK 11195 binding compared to control rats in several cerebral cortical areas: primary somatosensory cortex including jaw (68.6%), upper lip (80.1%), barrel field (88.9%), and trunk (78%) regions, forelimb sensorimotor area (87.3%), secondary somatosensory cortex (72.5%), motor cortices 1 (73.2%) and 2 (69.3%), insular cortex (59.9%); as well as subcortical regions including the thalamus (62.9%), globus pallidus (79.4%) and substantia nigra (22.7%). Additionally, HD MP rats showed greater binding compared to LD MP rats in the hippocampus (60.6%), thalamus (59.6%), substantia nigra (38.5%), and motor 2 cortex (55.3%). Following abstinence, HD MP rats showed no significant differences compared to water controls; however, LD MP rats showed increased binding in pre-limbic cortex (78.1%) and ventromedial caudate putamen (113.8%). These findings indicate that chronic MP results in widespread microglial activation immediately after treatment and following the cessation of treatment in some brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Carias
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 1021 Main St., Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - John Hamilton
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 1021 Main St., Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Lisa S Robison
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave., Albany, NY, USA
| | - Foteini Delis
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Rina Eiden
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, 1021 Main St., Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Teresa Quattrin
- Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael Hadjiargyrou
- Department of Life Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Northern Blvd., Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - David Komatsu
- Department of Orthopedics, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Rd., Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 1021 Main St., Buffalo, NY, USA.
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20
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Schmitz F, Pierozan P, Biasibetti-Brendler H, Ferreira FS, Dos Santos Petry F, Trindade VMT, Pessoa-Pureur R, Wyse ATS. Methylphenidate disrupts cytoskeletal homeostasis and reduces membrane-associated lipid content in juvenile rat hippocampus. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:693-704. [PMID: 29288365 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0177-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although methylphenidate (MPH) is ubiquitously prescribed to children and adolescents, the consequences of chronic utilization of this psychostimulant are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of MPH on cytoskeletal homeostasis and lipid content in rat hippocampus. Wistar rats received intraperitoneal injections of MPH (2.0 mg/kg) or saline solution (controls), once a day, from the 15th to the 44th day of age. Results showed that MPH provoked hypophosphorylation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and reduced its immunocontent. Middle and high molecular weight neurofilament subunits (NF-M, NF-H) were hypophosphorylated by MPH on KSP repeat tail domains, while NFL, NFM and NFH immunocontents were not altered. MPH increased protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A) immunocontents. MPH also decreased the total content of ganglioside and phospholipid, as well as the main brain gangliosides (GM1, GD1a, and GD1b) and the major brain phospholipids (sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylserine). Total cholesterol content was also reduced in the hippocampi of juvenile rats treated with MPH. These results provide evidence that disruptions of cytoskeletal and lipid homeostasis in hippocampus of juvenile rats are triggers by chronic MPH treatment and present a new basis for understanding the effects and consequences associated with chronic use of this psychostimulant during the development of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Schmitz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Paula Pierozan
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Helena Biasibetti-Brendler
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Silva Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Dos Santos Petry
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Celular de Lipídios, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vera Maria Treis Trindade
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Celular de Lipídios, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Regina Pessoa-Pureur
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório do Citoesqueleto, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035-003, Brazil.
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21
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Topiramate via NMDA, AMPA/kainate, GABA A and Alpha2 receptors and by modulation of CREB/BDNF and Akt/GSK3 signaling pathway exerts neuroprotective effects against methylphenidate-induced neurotoxicity in rats. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 124:1369-1387. [PMID: 28795276 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1771-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic abuse of methylphenidate (MPH) often causes neuronal cell death. Topiramate (TPM) carries neuroprotective effects, but its exact mechanism of action remains unclear. In the present study, the role of various doses of TPM and its possible mechanisms, receptors and signaling pathways involved against MPH-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration were evaluated in vivo. Thus, domoic acid (DOM) was used as AMPA/kainate receptor agonist, bicuculline (BIC) as GABAA receptor antagonist, ketamine (KET) as NMDA receptor antagonist, yohimbine (YOH) as α2 adrenergic receptor antagonist and haloperidol (HAL) was used as dopamine D2 receptor antagonist. Open field test (OFT) was used to investigate the disturbances in motor activity. Hippocampal neurodegenerative parameters were evaluated. Protein expressions of CREB/BDNF and Akt/GSK3 signaling pathways were also evaluated. Cresyl violet staining was performed to show and confirm the changes in the shape of the cells. TPM (70 and 100 mg/kg) reduced MPH-induced rise in lipid peroxidation, oxidized form of glutathione (GSSG), IL-1β and TNF-α levels, Bax expression and motor activity disturbances. In addition, TPM treatment increased Bcl-2 expression, the level of reduced form of glutathione (GSH) and the levels and activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase enzymes. TPM also inhibited MPH-induced hippocampal degeneration. Pretreatment of animals with DOM, BIC, KET and YOH inhibited TPM-induced neuroprotection and increased oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, neuroapoptosis and neurodegeneration while reducing CREB, BDNF and Akt protein expressions. Also pretreatment with DOM, BIC, KET and YOH inhibited TPM-induced decreases in GSK3. It can be concluded that the mentioned receptors by modulation of CREB/BDNF and Akt/GSK3 pathways, are involved in neuroprotection of TPM against MPH-induced neurodegeneration.
