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Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to describe the neurological improvements in a patient with severe long COVID brain dysfunction following perispinal etanercept administration. Perispinal administration of etanercept, a novel method designed to enhance its brain delivery via carriage in the cerebrospinal venous system, has previously been shown to reduce chronic neurological dysfunction after stroke. Etanercept is a recombinant biologic that is capable of ameliorating two components of neuroinflammation: microglial activation and the excess bioactivity of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a proinflammatory cytokine that is a key neuromodulator in the brain. Optimal synaptic and brain network function require physiological levels of TNF. Neuroinflammation, including brain microglial activation and excess central TNF, can be a consequence of stroke or peripheral infection, including infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19. METHODS Standardized, validated measures, including the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Beck Depression Index-II (BDI-II), Fatigue Assessment Scale, Controlled Oral Word Association Test, Trail Making Tests, Timed Finger-to-Nose Test, 20 m Self-Paced Walk Test, 5 Times Sit-to-Stand Test and Grip Strength measured with a Jamar Dynamometer were used to quantitate changes in cognition, depression, fatigue and neurological function after a single 25 mg perispinal etanercept dose in a patient with severe long COVID of 12 months duration. RESULTS Following perispinal etanercept administration there was immediate neurological improvement. At 24 h, there were remarkable reductions in chronic post-COVID-19 fatigue and depression, and significant measurable improvements in cognition, executive function, phonemic verbal fluency, balance, gait, upper limb coordination and grip strength. Cognition, depression and fatigue were examined at 29 days; each remained substantially improved. CONCLUSION Perispinal etanercept is a promising treatment for the chronic neurologic dysfunction that may persist after resolution of acute COVID-19, including chronic cognitive dysfunction, fatigue, and depression. These results suggest that long COVID brain neuroinflammation is a potentially reversible pathology and viable treatment target. In view of the increasing unmet medical need, clinical trials of perispinal etanercept for long COVID are urgently necessary. The robust results of the present case suggest that perispinal etanercept clinical trials studying long COVID populations with severe fatigue, depression and cognitive dysfunction may have improved ability to detect a treatment effect. Positron emission tomographic methods that image brain microglial activation and measurements of cerebrospinal fluid proinflammatory cytokines may be useful for patient selection and correlation with treatment effects, as well as provide insight into the underlying pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tracey A Ignatowski
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Manar Wassel
- Institute of Neurological Recovery, Boca Raton, FL, USA
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Bloomingdale P, Meregalli C, Pollard K, Canta A, Chiorazzi A, Fumagalli G, Monza L, Pozzi E, Alberti P, Ballarini E, Oggioni N, Carlson L, Liu W, Ghandili M, Ignatowski TA, Lee KP, Moore MJ, Cavaletti G, Mager DE. Systems Pharmacology Modeling Identifies a Novel Treatment Strategy for Bortezomib-Induced Neuropathic Pain. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:817236. [PMID: 35126148 PMCID: PMC8809372 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.817236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity is a common dose-limiting side effect of several cancer chemotherapeutic agents, and no effective therapies exist. Here we constructed a systems pharmacology model of intracellular signaling in peripheral neurons to identify novel drug targets for preventing peripheral neuropathy associated with proteasome inhibitors. Model predictions suggested the combinatorial inhibition of TNFα, NMDA receptors, and reactive oxygen species should prevent proteasome inhibitor-induced neuronal apoptosis. Dexanabinol, an inhibitor of all three targets, partially restored bortezomib-induced reduction of proximal action potential amplitude and distal nerve conduction velocity in vitro and prevented bortezomib-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in rats, including a partial recovery of intraepidermal nerve fiber density. Dexanabinol failed to restore bortezomib-induced decreases in electrophysiological endpoints in rats, and it did not compromise bortezomib anti-cancer effects in U266 multiple myeloma cells and a murine xenograft model. Owing to its favorable safety profile in humans and preclinical efficacy, dexanabinol might represent a treatment option for bortezomib-induced neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bloomingdale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Cristina Meregalli
- Experimental Neurology Unit and Milan Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Kevin Pollard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Annalisa Canta
- Experimental Neurology Unit and Milan Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Alessia Chiorazzi
- Experimental Neurology Unit and Milan Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Giulia Fumagalli
- Experimental Neurology Unit and Milan Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Laura Monza
- Experimental Neurology Unit and Milan Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Eleonora Pozzi
- Experimental Neurology Unit and Milan Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Paola Alberti
- Experimental Neurology Unit and Milan Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Elisa Ballarini
- Experimental Neurology Unit and Milan Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Norberto Oggioni
- Experimental Neurology Unit and Milan Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Louise Carlson
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Wensheng Liu
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Mehrnoosh Ghandili
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Tracey A. Ignatowski
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Kelvin P. Lee
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Michael J. Moore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
