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Lauria PSS, Gomes JDM, Abreu LS, Santana RC, Nunes VLC, Couto RD, Colavolpe PO, Silva MSD, Soares MBP, Villarreal CF. Ayahuasca and its major component harmine promote antinociceptive effects in mouse models of acute and chronic pain. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 323:117710. [PMID: 38184028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ayahuasca (AYA) is a psychedelic brew used in religious ceremonies. It is broadly used as a sacred medicine for treating several ailments, including pain of various origins. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the antinociceptive effects of AYA and its mechanisms in preclinical models of acute and chronic pain in mice, in particular during experimental neuropathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antinociceptive effects of AYA administered orally were assessed in the following models of pain: formalin test, Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammation, tail flick test, and partial sciatic nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain. Antagonism assays and Fos immunohistochemistry in the brain were performed. AYA-induced toxicity was investigated. AYA was chemically characterized. The antinociceptive effect of harmine, the major component present in AYA, was investigated. RESULTS AYA (24-3000 μL/kg) dose-dependently reduced formalin-induced pain-like behaviors and CFA-induced mechanical allodynia but did not affect CFA-induced paw edema or tail flick latency. During experimental neuropathy, single treatments with AYA (24-3000 μL/kg) reduced mechanical allodynia; daily treatments once or twice a day for 14 days promoted consistent and sustained antinociception. The antinociceptive effect of AYA (600 μL/kg) was reverted by bicuculline (1 mg/kg) and methysergide (5 mg/kg), but not by naloxone (5 mg/kg), phaclofen (2 mg/kg), and rimonabant (10 mg/kg), suggesting the roles of GABAA and serotonergic receptors. AYA increased Fos expression in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray and nucleus raphe magnus after 1 h, but not after 6 h or 14 days of daily treatments. AYA (600 μL/kg) twice a day for 14 days did not alter mice's motor function, spontaneous locomotion, body weight, food and water intake, hematological, biochemical, and histopathological parameters. Harmine (3.5 mg/kg) promoted consistent antinociception during experimental neuropathy. CONCLUSIONS AYA promotes consistent antinociceptive effects in different mouse models of pain without inducing detectable toxic effects. Harmine is at least partially accountable for the antinociceptive properties of AYA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliana de Medeiros Gomes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, 58.050-585, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Silva Abreu
- Chemistry Institute, Fluminense Federal University, 24.020-150, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Ricardo David Couto
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, 40.170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil; School of Medicine, University Center of Technology and Science, 41.800-700, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | | | - Marcelo Sobral da Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, 58.050-585, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| | - Milena Botelho Pereira Soares
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, FIOCRUZ, 40.296-710, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Institute of Advanced Systems in Health, SENAI CIMATEC, 41.650-010, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - Cristiane Flora Villarreal
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, 40.170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Gonçalo Moniz Institute, FIOCRUZ, 40.296-710, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
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Schmich SKP, Keck J, Bonaterra GA, Bertoune M, Adam A, Wilhelm B, Slater EP, Schwarzbach H, Fendrich V, Kinscherf R, Hildebrandt W. Effects of Monoamino-Oxidase-A (MAO-A) Inhibition on Skeletal Muscle Inflammation and Wasting through Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma in Triple Transgenic Mice. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030912. [PMID: 36979889 PMCID: PMC10046345 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia describes a syndrome of muscle wasting and lipolysis that is still largely untreatable and negatively impacts prognosis, mobility, and healthcare costs. Since upregulation of skeletal muscle monoamine-oxidase-A (MAO-A), a source of reactive oxygen species, may contribute to cachexia, we investigated the effects of the MAO-inhibitor harmine-hydrochloride (HH, intraperitoneal, 8 weeks) on muscle wasting in a triple-transgenic mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and wild type (WT) mice. Gastrocnemius and soleus muscle cryo-cross-sections were analyzed for fiber type-specific cross-sectional area (CSA), fraction and capillarization using ATPase- and lectin-stainings. Transcripts of pro-apoptotic, -atrophic, and -inflammatory signals were determined by RT-qPCR. Furthermore, we evaluated the integrity of neuromuscular junction (NMJ, pre-/post-synaptic co-staining) and mitochondrial ultrastructure (transmission electron microscopy). MAO-A expression in gastrocnemius muscle was increased with PDAC vs. WT (immunohistochemistry: p < 0.05; Western blot: by trend). PDAC expectedly reduced fiber CSA and upregulated IL-1β in both calf muscles, while MuRF1 expression increased in soleus muscle only. Although IL-1β decreased, HH caused an additional 38.65% (p < 0.001) decrease in gastrocnemius muscle (IIBX) fiber CSA. Moreover, soleus muscle CSA remained unchanged despite the downregulation of E3-ligases FBXO32 (p < 0.05) and MuRF1 (p < 0.01) through HH. Notably, HH significantly decreased the post-synaptic NMJ area (quadriceps muscle) and glutathione levels (gastrocnemius muscle), thereby increasing mitochondrial damage and centronucleation in soleus and gastrocnemius type IIBX fibers. Moreover, although pro-atrophic/-inflammatory signals are reversed, HH unfortunately fails to stop and rather promotes PDAC-related muscle wasting, possibly via denervation or mitochondrial damage. These differential adverse vs. therapeutic effects warrant studies regarding dose-dependent benefits and risks with consideration of other targets of HH, such as the dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation regulated kinases 1A and B (DYRK1A/B).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon K. P. Schmich
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jan Keck
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gabriel A. Bonaterra
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Mirjam Bertoune
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Anna Adam
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Beate Wilhelm
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Emily P. Slater
- Department of Visceral-, Thoracic- and Vascular Surgery, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Hans Schwarzbach
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Volker Fendrich
- Department of Visceral-, Thoracic- and Vascular Surgery, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Kinscherf
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Wulf Hildebrandt
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6421-2864042; Fax: +49-6421-2868983
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Baicalein exerts anxiolytic and antinociceptive effects in a mouse model of posttraumatic stress disorder: Involvement of the serotonergic system and spinal delta-opioid receptors. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 122:110689. [PMID: 36462602 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious mental disease featured by a stress dysfunction that occurs after an individual has faced intense mental stress, often accompanied by anxiety and chronic pain. Currently, the mainstream drug for PTSD is serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), however, their pain management for patients is limited. Baicalein, a Chinese traditional herbal medicine, has shown promising results in treating anxiety, depression, and pain. In this study, we found that baicalein may alleviate single prolonged stress (SPS)-induced PTSD-like behaviors in mice without altering baseline nociceptive sensitivity or activity. Meanwhile, baicalein increased the noradrenaline (NE) and serotonin (5-HT) content and decreased the ratio of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)/5-HT by inhibiting the activity of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) in SPS-induce mice. The anxiolytic and antinociceptive effects induced by baicalein were totally abolished by 5-HT depleting agents. Moreover, the anxiolytic effects of baicalein could be abolished by the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635, and the analgesic effects could be abolished by delta-opioid receptor antagonists in the spinal. Taken together, our study provides compelling evidence that baicalein reversed anxiety-like behaviors and neuropathic pain in PTSD through serotonergic system and spinal delta-opioid receptors.