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22
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Motaghinejad M, Motevalian M, Babalouei F, Abdollahi M, Heidari M, Madjd Z. Possible involvement of CREB/BDNF signaling pathway in neuroprotective effects of topiramate against methylphenidate induced apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation in isolated hippocampus of rats: Molecular, biochemical and histological evidences. Brain Res Bull 2017; 132:82-98. [PMID: 28552672 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic abuse of methylphenidate (MPH) can cause serious neurotoxicity. The neuroprotective effects of topiramate (TPM) were approved, but its putative mechanism remains unclear. In current study the role of CREB/BDNF signaling pathway in TPM protection against methylphenidate-induced neurotoxicity in rat hippocampus was evaluated. 60 adult male rats were divided randomly into six groups. Groups received MPH (10mg/kg) only and concurrently with TPM (50mg/kg and 100mg/kg) and TPM (50 and 100mg/kg) only for 14 days. Open field test (OFT) was used to investigate motor activity. Some biomarkers of apoptotic, anti-apoptotic, oxidative, antioxidant and inflammatory factors were also measured in hippocampus. Expression of total (inactive) and phosphorylated (active) CREB and BDNF were also measured in gene and protein levels in dentate gyrus (DG) and CA1 areas of hippocampus. MPH caused significant decreases in motor activity in OFT while TPM (50 and 100mg/kg) inhibited MPH-induced decreases in motor activity. On the other hand, MPH caused remarkable increases in Bax protein level, lipid peroxidation, catalase activity, IL-1β and TNF-α levels in hippocampal tissue. MPH also caused significant decreases of superoxide dismutase, activity and also decreased CREB, in both forms, BDNF and Bcl-2 protein levels. TPM, by the mentioned doses, attenuated these effects and increased superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities and also increased CREB, in both forms, BDNF and Bcl-2 protein levels and inhibited MPH induced increase in Bax protein level, lipid peroxidation, catalase activity, IL-1β and TNF-α levels. TPM also inhibited MPH induced decreases in cell number and changes in cell shapes in DG and CA1 areas. TPM can probably act as a neuroprotective agent against MPH induced neurotoxicity and this might have been mediated by CREB/BDNF signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Motaghinejad
- Razi Drug Research Center & Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Manijeh Motevalian
- Razi Drug Research Center & Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Babalouei
- Deparemten of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Share-Qods Brach, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour Heidari
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Madjd
- Oncopathology Research Center and Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Motaghinejad M, Motevalian M, Fatima S. Mediatory role of NMDA, AMPA/kainate, GABA A and Alpha 2 receptors in topiramate neuroprotective effects against methylphenidate induced neurotoxicity in rat. Life Sci 2017; 179:37-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Schmitz F, Pierozan P, Rodrigues AF, Biasibetti H, Grings M, Zanotto B, Coelho DM, Vargas CR, Leipnitz G, Wyse ATS. Methylphenidate Decreases ATP Levels and Impairs Glutamate Uptake and Na +,K +-ATPase Activity in Juvenile Rat Hippocampus. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7796-7807. [PMID: 27844288 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The study of the long-term neurological consequences of early exposure with methylphenidate (MPH) is very important since this psychostimulant has been widely misused by children and adolescents who do not meet full diagnostic criteria for ADHD. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of early chronic exposure with MPH on amino acids profile, glutamatergic and Na+,K+-ATPase homeostasis, as well as redox and energy status in the hippocampus of juvenile rats. Wistar male rats received intraperitoneal injections of MPH (2.0 mg/kg) or saline solution (controls), once a day, from the 15th to the 45th day of age. Results showed that MPH altered amino acid profile in the hippocampus, decreasing glutamine levels. Glutamate uptake and Na+,K+-ATPase activity were decreased after chronic MPH exposure in the hippocampus of rats. No changes were observed in the immunocontents of glutamate transporters (GLAST and GLT-1), and catalytic subunits of Na+,K+-ATPase (α1, α2, and α3), as well as redox status. Moreover, MPH provoked a decrease in ATP levels in the hippocampus of chronically exposed rats, while citrate synthase, succinate dehydrogenase, respiratory chain complexes activities (II, II-III, and IV), as well as mitochondrial mass and mitochondrial membrane potential were not altered. Taken together, our results suggest that chronic MPH exposure at early age impairs glutamate uptake and Na+,K+-ATPase activity probably by decreasing in ATP levels observed in rat hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Schmitz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Paula Pierozan
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André F Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Helena Biasibetti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mateus Grings
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Zanotto
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniella M Coelho
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carmen R Vargas
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilhian Leipnitz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035-003, Brazil.