- AxoSim, Inc., New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Guido Cavaletti
- Experimental Neurology Unit and Milan Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- *Correspondence: Guido Cavaletti, ; Donald E. Mager,
| | - Donald E. Mager
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Enhanced Pharmacodynamics, LLC, Buffalo, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Guido Cavaletti, ; Donald E. Mager,
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3
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Benson CA, Powell HR, Liput M, Dinham S, Freedman DA, Ignatowski TA, Stachowiak EK, Stachowiak MK. Immune Factor, TNFα, Disrupts Human Brain Organoid Development Similar to Schizophrenia-Schizophrenia Increases Developmental Vulnerability to TNFα. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:233. [PMID: 33005129 PMCID: PMC7484483 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a neurodevelopmental genetic disorder in which maternal immune activation (MIA) and increased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) may contribute. Previous studies using iPSC-derived cerebral organoids and neuronal cells demonstrated developmental malformation and transcriptional dysregulations, including TNF receptors and their signaling genes, common to SZ patients with diverse genetic backgrounds. In the present study, we examined the significance of the common TNF receptor dysregulations by transiently exposing cerebral organoids from embryonic stem cells (ESC) and from representative control and SZ patient iPSCs to TNF. In control iPSC organoids, TNF produced malformations qualitatively similar in, but generally less pronounced than, the malformations of the SZ iPSC-derived organoids. TNF and SZ alone disrupted subcortical rosettes and dispersed proliferating Ki67+ neural progenitor cells (NPC) from the organoid ventricular zone (VZ) into the cortical zone (CZ). In the CZ, the absence of large ramified pan-Neu+ neurons coincided with loss of myelinated neurites despite increased cortical accumulation of O4+ oligodendrocytes. The number of calretinin+ interneurons increased; however, they lacked the preferential parallel orientation to the organoid surface. SZ and SZ+TNF affected fine cortical and subcortical organoid structure by replacing cells with extracellular matrix (ECM)-like fibers The SZ condition increased developmental vulnerability to TNF, leading to more pronounced changes in NPC, pan-Neu+ neurons, and interneurons. Both SZ- and TNF-induced malformations were associated with the loss of nuclear (n)FGFR1 form in the CZ and its upregulation in deep IZ regions, while in earlier studies blocking nFGFR1 reproduced cortical malformations observed in SZ. Computational analysis of ChiPseq and RNAseq datasets shows that nFGFR1 directly targets neurogenic, oligodendrogenic, cell migration, and ECM genes, and that the FGFR1-targeted TNF receptor and signaling genes are overexpressed in SZ NPC. Through these changes, the developing brain with the inherited SZ genome dysregulation may suffer increased vulnerability to TNF and thus, MIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A Benson
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Hana R Powell
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Michal Liput
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Department of Stem Cells Bioengineering, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Siddhartha Dinham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - David A Freedman
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Tracey A Ignatowski
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Ewa K Stachowiak
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Michal K Stachowiak
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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4
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LaMacchia ZM, Spengler RN, Jaffari M, Abidi AH, Ahmed T, Singh N, Tobinick EL, Ignatowski TA. Perispinal injection of a TNF blocker directed to the brain of rats alleviates the sensory and affective components of chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 82:93-105. [PMID: 31376497 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is chronic pain that follows nerve injury, mediated in the brain by elevated levels of the inflammatory protein tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF). We have shown that peripheral nerve injury increases TNF in the hippocampus/pain perception region, which regulates neuropathic pain symptoms. In this study we assessed pain sensation and perception subsequent to specific targeting of brain-TNF (via TNF antibody) administered through a novel subcutaneous perispinal route. Neuropathic pain was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats via chronic constriction injury (CCI), and thermal hyperalgesia was monitored for 10 days post-surgery. On day 8 following CCI and sensory pain behavior testing, rats were randomized to receive perispinal injection of TNF antibody or control IgG isotype antibody. Pain perception was assessed using conditioned place preference (CPP) to the analgesic, amitriptyline. CCI-rats receiving the perispinal injection of TNF antibody had significantly decreased CCI-induced thermal hyperalgesia the following day, and did not form an amitriptyline-induced CPP, whereas CCI-rats receiving perispinal IgG antibody experienced pain alleviation only in conjunction with i.p. amitriptyline and did form an amitriptyline-induced CPP. The specific targeting of brain TNF via perispinal delivery alleviates thermal hyperalgesia and positively influences the affective component of pain. PERSPECTIVE: This study presents a novel route of drug administration to target central TNF for treatment of neuropathic pain. Targeting central TNF through perispinal drug delivery could potentially be a more efficient and sustained method to treat patients with neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach M LaMacchia
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, USA
| | | | - Muhammad Jaffari
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, USA
| | - Asif H Abidi
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, USA
| | - Tariq Ahmed
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, USA
| | - Natasha Singh
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, USA
| | | | - Tracey A Ignatowski
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, USA; Program for Neuroscience, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, USA.