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Park SE, Neupane C, Noh C, Sharma R, Shin HJ, Pham TL, Lee GS, Park KD, Lee CJ, Kang DW, Lee SY, Kim HW, Park JB. Antiallodynic effects of KDS2010, a novel MAO-B inhibitor, via ROS-GABA inhibitory transmission in a paclitaxel-induced tactile hypersensitivity model. Mol Brain 2022; 15:41. [PMID: 35526002 PMCID: PMC9078011 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00924-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors have been investigated for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Here, we assessed the antiallodynic effects of a novel MAO-B inhibitor, KDS2010, on paclitaxel (PTX)-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. Oral administration of KDS2010 effectively relieved PTX-induced mechanical hypersensitivity in a dose-dependent manner. KDS2010 (25 mg/Kg) significantly prevented and suppressed PTX-induced pain responses with minimal effects on the body weight, motor activity, and working memory. KDS2010 significantly reduced reactive astrocytosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in the L4–L6 spinal cord of PTX-treated mice. Furthermore, KDS2010 reversed the attenuation of GABAergic spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic current (sIPSC) frequency in spinal dorsal horn neurons, although it failed to restore the reduced tonic GABAA inhibition nor the increased GABA transporter 1 (GAT1) expression in PTX-treated mice. In addition, bath application of a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger (PBN) restored the sIPSC frequency in PTX-treated mice but not in control and PTX + KDS2010-treated mice. These results indicated that the antiallodynic effect of KDS2010 is not due to a MAO-B-dependent GABA production. Finally, PBN alone also exerted a similar analgesic effect as KDS2010, but a co-treatment of PBN with KDS2010 showed no additive effect, suggesting that inhibition of MAO-B-dependent ROS production is responsible for the analgesic effect by KDS2010 on PTX-induced allodynia. Overall, KDS2010 attenuated PTX-induced pain behaviors by restoring the altered ROS level and GABAergic inhibitory signaling in the spinal cord, suggesting that KDS2010 is a promising therapeutic strategy for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Eun Park
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Chiranjivi Neupane
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Chan Noh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea
| | - Ramesh Sharma
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Shin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Thuy Linh Pham
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Gyu-Seung Lee
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Dong-Gu Health Promotion Center 301-01, 30 Bogeunso Avenue, Samseung-Dong, Dong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ki Duk Park
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kang
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - So Yeong Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Kim
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Jin Bong Park
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea. .,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea. .,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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Wu JY, Li Y, Li BL, Wang YG, Cui WG, Zhou WH, Zhao X. Evidence for 5-HT 1A receptor-mediated antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic effects of apigenin in mice suffering from mononeuropathy. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:4005-4025. [PMID: 34030210 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neuropathic pain places a devastating health burden, with very few effective therapies. We investigated the potential antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic effects of apigenin, a natural flavonoid with momoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitory activity, against neuropathic pain and investigated the mechanism(s). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The neuropathic pain model was produced by chronic constriction injury of sciatic nerves in male C57BL/6J mice, with pain-related behaviours being assayed by von Frey test and Hargreaves test. In this model the role of 5-HT and 5-HT1A receptor-related mechanisms were investigated in vivo/in vitro. KEY RESULTS Apigenin repeated treatment (p.o., once per day for 2 weeks), in a dose-related manner (3, 10 and 30 mg·kg-1 ), ameliorated the allodynia and hyperalgesia in chronic nerve constriction injury in mice. These effects seem dependent on neuronal 5-hydroxytryptamine, because (i) the antihyperalgesia and antiallodynia were attenuated by depletion of 5-HT with p-chlorophenylalanine and potentiated by 5-hydroxytryptophan and (ii), apigenin-treated chronic constriction injury mice caused an increased level of spinal 5-HT, associated with diminished MAO activity. In vivo administration, spinally or systematically, of the 5-HT1A antagonist WAY-100635 inhibited the apigenin-induced antiallodynia and antihyperalgesia. In vitro, apigenin acted as a positive allosteric modulator to increase the efficacy (stimulation of [35 S]GTPγS binding) of the 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT. Apigenin attenuated neuronal changes caused by chronic constriction of the sciatic nerve in mice, without causing a hypertensive crisis. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Apigenin antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic actions against neuropathic pain crucially involve spinal 5-HT1A receptors and indicate it could be used to treat neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yi Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningbo University, School of Medical Science, Ningbo, China
| | - Ye Li
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ben-Ling Li
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yan-Gui Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Wu-Geng Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningbo University, School of Medical Science, Ningbo, China
| | - Wen-Hua Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningbo University, School of Medical Science, Ningbo, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningbo University, School of Medical Science, Ningbo, China
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Li Y, Zhao E, Li L, Bai L, Zhang W. Facile design of lidocaine-loaded polymeric hydrogel to persuade effects of local anesthesia drug delivery system: complete in vitro and in vivo toxicity analyses. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:1080-1092. [PMID: 34114924 PMCID: PMC8204985 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1931558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The principal goal of the present investigation was to enterprise new and effective drug delivery vesicle for the sustained delivery of local anesthetic lidocaine hydrochloride (LDC), using a novel combination of copolymeric hydrogel with tetrahydroxyborate (COP–THB) to improve bioactivity and therapeutic potential. To support this contention, the physical and mechanical properties, rheological characteristics, and component release of candidate formulations were investigated. An optimized formulation of COP–THB containing LDC to an upper maximum concentration of 1.5% w/w was assessed for drug crystallization. The biocompatibility of the prepared COP–THB hydrogel was exhibited strong cell survival (96%) and growth compatibility on L929 fibroblast cell lines, which was confirmed by using methods of MTT assay and microscopic observations. The COP–THB hydrogel release pattern is distinct from that of COP–THB/LDC hydrogels by the slow-release rate and the low percentage of cumulative release. In vivo evaluations were demonstrated the anesthetic effects and toxicity value of treated samples by using mice models. In addition, COP–THB/LDC hydrogels significantly inhibit in vivo tumor growth in mice model and effectively reduced it is in vivo toxicity. The pharmacological evaluation showed that encapsulation of LDC in COP–THB hydrogels prolonged its anesthetic action with favorable in vitro and in vivo compatibility. This novel design may theoretically be used in promising studies involving the controlled release of local anesthetics.Highlights Development a modified sustained release system for the local anesthetic lidocaine. PVP-THB hydrogel to improve the pharmacological properties of the drug and their anesthetic activities. Profiles of PVP-THB/LDC showed that the effective release of associated lidocaine. This new formulation could potentially be used in future local anesthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Erxian Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liying Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Singh A, Singh L, Singh P, Bhatti R. Biological Evaluation of Aegle marmelos Fruit Extract and Isolated Aegeline in Alleviating Pain -Depression Dyad: In Silico Analysis of Aegeline on MAO-A and iNOS. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:2034-2044. [PMID: 33521442 PMCID: PMC7841774 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Pain and depression have been assessed to co-occur in up to 80% of patients, and this comorbidity is more debilitating and pricier for the patients as compared to either of these disorders alone. Aegle marmelos is a well-known medicinal plant with a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities. Aegeline is a relatively unexplored molecule present in Aegle marmelos. Therefore, the current investigation aims to explore the potential of Aegle marmelos fruit extract (AMFE) and isolated aegeline against the reserpine-induced pain-depression dyad. In the current investigation, aegeline was isolated from AMFE, followed by spectroscopic characterization, i.e., using NMR and mass analyses. AMFE (200 mg kg-1 p.o) and aegeline (10 mg kg-1 p.o.) were administered to reserpinized (0.5 mg kg-1 s.c.) mice, and clorgyline (3 mg kg-1 i.p.) was taken as the standard drug. AMFE and aegeline significantly alleviated the reserpine-induced reduction in a pain threshold and an increase in immobility as observed in behavioral tests of pain and depression, respectively. In silico molecular docking studies of aegeline showed a good binding interaction at the active sites of MAO-A and iNOS. The in vivo analysis showed that AMFE and aegeline treatment significantly decreased the monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) activity, serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) level, and lipid peroxidation, along with an increase in the reduced glutathione level in comparison to the reserpine-treated group. Immunofluorescence studies also showed that AMFE and aegeline abrogated the reserpine-induced increase in iNOS expression. Conclusively, the results delineate that AMFE and aegeline might exert a protective effect via downregulating the MAO-A hyperactivity, IL-6 level, oxidative and nitrosative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit
Pal Singh
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev
University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Lovedeep Singh
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev
University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Palwinder Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Rajbir Bhatti
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev
University, Amritsar 143005, India
- . Phone: 0183-2258802-9
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Wu J, Wang Y, Cui W, Zhou W, Zhao X. 5-HT 1A receptor-mediated attenuation of heat hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia by chrysin in mice with experimental mononeuropathy. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2020; 45:610-619. [PMID: 32561651 DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2020-101472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent neuropathic pain poses a health problem, for which effective therapy or antidote is in dire need. This work aimed to investigate the pain-relieving effect of chrysin, a natural flavonoid with monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity, in an experimental model of neuropathic pain and elucidate mechanism(s). METHODS Chronic constriction injury (CCI) was produced by loose ligation of sciatic nerve in mice. The pain-related behaviors were examined using von Frey test and Hargreaves test. The serotonin-related mechanisms were investigated by serotonin depletion with p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) and antagonist tests in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS Repeated treatment of CCI mice with chrysin (orally, two times per day for 2 weeks) ameliorated heat hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia in a dose-dependent fashion (3-30 mg/kg). The chrysin-triggered pain relief seems serotonergically dependent, since its antihyperalgesic and antiallodynic actions were abolished by chemical depletion of serotonin by PCPA, whereas potentiated by 5-hydroxytryptophan (a precursor of 5-HT). Consistently, chrysin-treated neuropathic mice showed enhanced levels of spinal monoamines especially 5-HT, with depressed monoamine oxidase activity. Moreover, chrysin-evoked pain relief was preferentially counteracted by 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635 delivered systematically or spinally. In vitro, chrysin (0.1-10 nM) increased the maximum effect (Emax, shown as stimulation of [35S] GTPγS binding) of 8-OH-DPAT, a 5-HT1A agonist. Beneficially, chrysin was able to correct comorbid behavioral symptoms of depression and anxiety evoked by neuropathic pain, without causing hypertensive crisis (known as 'cheese reaction'). CONCLUSION These findings confirm the antihyperalgesic and antiallodynic efficacies of chrysin, with spinal 5-HT1A receptors being critically engaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningbo University, School of Medical Science, Ningbo, China
| | - Yangui Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Wugeng Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningbo University, School of Medical Science, Ningbo, China
| | - Wenhua Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningbo University, School of Medical Science, Ningbo, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningbo University, School of Medical Science, Ningbo, China
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Serotonergically dependent antihyperalgesic and antiallodynic effects of isoliquiritin in a mouse model of neuropathic pain. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 881:173184. [PMID: 32417324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic neuropathic pain poses a significant health problem worldwide, for which effective treatment is lacking. The current work aimed to investigate the potential analgesic effect of isoliquiritin, a flavonoid from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, against neuropathic pain and elucidate mechanisms. Male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to chronic constriction injury (CCI) by loose ligation of their sciatic nerves. Following CCI surgery, the neuropathic mice developed pain-like behaviors, as shown by thermal (heat) hyperalgesia in the Hargreaves test and tactile allodynia in the von Frey test. Repetitive treatment of CCI mice with isoliquiritin (p.o., twice per day for two weeks) ameliorated behavioral hyperalgesia to thermal (heat) stimuli and allodynia to tactile stimuli in a dose-dependent fashion (5, 15 and 45 mg/kg). The isoliquiritin-triggered analgesia seems serotonergically dependent, since its antihyperalgesic and antiallodynic actions were totally abolished by chemical depletion of spinal serotonin by p-chlorophenylalanine, whereas potentiated by 5-HTP (a precursor of 5-HT). Consistently, isoliquiritin-treated neuropathic mice showed escalated levels of spinal monoamines especially 5-HT, with depressed monoamine oxidase activity. Moreover, isoliquiritin-evoked antihyperalgesia and antiallodynia were preferentially counteracted by the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635 delivered systematically or spinally. Of notable benefit, isoliquiritin was able to correct co-morbid behavioral symptoms of depression and anxiety evoked by neuropathic pain. Collectively, these findings demonstrate, for the first time, the therapeutic efficacy of isoliquiritin on neuropathic hypersensitivity, and this effect is dependent on the spinal serotonergic system and 5-HT1A receptors.