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25
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Motaghinejad M, Motevalian M, Shabab B. Neuroprotective effects of various doses of topiramate against methylphenidate induced oxidative stress and inflammation in rat isolated hippocampus. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 43:360-71. [PMID: 26718459 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) abuse causes neurodegeneration. The neuroprotective effects of topiramate (TPM) have been reported but its putative mechanism remains unclear. The current study evaluates the role of various doses of TPM on protection of rat hippocampal cells from MPH-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in vivo. Seventy adult male rats were divided into six groups. Group 1 received normal saline (0.7 mL/rat) and group 2 was injected with MPH (10 mg/kg) for 21 days. Groups 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 concurrently were treated by MPH (10 mg/kg) and TPM (10, 30, 50, 70 and 100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)), respectively for 21 days. After drug administration, the open field test (OFT) was used to investigate motor activity. Oxidative, antioxidant and inflammatory factors were measured in isolated hippocampus. Also, the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level was measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. Cresyl violet staining of Dentate Gyrus (DG) and CA1 cell layers of the hippocampus were also performed. MPH significantly disturbs motor activity in OFT and TPM (70 and 100 mg/kg) decreased this disturbance. Also MPH significantly increased lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial reduced state of glutathione (GSH) level, interleukin (IL)-1β and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and BDNF level in isolated hippocampal cells. Also superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activity significantly decreased. Various doses of TPM attenuated these effects and significantly decreased MPH-induced oxidative damage, inflammation and hippocampal cell loss and increased BDNF level. This study suggests that TPM has the potential to be used as a neuroprotective agent against oxidative stress and neuroinflammation induced by frequent use of MPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Motaghinejad
- Razi Drug Research Centre and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manijeh Motevalian
- Razi Drug Research Centre and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnaz Shabab
- Solid Dosage Form Department, Iran Hormone Pharmaceutical Company, Tehran, Iran
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Neuroprotective effects of various doses of topiramate against methylphenidate-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in isolated rat amygdala: the possible role of CREB/BDNF signaling pathway. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:1463-1477. [PMID: 27665547 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) abuse damages brain cells. The neuroprotective effects of topiramate (TPM) have been reported previously, but its exact mechanism of action still remains unclear. This study investigated the in vivo role of various doses of TPM in the protection of rat amygdala cells against methylphenidate-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. Seventy adult male rats were divided into seven groups. Groups 1 and 2 received normal saline (0.7 ml/rat) and MPH (10 mg/kg), respectively, for 21 days. Groups 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 were concurrently treated with MPH (10 mg/kg) and TPM (10, 30, 50, 70, and 100 mg/kg), respectively, for 21 days. elevated plus maze (EPM) was used to assess motor activity disturbances. In addition, oxidative, antioxidantand inflammatory factors and CREB, Ak1, CAMK4, MAPK3, PKA, BDNF, and c FOS gene levels were measured by RT-PCR, and also, CREB and BDNF protein levels were measured by WB in isolated amygdalae. MPH significantly disturbed motor activity and TPM (70 and 100 mg/kg) neutralized its effects. MPH significantly increased lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial GSSG levels and IL-1β and TNF-α level and CAMK4 gene expression in isolated amygdala cells. In contrast, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities and CREB, BDNF Ak1, MAPK3, PKA, BDNF, and c FOS expression significantly decreased. The various doses of TPM attenuated these effects of MPH. It seems that TPM can be used as a neuroprotective agent and is a good candidate against MPH-induced neurodegeneration.
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Motaghinejad M, Seyedjavadein Z, Motevalian M, Asadi M. The neuroprotective effect of lithium against high dose methylphenidate: Possible role of BDNF. Neurotoxicology 2016; 56:40-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Methylphenidate Causes Behavioral Impairments and Neuron and Astrocyte Loss in the Hippocampus of Juvenile Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4201-4216. [PMID: 27324900 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9987-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although the use, and misuse, of methylphenidate is increasing in childhood and adolescence, there is little information about the consequences of this psychostimulant chronic use on brain and behavior during development. The aim of the present study was to investigate hippocampus biochemical, histochemical, and behavioral effects of chronic methylphenidate treatment to juvenile rats. Wistar rats received intraperitoneal injections of methylphenidate (2.0 mg/kg) or an equivalent volume of 0.9 % saline solution (controls), once a day, from the 15th to the 45th day of age. Results showed that chronic methylphenidate administration caused loss of astrocytes and neurons in the hippocampus of juvenile rats. BDNF and pTrkB immunocontents and NGF levels were decreased, while TNF-α and IL-6 levels, Iba-1 and caspase 3 cleaved immunocontents (microglia marker and active apoptosis marker, respectively) were increased. ERK and PKCaMII signaling pathways, but not Akt and GSK-3β, were decreased. SNAP-25 was decreased after methylphenidate treatment, while GAP-43 and synaptophysin were not altered. Both exploratory activity and object recognition memory were impaired by methylphenidate. These findings provide additional evidence that early-life exposure to methylphenidate can have complex effects, as well as provide new basis for understanding of the biochemical and behavioral consequences associated with chronic use of methylphenidate during central nervous system development.