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Ignatowski TA, Spengler RN. Prescribe exercise to treat infections. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 77:5-6. [PMID: 30593841 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tracey A Ignatowski
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University at Buffalo-SUNY, Buffalo, NY, USA; Program for Neuroscience, University at Buffalo-SUNY, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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6
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Ignatowski TA, Spengler RN. Targeting tumor necrosis factor in the brain relieves neuropathic pain. World J Anesthesiol 2018; 7:10-19. [DOI: 10.5313/wja.v7.i2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a chronic syndrome caused by direct damage to or disease of the somatosensory nervous system. The lack of safe, adequate and sustained pain relief offered by present analgesic treatments is most alarming. While many treatment options are available to manage chronic pain, such as antidepressants, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, opioids, and anticonvulsants, chronic neuropathic pain remains largely unmanaged. Compounding the dilemma of ineffective chronic pain treatments is the need to provide relief from suffering and yet not contribute to the scourge of drug abuse. A recent epidemic of addiction and accidental drug prescription overdoses parallel the increased use of opioid treatment, even though opioids are rarely an effective treatment of relieving chronic pain. To make matters worse, opioids may contribute to exacerbating pain, and side-effects such as cognitive impairment, nausea, constipation, development of tolerance, as well as their potential for addiction and overdose deaths exist. Clearly, there is an urgent need for alternative, non-opiate treatment of chronic pain. Innovative discoveries of pertinent brain mechanisms and functions are key to developing effective, safe treatments. Pioneering work has revealed the essential effects of the pleiotropic mediator tumor necrosis factor (TNF) on brain functioning. These studies establish that TNF inhibits norepinephrine release from hippocampal neurons, and show that excess TNF production within the hippocampus occurs during neuropathic pain, which mobilizes additional mechanisms that further inhibit norepinephrine release. Significantly, it has been verified that elevated levels of TNF in the brain are actually required for neuropathic pain development. Since TNF decreases norepinephrine release in the brain, enhanced TNF levels would prevent engagement of the norepinephrine descending inhibitory neuronal pain pathways. Increased levels of TNF in the brain are therefore critical to the development of neuropathic pain. Therefore, strategies that decrease this enhanced TNF expression in the brain will have superior analgesic efficacy. We propose this novel approach of targeting the pathologically high levels of brain TNF as an effective strategy in the treatment of the devastating syndrome of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey A Ignatowski
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences and Program for Neuroscience, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, United States
- NanoAxis, LLC, Clarence, NY 14031, United States
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Siemian JN, LaMacchia ZM, Spreuer V, Tian J, Ignatowski TA, Paez PM, Zhang Y, Li JX. The imidazoline I 2 receptor agonist 2-BFI attenuates hypersensitivity and spinal neuroinflammation in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 153:260-268. [PMID: 29366977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a large, unmet public health problem. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of neuroinflammation in the establishment and maintenance of chronic pain. However, pharmacotherapies that reduce neuroinflammation have not been successfully developed to treat chronic pain thus far. Several preclinical studies have established imidazoline I2 receptor (I2R) agonists as novel candidates for chronic pain therapies, and while some I2R ligands appear to modulate neuroinflammation in certain scenarios, whether they exert anti-neuroinflammatory effects in models of chronic pain is unknown. This study examined the effects of the prototypical I2R agonist 2-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride (2-BFI) on hypersensitivity and neuroinflammation induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI), a neuropathic pain model in rats. In CCI rats, twice-daily treatment with 10 mg/kg 2-BFI for seven days consistently increased mechanical and thermal nociception thresholds, reduced GFAP and Iba-1 levels in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and reduced levels of TNF-α relative to saline treatment. These results were recapitulated in primary mouse cortical astrocyte cultures. Incubation with 2-BFI attenuated GFAP expression and supernatant TNF-α levels in LPS-stimulated cultures. These results suggest that I2R agonists such as 2-BFI may reduce neuroinflammation which may partially account for their antinociceptive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin N Siemian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Zach M LaMacchia
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Vilma Spreuer
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jingwei Tian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Tracey A Ignatowski
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Pablo M Paez
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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8