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Gao KX, Zhao Q, Wang GR, Yu L, Wu JY, Zhao X. Isorhynchophylline Exerts Antinociceptive Effects on Behavioral Hyperalgesia and Allodynia in a Mouse Model of Neuropathic Pain: Evidence of a 5-HT 1A Receptor-Mediated Mechanism. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:318. [PMID: 32256369 PMCID: PMC7093567 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuropathic pain poses a significant health problem, for which effective therapy is lacking. The current work aimed to investigate the potential antinociceptive efficacy of isorhynchophylline, an oxindole alkaloid, against neuropathic pain and elucidate mechanisms. Male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to chronic constriction injury (CCI) by loose ligation of their sciatic nerves. Following CCI surgery, the neuropathic mice developed pain-like behaviors, as shown by thermal hyperalgesia in the Hargreaves test and tactile allodynia in the von Frey test. Repetitive treatment of CCI mice with isorhynchophylline (p.o., twice per day for two weeks) ameliorated behavioral hyperalgesia and allodynia in a dose-dependent fashion (5, 15, and 45 mg/kg). The isorhynchophylline-triggered antinociception seems serotonergically dependent, since its antinociceptive actions on neuropathic hyperalgesia and allodynia were totally abolished by chemical depletion of spinal serotonin by PCPA, whereas potentiated by 5-HTP (a precursor of 5-HT). Consistently, isorhynchophylline-treated neuropathic mice showed escalated levels of spinal monoamines especially 5-HT, with depressed monoamine oxidase activity. Moreover, the isorhynchophylline-evoked antinociception was preferentially counteracted by co-administration of 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635. In vitro, isorhynchophylline (0.1-10 nM) increased the Emax (stimulation of [35S] GTPγS binding) of 8-OH-DPAT, a 5-HT1A agonist. Of notable benefit, isorhynchophylline was able to correct co-morbidly behavioral symptoms of depression and anxiety evoked by neuropathic pain. Collectively, these findings confirm, for the first time, the disease-modifying efficacy of isorhynchophylline on neuropathic hypersensitivity, and this effect is dependent on spinal serotonergic system and 5-HT1A receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Xin Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang-Ren Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Central Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Yi Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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11
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Erdinc M, Uyar E, Kelle I, Akkoc H. Anti-nociceptive effects of low dose ketamine in mice may be mediated by the serotonergic systems. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2019.1605665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meral Erdinc
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Emre Uyar
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Ilker Kelle
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Hasan Akkoc
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
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12
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Siemian JN, LaMacchia ZM, Spreuer V, Tian J, Ignatowski TA, Paez PM, Zhang Y, Li JX. The imidazoline I 2 receptor agonist 2-BFI attenuates hypersensitivity and spinal neuroinflammation in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 153:260-268. [PMID: 29366977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a large, unmet public health problem. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of neuroinflammation in the establishment and maintenance of chronic pain. However, pharmacotherapies that reduce neuroinflammation have not been successfully developed to treat chronic pain thus far. Several preclinical studies have established imidazoline I2 receptor (I2R) agonists as novel candidates for chronic pain therapies, and while some I2R ligands appear to modulate neuroinflammation in certain scenarios, whether they exert anti-neuroinflammatory effects in models of chronic pain is unknown. This study examined the effects of the prototypical I2R agonist 2-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride (2-BFI) on hypersensitivity and neuroinflammation induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI), a neuropathic pain model in rats. In CCI rats, twice-daily treatment with 10 mg/kg 2-BFI for seven days consistently increased mechanical and thermal nociception thresholds, reduced GFAP and Iba-1 levels in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and reduced levels of TNF-α relative to saline treatment. These results were recapitulated in primary mouse cortical astrocyte cultures. Incubation with 2-BFI attenuated GFAP expression and supernatant TNF-α levels in LPS-stimulated cultures. These results suggest that I2R agonists such as 2-BFI may reduce neuroinflammation which may partially account for their antinociceptive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin N Siemian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Zach M LaMacchia
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Vilma Spreuer
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jingwei Tian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Tracey A Ignatowski
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Pablo M Paez
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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13
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Xu Y, Lin D, Yu X, Xie X, Wang L, Lian L, Fei N, Chen J, Zhu N, Wang G, Huang X, Pan J. The antinociceptive effects of ferulic acid on neuropathic pain: involvement of descending monoaminergic system and opioid receptors. Oncotarget 2018; 7:20455-68. [PMID: 26967251 PMCID: PMC4991467 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain can be considered as a form of chronic stress that may share common neuropathological mechanism between pain and stress-related depression and respond to similar treatment. Ferulic acid (FA) is a major active component of angelica sinensis and has been reported to exert antidepressant-like effects; however, it remains unknown whether FA ameliorate chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic pain and the involvement of descending monoaminergic system and opioid receptors. Chronic treatment with FA (20, 40 and 80 mg/kg) ameliorated mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in von Frey hair and hot plate tasks, accompanied by increasing spinal noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5-HT) levels. Subsequent study suggested that treatment of CCI animals with 40 and 80 mg/kg FA also inhibited spinal MAO-A levels. FA's effects on mechanical allodynia or thermal hyperalgesiawas blocked by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) via pharmacological depletion of spinal noradrenaline or serotonin. Moreover, the anti-allodynic action of FA on mechanical stimuli was prevented by pre-treatment with beta2-adrenoceptor antagonist ICI 118,551, or by the delta-opioid receptor antagonist naltrindole. While the anti-hyperalgesia on thermal stimuli induced by FA was blocked by pre-treatment with 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635, or with the irreversible mu-opioid receptor antagonist beta-funaltrexamine. These results suggest that the effect of FA on neuropathic pain is potentially mediated via amelioration of the descending monoaminergic system that coupled with spinal beta2- and 5-HT1A receptors and the downstream delta- and mu-opioid receptors differentially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- Brain Institute, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325021, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Dan Lin
- Brain Institute, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325021, China
| | - Xuefeng Yu
- Brain Institute, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325021, China
| | - Xupei Xie
- Brain Institute, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325021, China
| | - Liqun Wang
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, 213000, China
| | - Lejing Lian
- Brain Institute, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325021, China
| | - Ning Fei
- Brain Institute, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325021, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Brain Institute, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325021, China
| | - Naping Zhu
- Brain Institute, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325021, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310006, China
| | - Xianfeng Huang
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, 213000, China
| | - Jianchun Pan
- Brain Institute, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325021, China
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14
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Hussain ASM, Renno WM, Sadek HL, Kayali NM, Al-Salem A, Rao MS, Khan KM. Monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor protects degenerating spinal neurons, enhances nerve regeneration and functional recovery in sciatic nerve crush injury model. Neuropharmacology 2017; 128:231-243. [PMID: 29054367 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase-B (MAOB), a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), is an enzyme which catalyzes the oxidation of amines. MAOB is proposed to play a major role in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and neurotoxins. The present study was designed to outline the effects of the MAOB inhibitor (MAOB-I) on neuroprotection of spinal neurons, regeneration of sciatic nerve fibers, and recovery of sensory-motor functions in the sciatic nerve crush injury model. Male Wistar rats (4-months-old) were assigned to i) Naïve (N), ii) Sham (S), iii) Sciatic nerve crush and treated with saline (CRUSH + SALINE) and iv) Sciatic nerve crush and treated with MAOB inhibitor (CRUSH + MAOB-I) groups (n = 10/group). In groups iii and iv, the crush injury was produced by crushing the sciatic nerve followed by treatment with saline or MAOB-I (Selegiline® 2.5 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for 10 days. Behavioral tests were conducted from week 1 to week 6. At the end of the study, sciatic nerve and lumbar spinal cord were examined by immunohistochemistry, light and electron microscopy. MAOB-I treatment showed significant improvement in sensory and motor functions compared to saline treatment (p < 0.05-0.001) in injured nerves. The morphological study showed a significantly increased number of nerve fibers in sciatic nerve distal to the site of injury (p < 0.05), with better myelination pattern in CRUSH + MAOB-I treated group compared to CRUSH + SALINE group. Spinal cord ventral horns showed a significant increase in the number of NeuN-immunoreactive neurons in the MAOB-I treated group compared to Saline treated group (p < 0.01). MAOB-I has a significant potential for protecting the degenerating spinal cord neurons and enhancing the regeneration of injured sciatic nerve fibers following crush injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Waleed M Renno
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
| | - Hanaa L Sadek
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Noura M Kayali
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Aseel Al-Salem
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Muddanna S Rao
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Khalid M Khan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait
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15
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Interactions of Desmethoxyyangonin, a Secondary Metabolite from Renealmia alpinia, with Human Monoamine Oxidase-A and Oxidase-B. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:4018724. [PMID: 29138643 PMCID: PMC5613693 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4018724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Renealmia alpinia (Zingiberaceae), a medicinal plant of tropical rainforests, is used to treat snakebites and other injuries and also as a febrifuge, analgesic, antiemetic, antiulcer, and anticonvulsant. The dichloromethane extract of R. alpinia leaves showed potent inhibition of human monoamine oxidases- (MAOs-) A and B. Phytochemical studies yielded six known compounds, including pinostrobin 1, 4′-methyl ether sakuranetin 2, sakuranetin 3, pinostrobin chalcone 4, yashabushidiol A 5, and desmethoxyyangonin 6. Compound 6 displayed about 30-fold higher affinity for MAO-B than MAO-A, with Ki values of 31 and 922 nM, respectively. Kinetic analysis of inhibition and equilibrium-dialysis dissociation assay of the enzyme-inhibitor complex showed reversible binding of desmethoxyyangonin 6 with MAO-A and MAO-B. The binding interactions of compound 6 in the active site of the MAO-A and MAO-B isoenzymes, investigated through molecular modeling algorithms, confirmed preferential binding of desmethoxyyangonin 6 with MAO-B compared to MAO-A. Selective reversible inhibitors of MAO-B, like desmethoxyyangonin 6, may have important therapeutic significance for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.