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Motaghinejad M, Motevalian M. Involvement of AMPA/kainate and GABAA receptors in topiramate neuroprotective effects against methylphenidate abuse sequels involving oxidative stress and inflammation in rat isolated hippocampus. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 784:181-91. [PMID: 27105819 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Abuses of methylphenidate (MPH) as psychostimulant cause neural damage of brain cells. Neuroprotective properties of topiramate (TPM) have been indicated in several studies but its exact mechanism of action remains unclear. The current study evaluates protective role of various doses of TPM and its mechanism of action in MPH induced oxidative stress and inflammation. The neuroprotective effects of various doses of TPM against MPH induced oxidative stress and inflammation were evaluated and then the action of TPM was studied in presence of domoic acid (DOM), as AMPA/kainate receptor agonist and bicuculline (BIC) as GABAA receptor antagonist, in isolated rat hippocampus. Open Field Test (OFT) was used to investigate motor activity changes. Oxidative, antioxidant and inflammatory factors were measured in isolated hippocampus. TPM (70 and 100mg/kg) decreased MPH induced motor activity disturbances and inhibit MPH induced oxidative stress and inflammation. On the other hand pretreatment of animals with DOM or BIC, inhibit this effect of TPM and potentiate MPH induced motor activity disturbances and increased lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial oxidized form of glutathione (GSSG) level, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in isolated hippocampal cells and decreased reduced form of glutathione (GSH) level, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activity. It seems that TPM can protect cells of hippocampus from oxidative stress and neuroinflammation and it could be partly by activation of GABAA receptor and inhibition of AMPA/kainite receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Motaghinejad
- Razi Drug Research Center & Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Manijeh Motevalian
- Razi Drug Research Center & Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Costa GDA, Galvão TC, Bacchi AD, Moreira EG, Salles MJS. Investigation of possible teratogenic effects in the offspring of mice exposed to methylphenidate during pregnancy. Reprod Biomed Online 2016; 32:170-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Motaghinejad M, Motevalian M, Shabab B. Effects of chronic treatment with methylphenidate on oxidative stress and inflammation in hippocampus of adult rats. Neurosci Lett 2015; 619:106-13. [PMID: 26687276 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) is a central stimulant, prescribed for the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The long-term behavioral consequences of MPH treatment are unknown. In this study, the oxidative stress and neuroinflammation induced by various doses of MPH were investigated. Forty adult male rats were divided into 5 groups; and treated with different doses of MPH for 21 days. Twenty four hours after drug treatment, Open Field Test (OFT) was performed in all animals. At the end of the study, blood cortisol level (BCL) was measured and hippocampus was isolated and oxidative stress and inflammation parameters and histological changes were analyzed. Chronic MPH at all doses decreased central square entries, number of rearing, ambulation distance and time spent in central square in OFT. BCL increased in doses 10 and 20mg/kg of MPH. Furthermore, MPH in all doses markedly increased lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial oxidized glutathione (GSSG) level, Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α) in isolated hippocampus. MPH (10 and 20mg/kg) treated groups had decreased mitochondrial reduced glutathione (GSH) content, and reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GRx) activities. 10 and 20mg/kg of MPH change cell density and morphology of cells in Dentate Gyrus (DG) and CA1 areas of hippocampus. Chronic treatment with high doses of MPH can cause oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in hippocampus of adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Motaghinejad
- Razi Drug Research Center & Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manijeh Motevalian
- Razi Drug Research Center & Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Behnaz Shabab
- Solid Dosage Form Department, Iran Hormone Pharmaceutical Company, Tehran, Iran
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Guney E, Cetin FH, Alisik M, Tunca H, Tas Torun Y, Iseri E, Isik Taner Y, Cayci B, Erel O. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and oxidative stress: A short term follow up study. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:310-7. [PMID: 26188640 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to investigate total antioxidative status (TAS) and total oxidative status (TOS) of plasma and antioxidant enzymes such as paraoxonase (PON), stimulated paraoxonase (SPON), arylesterase (ARES) and thiols in plasma of children and adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In the second step. this study aimed to reveal the possible effects of ADHD treatment on these parameters. Fifty-six patients with ADHD and 52 healthy controls were involved in this study. Venous blood samples were collected and oxidative and antioxidative parameter's were studied. In the second phase of the study, blood samples were taken from patients using medication. Pre-treatment oxidative stress index (OSI) values and the plasma TOS levels of the patients with ADHD were statistically higher than those of the control group. The plasma thiol levels of the patients with ADHD were significantly lower than the control group. The post-treatment plasma antioxidative parameter's levels were significantly higher than the pre-treatment levels. The post-treatment oxidative stress index value was significantly lower than the pre-treatment value. Therefore, oxidative metabolism was found to be impaired in children and adolescents with ADHD. It was also determined that methylphenidate repairs the oxidative balance by increasing antioxidant defence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Guney
- Gazi University Medical Faculty, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Fatih Hilmi Cetin
- Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Murat Alisik
- Yildirim Beyazit University Medical Faculty, Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Tunca