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Gerard E, Spengler RN, Bonoiu AC, Mahajan SD, Davidson BA, Ding H, Kumar R, Prasad PN, Knight PR, Ignatowski TA. Chronic constriction injury-induced nociception is relieved by nanomedicine-mediated decrease of rat hippocampal tumor necrosis factor. Pain 2015; 156:1320-1333. [PMID: 25851457 PMCID: PMC4474806 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain syndrome that arises from nerve injury. Current treatments only offer limited relief, clearly indicating the need for more effective therapeutic strategies. Previously, we demonstrated that proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) is a key mediator of neuropathic pain pathogenesis; TNF is elevated at sites of neuronal injury, in the spinal cord, and supraspinally during the initial development of pain. The inhibition of TNF action along pain pathways outside higher brain centers results in transient decreases in pain perception. The objective of this study was to determine whether specific blockade of TNF in the hippocampus, a site of pain integration, could prove efficacious in reducing sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced pain behavior. Small inhibitory RNA directed against TNF mRNA was complexed to gold nanorods (GNR-TNF siRNA; TNF nanoplexes) and injected into the contralateral hippocampus of rats 4 days after unilateral CCI. Withdrawal latencies to a noxious thermal stimulus (hyperalgesia) and withdrawal to innocuous forces (allodynia) were recorded up to 10 days and compared with baseline values and sham-operated rats. Thermal hyperalgesia was dramatically decreased in CCI rats receiving hippocampal TNF nanoplexes; and mechanical allodynia was transiently relieved. TNF levels (bioactive protein, TNF immunoreactivity) in hippocampal tissue were decreased. The observation that TNF nanoplex injection into the hippocampus alleviated neuropathic pain-like behavior advances our previous findings that hippocampal TNF levels modulate pain perception. These data provide evidence that targeting TNF in the brain using nanoparticle-protected siRNA may be an effective strategy for treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Gerard
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
| | | | - Adela C. Bonoiu
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
| | - Supriya D. Mahajan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
| | - Bruce A. Davidson
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
- NanoAxis, LLC, Clarence, New York 14031
- Department of Anesthesiology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
- Veterans Administration Western New York Healthcare System
| | - Hong Ding
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
| | - Paras N. Prasad
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
| | - Paul R. Knight
- NanoAxis, LLC, Clarence, New York 14031
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
- Department of Anesthesiology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
- Veterans Administration Western New York Healthcare System
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
| | - Tracey A. Ignatowski
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
- NanoAxis, LLC, Clarence, New York 14031
- Program for Neuroscience, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
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9
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Tobinick E, Rodriguez-Romanacce H, Levine A, Ignatowski TA, Spengler RN. Immediate neurological recovery following perispinal etanercept years after brain injury. Clin Drug Investig 2015; 34:361-6. [PMID: 24647830 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-014-0186-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomographic brain imaging and pathological examination have revealed that a chronic, intracerebral neuroinflammatory response lasting for years after a single brain injury may occur in humans. Evidence suggests the immune signaling molecule, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), is centrally involved in this pathology through its modulation of microglial activation, role in synaptic dysfunction, and induction of depressive symptoms and neuropathic pain. Etanercept is a recombinant TNF receptor fusion protein and potent TNF inhibitor that has been found to reduce microglial activation and neuropathic pain in multiple experimental models. We report that a single dose of perispinal etanercept produced an immediate, profound, and sustained improvement in expressive aphasia, speech apraxia, and left hemiparesis in a patient with chronic, intractable, debilitating neurological dysfunction present for more than 3 years after acute brain injury. These results indicate that acute brain injury-induced pathologic levels of TNF may provide a therapeutic target that can be addressed years after injury. Perispinal administration of etanercept is capable of producing immediate relief from brain injury-mediated neurological dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Tobinick
- Institute of Neurological Recovery, 2300 Glades Road Suite 305E, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA,
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10
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Fasick V, Spengler RN, Samankan S, Nader ND, Ignatowski TA. The hippocampus and TNF: Common links between chronic pain and depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 53:139-59. [PMID: 25857253 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Major depression and chronic pain are significant health problems that seriously impact the quality of life of affected individuals. These diseases that individually are difficult to treat often co-exist, thereby compounding the patient's disability and impairment as well as the challenge of successful treatment. The development of efficacious treatments for these comorbid disorders requires a more comprehensive understanding of their linked associations through common neuromodulators, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), and various neurotransmitters, as well as common neuroanatomical pathways and structures, including the hippocampal brain region. This review discusses the interaction between depression and chronic pain, emphasizing the fundamental role of the hippocampus in the development and maintenance of both disorders. The focus of this review addresses the hypothesis that hippocampal expressed TNFα serves as a therapeutic target for management of chronic pain and major depressive disorder (MDD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Fasick
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | | | - Shabnam Samankan
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - Nader D Nader
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - Tracey A Ignatowski
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States; NanoAxis, LLC, Clarence, NY 14031, United States; Program for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States.