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16
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Entzeroth M, Ratty AK. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors—Revisiting a Therapeutic Principle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/ojd.2017.62004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Chen Z, Park J, Butler B, Acosta G, Vega-Alvarez S, Zheng L, Tang J, McCain R, Zhang W, Ouyang Z, Cao P, Shi R. Mitigation of sensory and motor deficits by acrolein scavenger phenelzine in a rat model of spinal cord contusive injury. J Neurochem 2016; 138:328-38. [PMID: 27060873 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Currently there are no effective therapies available for the excruciating neuropathic pain that develops after spinal cord injuries (SCI). As such, a great deal of effort is being put into the investigation of novel therapeutic targets that can alleviate this pain. One such target is acrolein, a highly reactive aldehyde produced as a byproduct of oxidative stress and inflammation that is capable of activating the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) cation channel, known to be involved in the transmission and propagation of chronic neuropathic pain. One anti-acrolein agent, hydralazine, has already been shown to reduce neuropathic pain behaviors and offer neuroprotection after SCI. This study investigates another acrolein scavenger, phenelzine, for its possible role of alleviating sensory hypersensitivity through acrolein suppression. The results show that phenelzine is indeed capable of attenuating neuropathic pain behaviors in acute, delayed, and chronic administration schedules after injury in a rat model of SCI. In addition, upon the comparison of hydralazine to phenelzine, both acrolein scavengers displayed a dose-dependent response in the reduction of acrolein in vivo. Finally, phenelzine proved capable of providing locomotor function recovery and neuroprotection of spinal cord tissue when administered immediately after injury for 2 weeks. These results indicate that phenelzine may be an effective treatment for neuropathic pain after SCI and likely a viable alternative to hydralazine. We have shown that phenelzine can attenuate neuropathic pain behavior in acute, delayed, and chronic administration in post-SCI rats. This was accompanied by a dose-dependent reduction in an acrolein metabolite in urine and an acrolein adduct in spinal cord tissue, and the suppression of TRPA1 over-expression in central and peripheral locations post-trauma. Acrolein scavenging might be a novel therapeutic strategy to reduce post-SCI neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Rui-Jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-tong University, Institute of Trauma and Orthopedics, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jonghyuck Park
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Breanne Butler
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Glen Acosta
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Sasha Vega-Alvarez
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Lingxing Zheng
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jonathan Tang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Robyn McCain
- Purdue Translational Pharmacology, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Wenpeng Zhang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Peng Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, Rui-Jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-tong University, Institute of Trauma and Orthopedics, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Riyi Shi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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18
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Frizzo CP, Wust K, Tier AZ, Beck TS, Rodrigues LV, Vaucher RA, Bolzan LP, Terra S, Soares F, Martins MAP. Novel ibuprofenate- and docusate-based ionic liquids: emergence of antimicrobial activity. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22237d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Six new ionic-liquid-based active pharmaceutical ingredients (IL-APIs) were prepared and their molecular structures characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keli Wust
- NUQUIMHE
- Federal University of Santa Maria
- Santa Maria
- Brazil
| | - Aniele Z. Tier
- NUQUIMHE
- Federal University of Santa Maria
- Santa Maria
- Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Leandro P. Bolzan
- Lab. of Microbiology
- Centro Universitário Franciscano
- Santa Maria
- Brazil
| | - Silvio Terra
- Depart. of Molecular Biology
- Federal University of Santa Maria
- Santa Maria
- Brazil
| | - Felix Soares
- Depart. of Molecular Biology
- Federal University of Santa Maria
- Santa Maria
- Brazil
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19
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Bektas N, Nemutlu D, Arslan R. The imidazoline receptors and ligands in pain modulation. Indian J Pharmacol 2015; 47:472-8. [PMID: 26600633 PMCID: PMC4621665 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.165196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is an unpleasant experience and effects daily routine negatively. Although there are various drugs, many of them are not entirely successful in relieving pain, since pain modulation is a complex process involving numerous mediators and receptors. Therefore, it is a rational approach to identify the factors involved in the complex process and develop new agents that act on these pain producing mechanisms. In this respect, the involvement of the imidazoline receptors in pain modulation has drawn attention in recent years. In this review, it is aimed to focus on the imidazoline receptors and their ligands which contribute to the pain modulation. It is demonstrated that imidazoline-2 (I2) receptors are steady new drug targets for analgesics. Even if the mechanism of I2 receptor is not well known in the modulation of pain, it is known that it plays a role in tonic and chronic pain but not in acute phasic pain. Moreover, the I2 receptor ligands increase the analgesic effects of opioids in both acute and chronic pain and prevent the development of opioid tolerance. So, they are valuable for the chronic pain treatment and also therapeutic coadjuvants in the management of chronic pain with opiate drugs due to the attenuation of opioid tolerance and addiction. Thus, the use of the ligands which bind to the imidazoline receptors is an effective strategy for relieving pain. This educational forum exhibits the role of imidazoline receptors and ligands in pain process by utilizing experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurcan Bektas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir 26470, Turkey
| | - Dilara Nemutlu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir 26470, Turkey
| | - Rana Arslan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir 26470, Turkey
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20
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Sałat K, Witalis J, Zadrożna M, Sołtys Z, Nowak B, Filipek B, Więckowski K, Malawska B. 3-[4-(3-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-dihydrofuran-2-one and pregabalin attenuate tactile allodynia in the mouse model of chronic constriction injury. Toxicol Mech Methods 2015; 25:514-23. [PMID: 25996035 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2015.1034333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a strong medical demand to search for novel, more efficacious and safer than available, analgesics for the treatment of neuropathic pain. This study investigated antinociceptive activity of intraperitoneally administered 3-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-dihydrofuran-2-one (LPP1) and pregabalin in the chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain in mice and evaluated these drugs' influence on motor coordination. In addition, microscopic examinations of the sciatic nerve were performed to assess, if a surgical method or drug treatment caused changes in the structure of this nerve. Moreover, the alterations of nerve growth factor (NGF) content after drug treatment were assessed. METHODS Antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic activities of LPP1 and pregabalin were assessed in the von Frey and hot plate tests. Motor-impairing properties were evaluated in the rotarod test. Microscopic examinations of the sciatic nerve were performed using electron microscope. In immunohistochemical assays the content of NGF in the sciatic nerve after single or repeated administration of test drugs was assessed. RESULTS Microscopic examinations of the sciatic nerve revealed ultrastructural changes in nerve fibers indicating for neurodegenerative processes induced by CCI. Seven days after CCI surgery LPP1 and pregabalin reduced tactile allodynia in von Frey test (ED50 values were 1.5 and 15.4 mg/kg, respectively). None of the test drugs at dose range 0.5-100 mg/kg induced motor deficits in the rotarod test. In immunohistochemical assays repeated doses of pregabalin and LPP1 elevated NGF content. CONCLUSIONS LPP1 has antiallodynic properties and is an interesting lead structure in the search for novel analgesics used in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Sałat