- Gazi University Medical Faculty, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Tas Torun
- Gazi University Medical Faculty, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elvan Iseri
- Gazi University Medical Faculty, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasemen Isik Taner
- Gazi University Medical Faculty, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Banu Cayci
- Gazi University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozcan Erel
- Yildirim Beyazit University Medical Faculty, Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey
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Schmitz F, Pierozan P, Rodrigues AF, Biasibetti H, Coelho DM, Mussulini BH, Pereira MSL, Parisi MM, Barbé-Tuana F, de Oliveira DL, Vargas CR, Wyse ATS. Chronic Treatment with a Clinically Relevant Dose of Methylphenidate Increases Glutamate Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Impairs Glutamatergic Homeostasis in Prefrontal Cortex of Juvenile Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2384-96. [PMID: 26001762 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of the consequences of chronic treatment with methylphenidate is very important since this psychostimulant is extensively prescribed to preschool age children, and little is known about the mechanisms underlying the persistent changes in behavior and neuronal function related with the use of methylphenidate. In this study, we initially investigate the effect of early chronic treatment with methylphenidate on amino acids profile in cerebrospinal fluid and prefrontal cortex of juvenile rats, as well as on glutamatergic homeostasis, Na(+),K(+)-ATPase function, and balance redox in prefrontal cortex of rats. Wistar rats at early age received intraperitoneal injections of methylphenidate (2.0 mg/kg) or an equivalent volume of 0.9% saline solution (controls), once a day, from the 15th to the 45th day of age. Twenty-four hours after the last injection, the animals were decapitated and the cerebrospinal fluid and prefrontal cortex were obtained. Results showed that methylphenidate altered amino acid profile in cerebrospinal fluid, increasing the levels of glutamate. Glutamate uptake was decreased by methylphenidate administration, but GLAST and GLT-1 were not altered by this treatment. In addition, the astrocyte marker GFAP was not altered by MPH. The activity and immunocontent of catalytic subunits (α1, α2, and α3) of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase were decreased in prefrontal cortex of rats subjected to methylphenidate treatment, as well as changes in α1 and α2 gene expression of catalytic α subunits of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase were also observed. CAT activity was increased and SOD/CAT ratio and sulfhydryl content were decreased in rat prefrontal cortex. Taken together, our results suggest that chronic treatment with methylphenidate at early age induces excitotoxicity, at least in part, due to inhibition of glutamate uptake probably caused by disturbances in the Na(+),K(+)-ATPase function and/or in protein damage observed in the prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Schmitz
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Paula Pierozan
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André F Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Helena Biasibetti
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniella M Coelho
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ben Hur Mussulini
- Laboratório de Sinalização Glutamatérgica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mery S L Pereira
- Laboratório de Sinalização Glutamatérgica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariana M Parisi
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Florencia Barbé-Tuana
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diogo L de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Sinalização Glutamatérgica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carmen R Vargas
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Kayyal S, Trinh T, Dafny N. Adolescent and Adult Circadian Rhythm Activity Modulated Differently Following Chronic Methylphenidate Administration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/jbbs.2015.52005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cengiz M, Bayoglu B, Alansal NO, Cengiz S, Dirican A, Kocabasoglu N. Pro198Leu polymorphism in the oxidative stress gene, glutathione peroxidase-1, is associated with a gender-specific risk for panic disorder. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2015; 19:201-7. [PMID: 25666858 DOI: 10.3109/13651501.2015.1016973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Panic disorder (PD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by sudden attacks of intense fear. Biochemical studies suggest that oxidative stress (OS) index is significantly higher in PD, and OS genes may participate in development of anxiety-like behavioral phenotypes. We aimed to investigate role of polymorphisms in OS gene, glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX1), and DNA repair enzyme gene, 8-oxoguanine glycosylase-1 (OGG1), in PD patients. METHODS GPX1 Pro198Leu (rs1050450) and OGG1 Ser326Cys (rs1052133) polymorphisms of 127 patients with PD and 151 disease-free controls were analyzed with real-time polymerase chain reaction. Severity of PD symptoms was assessed by Panic and Agoraphobia Scale (PAS). RESULTS No significant relationship was found in genotype distributions of OGG1 Ser326Cys and GPX1 Pro198Leu polymorphisms between PD and control groups (p > 0.05). There was no significant relationship between OGG1 or GPX1 polymorphisms, and age of onset, agoraphobia, or PAS scores in PD group (p > 0.05). However, in GPX1 Pro198Leu polymorphism, C allele (Pro) was found to be more frequent in female subgroup of PD patients compared with that in males (p = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS GPX1 Pro198Leu and OGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphisms were not associated with PD risk in Turkish patients. However, a gender-specific effect of GPX1 Pro198Leu C allele may be associated with PD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujgan Cengiz
- a Department of Medical Biology , Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