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Ignatowski TA, Spengler RN, Tobinick E. Authors' reply to Whitlock: Perispinal etanercept for post-stroke neurological and cognitive dysfunction: scientific rationale and current evidence. CNS Drugs 2014; 28:1207-13. [PMID: 25373629 PMCID: PMC4246125 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-014-0212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tracey A. Ignatowski
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences and Program for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY USA
| | | | - Edward Tobinick
- Institute of Neurological Recovery, 2300 Glades Road Suite 305E, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA
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Martuscello RT, Spengler RN, Bonoiu AC, Davidson BA, Helinski J, Ding H, Mahajan S, Kumar R, Bergey EJ, Knight PR, Prasad PN, Ignatowski TA. Increasing TNF levels solely in the rat hippocampus produces persistent pain-like symptoms. Pain 2012; 153:1871-1882. [PMID: 22770843 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2012.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The manifestation of chronic, neuropathic pain includes elevated levels of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF). Previously, we have shown that the hippocampus, an area of the brain most notable for its role in learning and memory formation, plays a fundamental role in pain sensation. Using an animal model of peripheral neuropathic pain, we have demonstrated that intracerebroventricular infusion of a TNF antibody adjacent to the hippocampus completely alleviated pain. Furthermore, intracerebroventricular infusion of rTNF adjacent to the hippocampus induced pain behavior in naïve animals similar to that expressed during a model of neuropathic pain. These data support our premise that enhanced production of hippocampal-TNF is integral in pain sensation. In the present study, TNF gene expression was induced exclusively in the hippocampus, eliciting increased local bioactive TNF levels, and animals were assessed for pain behaviors. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received stereotaxic injection of gold nanorod (GNR)-complexed cDNA (control or TNF) plasmids (nanoplasmidexes), and pain responses (i.e., thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia) were measured. Animals receiving hippocampal microinjection of TNF nanoplasmidexes developed thermal hyperalgesia bilaterally. Sensitivity to mechanical stimulation also developed bilaterally in the rat hind paws. In support of these behavioral findings, immunoreactive staining for TNF, bioactive levels of TNF, and levels of TNF mRNA per polymerase chain reaction analysis were assessed in several brain regions and found to be increased only in the hippocampus. These findings indicate that the specific elevation of TNF in the hippocampus is not a consequence of pain, but in fact induces these behaviors/symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina T Martuscello
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA NanoAxis, LLC, Amherst, New York, USA Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, Buffalo, NY, USA Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA Veterans Administration Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA Program for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Bonoiu AC, Bergey EJ, Ding H, Hu R, Kumar R, Yong KT, Prasad PN, Mahajan S, Picchione KE, Bhattacharjee A, Ignatowski TA. Gold nanorod--siRNA induces efficient in vivo gene silencing in the rat hippocampus. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2011; 6:617-30. [PMID: 21718174 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Gold nanorods (GNRs), cellular imaging nanoprobes, have been used for drug delivery therapy to immunologically privileged regions in the brain. We demonstrate that nanoplexes formed by electrostatic binding between negatively charged RNA and positively charged GNRs, silence the expression of the target housekeeping gene, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) within the CA1 hippocampal region of the rat brain, without showing cytotoxicity. MATERIALS & METHODS Fluorescence imaging with siRNA(Cy3)GAPDH and dark-field imaging using plasmonic enhanced scattering from GNRs were used to monitor the distribution of the nanoplexes within different neuronal cell types present in the targeted hippocampal region. RESULTS & CONCLUSION Our results show robust nanoplex uptake and slow release of the fluorescent gene silencer with significant impact on the suppression of GAPDH gene expression (70% gene silencing, >10 days postinjection). The observed gene knockdown using nanoplexes in targeted regions of the brain opens a new era of drug treatment for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela C Bonoiu