- a Department of Pharmacodynamics , Chair of Pharmacodynamics, Medical College, Jagiellonian University , Cracow , Poland
| | - Jadwiga Witalis
- a Department of Pharmacodynamics , Chair of Pharmacodynamics, Medical College, Jagiellonian University , Cracow , Poland
| | - Monika Zadrożna
- b Department of Pharmacobiology , Medical College, Jagiellonian University , Cracow , Poland
| | - Zbigniew Sołtys
- c Department of Neuroanatomy , Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University , Cracow , Poland
| | - Barbara Nowak
- b Department of Pharmacobiology , Medical College, Jagiellonian University , Cracow , Poland
| | - Barbara Filipek
- a Department of Pharmacodynamics , Chair of Pharmacodynamics, Medical College, Jagiellonian University , Cracow , Poland
| | - Krzysztof Więckowski
- d Department of Organic Chemistry , Chair of Organic Chemistry, Medical College, Jagiellonian University , Cracow , Poland , and
| | - Barbara Malawska
- e Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis , Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical College, Jagiellonian University , Cracow , Poland
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21
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Austin PJ, Bembrick AL, Denyer GS, Keay KA. Injury-Dependent and Disability-Specific Lumbar Spinal Gene Regulation following Sciatic Nerve Injury in the Rat. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124755. [PMID: 25905723 PMCID: PMC4408097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Allodynia, hyperalgesia and spontaneous pain are cardinal sensory signs of neuropathic pain. Clinically, many neuropathic pain patients experience affective-motivational state changes, including reduced familial and social interactions, decreased motivation, anhedonia and depression which are severely debilitating. In earlier studies we have shown that sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI) disrupts social interactions, sleep-wake-cycle and endocrine function in one third of rats, a subgroup reliably identified six days after injury. CCI consistently produces allodynia and hyperalgesia, the intensity of which was unrelated either to the altered social interactions, sleep-wake-cycle or endocrine changes. This decoupling of the sensory consequences of nerve injury from the affective-motivational changes is reported in both animal experiments and human clinical data. The sensory changes triggered by CCI are mediated primarily by functional changes in the lumbar dorsal horn, however, whether lumbar spinal changes may drive different affective-motivational states has never been considered. In these studies, we used microarrays to identify the unique transcriptomes of rats with altered social behaviours following sciatic CCI to determine whether specific patterns of lumbar spinal adaptations characterised this subgroup. Rats underwent CCI and on the basis of reductions in dominance behaviour in resident-intruder social interactions were categorised as having Pain & Disability, Pain & Transient Disability or Pain alone. We examined the lumbar spinal transcriptomes two and six days after CCI. Fifty-four ‘disability-specific’ genes were identified. Sixty-five percent were unique to Pain & Disability rats, two-thirds of which were associated with neurotransmission, inflammation and/or cellular stress. In contrast, 40% of genes differentially regulated in rats without disabilities were involved with more general homeostatic processes (cellular structure, transcription or translation). We suggest that these patterns of gene expression lead to either the expression of disability, or to resilience and recovery, by modifying local spinal circuitry at the origin of ascending supraspinal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Austin
- School of Medical Sciences (Anatomy & Histology), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alison L. Bembrick
- School of Medical Sciences (Anatomy & Histology), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gareth S. Denyer
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kevin A. Keay
- School of Medical Sciences (Anatomy & Histology), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Zhao X, Wang C, Cui WG, Ma Q, Zhou WH. Fisetin exerts antihyperalgesic effect in a mouse model of neuropathic pain: engagement of spinal serotonergic system. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9043. [PMID: 25761874 PMCID: PMC4356956 DOI: 10.1038/srep09043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fisetin, a natural flavonoid, has been shown in our previous studies to exert antidepressant-like effect. As antidepressant drugs are clinically used to treat chronic neuropathic pain, this work aimed to investigate the potential antinociceptive efficacies of fisetin against neuropathic pain and explore mechanism(s). We subjected mice to chronic constriction injury (CCI) by loosely ligating the sciatic nerves, and Hargreaves test or von Frey test was used to assess thermal hyperalgesia or mechanical allodynia, respectively. Chronic fisetin treatment (5, 15 or 45 mg/kg, p.o.) ameliorated thermal hyperalgesia (but not mechanical allodynia) in CCI mice, concomitant with escalated levels of spinal monoamines and suppressed monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A activity. The antihyperalgesic action of fisetin was abolished by chemical depletion of spinal serotonin (5-HT) but potentiated by co-treatment with 5-HTP, a precursor of 5-HT. Moreover, intraperitoneal (i.p.) or intrathecal (i.t.) co-treatment with 5-HT7 receptor antagonist SB-258719 completely abrogated fisetin's antihyperalgesia. These findings confirm that chronic fisetin treatment exerts antinociceptive effect on thermal hyperalgesia in neuropathic mice, with spinal serotonergic system (coupled with 5-HT7) being critically involved. Of special benefit, fisetin attenuated co-morbidly behavioral symptoms of depression and anxiety (evaluated in forced swim test, novelty suppressed feeding test and light-dark test) evoked by neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningbo University, School of Medical Science, Ningbo, Zhejiang province 315211, China
| | - Chuang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningbo University, School of Medical Science, Ningbo, Zhejiang province 315211, China
| | - Wu-Geng Cui
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University, School of Medical Science, Ningbo, Zhejiang province 315211, China
| | - Qing Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningbo University, School of Medical Science, Ningbo, Zhejiang province 315211, China
| | - Wen-Hua Zhou
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University, School of Medical Science, Ningbo, Zhejiang province 315211, China
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Zhao X, Yu C, Wang C, Zhang JF, Zhou WH, Cui WG, Ye F, Xu Y. Chronic resveratrol treatment exerts antihyperalgesic effect and corrects co-morbid depressive like behaviors in mice with mononeuropathy: involvement of serotonergic system. Neuropharmacology 2014; 85:131-41. [PMID: 24835468 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Patients suffering from chronic neuropathic pain are at high risk of co-morbid depression, which burdens healthcare. This work aimed to investigate the effects of resveratrol, a phenolic monomer enriched in red wine and grapes, on pain-related and depressive-like behaviors in mice with mononeuropathy, and explored the mechanism(s). Mice received chronic constriction injury (CCI) of sciatic nerves, and sequentially developed pain-related and depressive-like behaviors, as evidenced by sensory hypersensitivity (thermal hyperalgesia in Hargreaves test and mechanical allodynia in von Frey test) and behavioral despair (prolonged immobility time in forced swim test). Chronic treatment of neuropathic mice with resveratrol (30 mg/kg, p.o., twice per day for three weeks) normalized their thermal hyperalgesia (but not mechanical allodynia) and depressive-like behaviors, and these actions were abolished by chemical depletion of central serotonin (5-HT) but potentiated by co-treatment with 5-HTP, a precursor of 5-HT. The anti-hyperalgesia and anti-depression exerted by resveratrol may be pharmacologically segregated, since intrathecal (i.t.) and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of methysergide, a non-selective 5-HT receptor antagonist, separately abrogated the two actions. Furthermore, the antihyperalgesic action of resveratrol was preferentially counteracted by co-administration of the 5-HT7 receptor antagonist SB-258719, while the anti-depression was abrogated by 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635. These results confirm that chronic resveratrol administration exerts curative-like effects on thermal hyperalgesia and co-morbid depressive-like behaviors in mice with mononeuropathy. Spinal and supraspinal serotonergic systems (coupled with 5-HT7 and 5-HT1A receptors, respectively) are differentially responsible for the antihyperalgesic and antidepressant-like properties of resveratrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningbo University, School of Medical Science, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, China.