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Modafinil effects on behavior and oxidative damage parameters in brain of wistar rats. Behav Neurol 2014; 2014:917246. [PMID: 25431526 PMCID: PMC4238168 DOI: 10.1155/2014/917246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of modafinil (MD) on behavioral and oxidative damage to protein and lipid in the brain of rats were evaluated. Wistar rats were given a single administration by gavage of water or MD (75, 150, or 300 mg/kg). Behavioral parameters were evaluated in open-field apparatus 1, 2, and 3 h after drug administration. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyl formation were measured in the brain. MD increased locomotor activity at the highest dose 1 and 3 h after administration. MD administration at the dose of 300 mg/kg increased visits to the center of open-field 1 h after administration; however, 3 h after administration, all administered doses of MD increased visits to the open-field center. MD 300 mg/kg increased lipid damage in the amygdala, hippocampus, and striatum. Besides, MD increased protein damage in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus; however, this effect varies depending on the dose administered. In contrast, the administration of MD 75 and 300 mg/kg decreased the protein damage in the striatum. This study demonstrated that the MD administration induces behavioral changes, which was depending on the dose used. In addition, the effects of MD on oxidative damage parameters seemed to be in specific brain region and doses.
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Comim CM, Pereira JG, Ribeiro SJ, Quevedo J, Boeck CR. Methylphenidate treatment affects mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in the striatum of young rats. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2013; 25:235-9. [PMID: 25287637 DOI: 10.1111/acn.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Methylphenidate (MPD) is a drug prescribed for the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and its therapeutic effect is attributed to the inhibition of dopamine. METHODS Young male Wistar rats were administered MPD (1, 2, 5, or 10 mg/kg) once a day or an intraperitoneal injection of saline for 28 days (chronic treatment) or for 1 day (acute treatment). Two hours after the last administration the animals were decapitated and their striatum was dissected. RESULTS In this work, we show that continued treatment with MPD is capable of modifying the levels of phosphorylation of proteins JNK1/2 (c-Jun amino-terminal kinases 1 and 2) and ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2). Whereas the level of phosphorylation of protein ERK increased significantly, that of proteins JNK1/2 diminished. CONCLUSION The alteration in the level of activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases can be a molecular mechanism through which MPD exerts its therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa M Comim
- 1 Laboratory of Neurosciences and National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Postgradute Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Josimar G Pereira
- 1 Laboratory of Neurosciences and National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Postgradute Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Sandro J Ribeiro
- 1 Laboratory of Neurosciences and National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Postgradute Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- 1 Laboratory of Neurosciences and National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Postgradute Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Carina R Boeck
- 1 Laboratory of Neurosciences and National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Postgradute Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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Schmitz F, Scherer EBS, Machado FR, da Cunha AA, Tagliari B, Netto CA, Wyse ATS. Methylphenidate induces lipid and protein damage in prefrontal cortex, but not in cerebellum, striatum and hippocampus of juvenile rats. Metab Brain Dis 2012; 27:605-12. [PMID: 22968482 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-012-9335-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of psychostimulant methylphenidate has increased in recent years for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. However, the behavioral and neurochemical changes promoted by its use are not yet fully understood, particularly when used for a prolonged period during stages of brain development. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine some parameters of oxidative stress in encephalic structures of juvenile rats subjected to chronic methylphenidate treatment. Wistar rats received intraperitoneal injections of methylphenidate (2.0 mg/kg) once a day, from the 15th to the 45th day of age or an equivalent volume of 0.9% saline solution (controls). Two hours after the last injection, animals were euthanized and the encephalic structures obtained for determination of oxidative stress parameters. Results showed that methylphenidate administration increased the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase, but did not alter the levels of reactive species, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels and sulfhydryl group in cerebellum of rats. In striatum and hippocampus, the methylphenidate-treated rats presented a decrease in the levels of reactive species and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, but did not present changes in the sulfhydryl groups levels. In prefrontal cortex, methylphenidate promoted an increase in reactive species formation, SOD/CAT ratio, and increased the lipid peroxidation and protein damage. These findings suggest that the encephalic structures respond differently to methylphenidate treatment, at least, when administered chronically to young rats. Notably, the prefrontal cortex of juvenile rats showed greater sensitivity to oxidative effects promoted by methylphenidate in relation to other encephalic structures analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Schmitz