| | - Chao Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250033, China
| | - Chuang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningbo University, School of Medical Science, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, China
| | - Jun-Fang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningbo University, School of Medical Science, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, China
| | - Wen-Hua Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningbo University, School of Medical Science, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, China
| | - Wu-Geng Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningbo University, School of Medical Science, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, China
| | - Feng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningbo University, School of Medical Science, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, China; Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown 26506-9128, USA.
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Zhao X, Wang C, Zhang JF, Liu L, Liu AM, Ma Q, Zhou WH, Xu Y. Chronic curcumin treatment normalizes depression-like behaviors in mice with mononeuropathy: involvement of supraspinal serotonergic system and GABAA receptor. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:2171-87. [PMID: 24297305 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3368-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Comorbid depression is commonly observed in individuals who suffer from neuropathic pain, which necessitates improved treatment. Curcumin, a phenolic compound derived from Curcuma longa, possesses both antinociceptive and antidepressant-like activities in animal studies, suggesting its possible usefulness in treating this comorbidity. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effect of curcumin on depressive-like behaviors in mice with mononeuropathy, and explored the mechanism(s). METHODS Chronic constriction injury (CCI) was produced by loosely ligating the sciatic nerves in mice. The nociceptive behaviors were examined using Hargreaves test, and the depressive-like behaviors were determined by forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). RESULTS After CCI injury, the neuropathic mice developed nociceptive and depressive-like behaviors, as shown by thermal hyperalgesia in Hargreaves test and protracted immobility time in FST and TST. Chronic treatment of neuropathic mice with curcumin (45 mg/kg, p.o., twice per day for 3 weeks) corrected their exacerbated nociceptive and depressive-like behaviors, which was abolished by chemical depletion of brain serotonin rather than noradrenaline. The paralleled antinociceptive and antidepressant-like actions of curcumin seem to be pharmacologically segregated, since intrathecal and intracerebroventricular injection of methysergide, a nonselective 5-HT receptor antagonist, separately counteracted the two actions of curcumin. Further, this antidepression was abrogated by repeated co-treatment with 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635 and greatly attenuated by acute co-treatment with GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline. CONCLUSION Curcumin can normalize the depressive-like behaviors of neuropathic mice, which may be independent of the concurrent analgesic action and possibly mediated via the supraspinal serotonergic system and downstream GABAA receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315211, China,
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Di Lorenzo C, Daverio A, Pasqualetti P, Coppola G, Giannoudas I, Barone Y, Grieco GS, Niolu C, Pascale E, Santorelli FM, Nicoletti F, Pierelli F, Siracusano A, Seri S, Di Lorenzo G. The upstream Variable Number Tandem Repeat polymorphism of the monoamine oxidase type A gene influences trigeminal pain-related evoked responses. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:501-7. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cherubino Di Lorenzo
- Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus Foundation; Via Maresciallo Caviglia 30-00135 Rome Italy
| | - Andrea Daverio
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology; Department of Systems Medicine; University of Rome “Tor Vergata”; Rome Italy
- Chair of Psychiatry; Department of Systems Medicine; University of Rome “Tor Vergata”; Rome Italy
- Psychiatric Clinic; Fondazione Policlinico “Tor Vergata”; Rome Italy
| | - Patrizio Pasqualetti
- Service of Medical Statistics and Information Technology; Fatebenefratelli Association for Research (AFaR); Rome Italy
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Casa di cura San Raffaele-Cassino; Cassino Italy
| | - Gianluca Coppola
- Department of Neurophysiology of Vision and Neurophthalmology; G.B. Bietti Eye Foundation-IRCCS; Rome Italy
| | - Ioannis Giannoudas
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology; Department of Systems Medicine; University of Rome “Tor Vergata”; Rome Italy
- Chair of Psychiatry; Department of Systems Medicine; University of Rome “Tor Vergata”; Rome Italy
- Psychiatric Clinic; Fondazione Policlinico “Tor Vergata”; Rome Italy
| | - Ylenia Barone
- Chair of Psychiatry; Department of Systems Medicine; University of Rome “Tor Vergata”; Rome Italy
- Psychiatric Clinic; Fondazione Policlinico “Tor Vergata”; Rome Italy
| | - Gaetano S. Grieco
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics; IRCCS Neurological Institute “C. Mondino”; Pavia Italy
| | - Cinzia Niolu
- Chair of Psychiatry; Department of Systems Medicine; University of Rome “Tor Vergata”; Rome Italy
- Psychiatric Clinic; Fondazione Policlinico “Tor Vergata”; Rome Italy
| | - Esterina Pascale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Filippo M. Santorelli
- Molecular Medicine & Neurodegenerative Diseases; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris; Pisa Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- IRCCS-Neuromed; Pozzilli IS Italy
- Department of Pharmacology; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | | | - Alberto Siracusano
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology; Department of Systems Medicine; University of Rome “Tor Vergata”; Rome Italy
- Chair of Psychiatry; Department of Systems Medicine; University of Rome “Tor Vergata”; Rome Italy
- Psychiatric Clinic; Fondazione Policlinico “Tor Vergata”; Rome Italy
| | - Stefano Seri
- School of Life and Health Sciences; Aston Brain Centre; Aston University; Birmingham UK
| | - Giorgio Di Lorenzo
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology; Department of Systems Medicine; University of Rome “Tor Vergata”; Rome Italy
- Chair of Psychiatry; Department of Systems Medicine; University of Rome “Tor Vergata”; Rome Italy
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