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Morris SM, Petibone DM, Lin WJ, Chen JJ, Vitiello B, Witt KL, Mattison DR. The genetic toxicity of methylphenidate: a review of the current literature. J Appl Toxicol 2012; 32:756-64. [PMID: 22337063 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a common children's behavioral disorder, is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. The disorder is thought to stem from abnormalities in the catecholamine pathway and the symptoms of the disorder have been successfully treated with methylphenidate (MPH) since the FDA approved the drug in the 1950s. MPH underwent the appropriate safety testing as part of the FDA approval process; however, a publication in 2005 that reported significant increases in cytogenetic damage in the lymphocytes of MPH-treated pediatric patients caused concern for patients and their families, the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory agencies. This communication will review the many studies that were subsequently initiated worldwide to address the genetic safety of MPH in both animal models and human subjects. Animal experiments broadened the study protocols used in the 2005 investigation to include a wider dose-range, a longer treatment period and automated scoring of biological endpoints, where possible, to reduce observer bias. The human subject studies replicated the experimental design used in the 2005 study, but increased the treatment periods and the sizes of the study populations. Neither the laboratory animal nor human subject studies found an increase in any of the measures of genetic damage that were evaluated. Taken together, these new studies are consistent with the original safety evaluation of the FDA and do not support the hypothesis that MPH treatment increases the risk of genetic damage in ADHD patients. Published 2012. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Morris
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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40
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Chronic methylphenidate administration alters antioxidant defenses and butyrylcholinesterase activity in blood of juvenile rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 361:281-8. [PMID: 22012612 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-1113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH), a psychostimulant that affects both dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems, is one of the most frequently prescribed treatments for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The present study investigated the effects of chronic administration of MPH on some parameters of oxidative stress, as well as on butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity in blood of young rats. Rats received intraperitoneal injections of MPH (2.0 mg/kg) once a day, from the 15th to the 45th day of age or an equivalent volume of 0.9% saline solution (controls). Two hours after the last injection, animals were euthanized, and blood was collected. Results demonstrated that MPH did not alter the dichlorofluorescein formed, decreased both thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and total non-enzymatic radical-trapping antioxidant, and increased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, suggesting that this psychostimulant may alter antioxidant defenses. BuChE activity was increased in blood of juvenile rats subjected to chronic MPH administration. These findings suggest that MPH may promote peripheral oxidative adaptations and cholinergic changes.
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Zamora-Perez AL, Lazalde-Ramos BP, Sosa-Macías MG, Gómez-Meda BC, Torres-Bugarín O, Zúñiga-González GM. Methylphenidate lacks genotoxic effects in mouse peripheral blood erythrocytes. Drug Chem Toxicol 2011; 34:294-9. [PMID: 21649484 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2010.536770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH; Ritalin®; Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Basel, Switzerland) has been prescribed to treat attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) since its approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration over 50 years ago. Due to concerns that MPH might induce cytogenetic alterations in children, treatment with this drug has been a controversial issue. In the present study, we assessed the frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes (MNEs), micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs), and polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) in peripheral blood samples from mice treated with three different doses of MPH (30, 60, or 125 mg/kg). We found no evidence of increased MNEs or MNPCEs, nor did PCEs decline. These results add to the accumulating evidence that MPH does not induce genotoxic or cytotoxic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Zamora-Perez
- Instituto de Investigación en Odontología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
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42
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Schmidt AJ, Krieg JC, Clement HW, Gebhardt S, Schulz E, Heiser P. Impact of drugs approved for treating ADHD on the cell survival and energy metabolism: an in-vitro study in human neuronal and immune cells. J Psychopharmacol 2010; 24:1829-33. [PMID: 19605603 DOI: 10.1177/0269881109105563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative and antioxidative properties of psychostimulants such as methylphenidate and amphetamine are discussed controversially. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of psychostimulants and atomoxetine in different concentrations between 31.25 and 5000 ng/ml on the survival of human neuronal (neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y) and immune (monocytic U-937) cells and the impact of psychostimulants and atomoxetine in different concentrations between 500 and 5000 ng/ml on energy metabolism (adenosine triphosphate [ATP] content) in SH-SY5Y cells. Statistical analysis revealed that incubation for 24 h with amphetamine led to a significantly enhanced cell survival in both cell lines after treatment with various (32.5, 125, 250 and 1250 ng/ml) concentrations. Methylphenidate and atomoxetine induced a significantly enhanced cell survival at lower concentrations in the SH-SY5Y cell line, whereas in the U-937 cell line higher concentrations increased the cell survival. Incubation with the highest concentration of methylphenidate (5000 ng/ml) caused a significant reduction of cell survival in both cell types. Measurement of ATP contents in the neuronal cell line revealed no significant effects of the investigated compounds. Our results show that the examined substances exert concentration-dependent effects on cell survival in both applied cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
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Mattison DR. Research on cytogenetic risk of ADHD treatments in children. J Atten Disord 2010; 14:203-4. [PMID: 20978275 DOI: 10.1177/1087054710381477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donald R. Mattison
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
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Scherer EBS, da Cunha MJ, Matté C, Schmitz F, Netto CA, Wyse ATS. Methylphenidate affects memory, brain-derived neurotrophic factor immunocontent and brain acetylcholinesterase activity in the rat. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2010; 94:247-53. [PMID: 20561592 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilene B S Scherer
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Kirkland D, Fowler P. Further analysis of Ames-negative rodent carcinogens that are only genotoxic in mammalian cells in vitro at concentrations exceeding 1 mM, including retesting of compounds of concern. Mutagenesis 2010; 25:539-53. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geq041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Effect of Acute and Chronic Administration of Methylphenidate on Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain in the Brain of Young Rats. Neurochem Res 2010; 35:1675-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0229-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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47
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Schmidt AJ, Clement HW, Gebhardt S, Hemmeter UM, Schulz E, Krieg JC, Kircher T, Heiser P. Impact of psychostimulants and atomoxetine on the expression of 8-hydroxyguanine glycosylase 1 in human cells. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 117:793-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Diurnal differences in memory and learning in young and adult rats treated with methylphenidate. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 117:457-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0385-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Bahcelioglu M, Gozil R, Take G, Elmas C, Oktem H, Kadioglu D, Calguner E, Erdogan D, Sargon MF, Yazici AC, Tas M, Bardakci Y, Senol S. Dose-related immunohistochemical and ultrastructural changes after oral methylphenidate administration in cerebrum and cerebellum of the rat. World J Biol Psychiatry 2010; 10:531-43. [PMID: 19707959 DOI: 10.1080/15622970903176683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate is a piperidine derivative and is the drug most often used to treat attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder of children and young adults. Our aim is to investigate dose-dependent dopamine-2 receptor and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression and ultrastructural changes of the rat brain, to demonstrate possible toxicity of the long-term and high dose use of the methylphenidate. In this study, 27 female prepubertal Wistar albino rats, divided into three different dose groups (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) were treated orally with methylphenidate dissolved in saline solution for 5 days per week during 3 months. At the end of the third month, tissues were removed and sections were collected for immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. We believe that methylphenidate causes dose-related activation of the dopaminergic system in several brain regions especially in ventral tegmental area and also causing neuronal degeneration and capillary wall structural changes such as basal membrane thickness and augmentation of the pinostatic vesicle in the endothelial cells. Also, increased dose of Ritalin is inducing astrocytes hypertrophy especially astrogliosis in pia-glial membrane and this is the result of the degenerative changes in prefrontal cortex region due to high dose methylphenidate administration. The dose-related accumulation of the astrocytes in capillary wall might well be a consequence of the need for nutrition of the neuronal tissue, due to transport mechanism deficiency related to neuronal and vascular degeneration. Thus, we believe that the therapeutic dose of methylphenidate must be kept in minimum level to prevent ultrastructural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Bahcelioglu
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara, Turkey.
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Dobrovolsky VN, Boctor SY, Twaddle NC, Doerge DR, Bishop ME, Manjanatha MG, Kimoto T, Miura D, Heflich RH, Ferguson SA. Flow cytometric detection of Pig-A mutant red blood cells using an erythroid-specific antibody: application of the method for evaluating the in vivo genotoxicity of methylphenidate in adolescent rats. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2010; 51:138-145. [PMID: 19658152 DOI: 10.1002/em.20519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A modified flow cytometry assay for Pig-A mutant rat red blood cells (RBCs) was developed using an antibody that positively identifies rat RBCs (monoclonal antibody HIS49). The assay was used in conjunction with a flow cytometric micronucleus (MN) assay to evaluate gene mutation and clastogenicity/aneugenicity in adolescent male and female rats treated with methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH). Sprague-Dawley rats were treated orally with 3 mg/kg MPH (70/sex) or water (40/sex) 3 x /day on postnatal days (PNDs) 29-50. Eight additional rats (4/sex) were injected i.p. with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) on PND 28. Blood was collected on PNDs 29, 50, and 90, and used for determining serum MPH levels and/or conducting genotoxicity assays. On the first and last days of MPH treatment (PNDs 29 and 50), serum MPH levels averaged 21 pg/microl, well within the clinical treatment range. Relative to our previously published method (Miura et al. [2008]; Environ Mol Mutagen 49: 614-629), the HIS49 Pig-A mutation assay significantly reduced the background RBC mutant frequency; in the experiments with ENU-treated rats, the modification increased the overall sensitivity of the assay 2-3 fold. Even with the increased assay sensitivity, the 21 consecutive days of MPH treatment produced no evidence of Pig-A mutation induction (measured at PND 90); in addition, MPH treatment did not increase MN frequency (measured at PND 50). These results support the consensus view that the genotoxicity of MPH in pediatric patients reported earlier (El-Zein et al. [2005]: Cancer Lett 230: 284-291) cannot be reproduced in animal models, suggesting that MPH at clinically relevant levels may be nongenotoxic in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily N Dobrovolsky
- Division of Genetic and Reproductive Toxicology; National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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