- State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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Sud R, Spengler RN, Nader ND, Ignatowski TA. Antinociception occurs with a reversal in alpha 2-adrenoceptor regulation of TNF production by peripheral monocytes/macrophages from pro- to anti-inflammatory. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 588:217-31. [PMID: 18514187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Revised: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) plays a role in neuropathic pain. During neuropathic pain development in the chronic constriction injury model, elevated TNF levels in the brain occur in association with enhanced alpha 2-adrenoceptor inhibition of norepinephrine release. alpha 2-Adrenoceptors are also located on peripheral macrophage where they normally function as pro-inflammatory, since they increase the production of the cytokine TNF, a proximal mediator of inflammation. How the central increase in TNF affects peripheral alpha 2-adrenoceptor function was investigated. Male, Sprague-Dawley rats had four loose ligatures placed around the right sciatic nerve. Thermal hyperalgesia was determined by comparing hind paw withdrawal latencies between chronic constriction injury and sham-operated rats. Chronic constriction injury increased TNF immunoreactivity at the lesion and the hippocampus. Amitriptyline, an antidepressant that is used as an analgesic, was intraperitoneally administered (10 mg/kg) starting simultaneous with ligature placement (day-0) or at days-4 or -6 post-surgery. Amitriptyline treatment initiated at day-0 or day-4 post-ligature placement alleviated hyperalgesia. When initiated at day-0, amitriptyline prevented increased TNF immunoreactivity in the hippocampus and at the lesion. A peripheral inflammatory response, macrophage production of TNF, was also assessed in the current study. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated production of TNF by whole blood cells and peritoneal macrophages was determined following activation of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor in vitro. alpha 2-Adrenoceptor regulation of TNF production from peripheral immune-effector cells reversed from potentiation in controls to inhibition in chronic constriction injured rats. This effect is accelerated with amitriptyline treatment initiated at day-0 or day-4 post-ligature placement. Amitriptyline treatment initiated day-6 post-ligature placement did not alleviate hyperalgesia and prevented the switch from potentiation to inhibition in alpha 2-adrenoceptor regulation of TNF production. Recombinant rat TNF i.c.v. microinfusion reproduces the response of peripheral macrophages from rats with chronic constriction injury. A reversal in peripheral alpha 2-adrenoceptor regulation of TNF production from pro- to anti-inflammatory is associated with effective alleviation of thermal hyperalgesia. Thus, alpha 2-adrenoceptor regulation of peripheral TNF production may serve as a potential biomarker to evaluate therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeteka Sud
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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Spengler RN, Sud R, Knight PR, Ignatowski TA. Antinociception mediated by alpha(2)-adrenergic activation involves increasing tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) expression and restoring TNFalpha and alpha(2)-adrenergic inhibition of norepinephrine release. Neuropharmacology 2007; 52:576-89. [PMID: 17055005 PMCID: PMC1839855 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2006] [Revised: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The central component that establishes chronic pain from peripheral nerve injury is associated with increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) production in the brain. This study examined TNFalpha and its reciprocally permissive role with alpha(2)-adrenergic activation during peak and progressive decline of thermal hyperalgesia in sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI). Accumulation of TNFalpha mRNA (in situ hybridization) increases in the hippocampus and locus coeruleus during the onset of neuropathic pain and persists as hyperalgesia abates. Activation of alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors in control rats decreases TNFalpha mRNA accumulation in these brain regions. In contrast, during hyperalgesia, alpha(2)-adrenergic activation enhances TNFalpha mRNA accumulation. Whether this enhanced TNFalpha production is associated with changes in the regulation of norepinephrine (NE) release was tested. Hippocampal slices were electrically depolarized to evaluate alpha(2)-adrenergic and TNFalpha regulation of NE release. While inhibition of NE release by TNFalpha is maximal during peak hyperalgesia, it subsequently transforms to facilitate NE release. In addition, alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor activation with clonidine (0.2mg/kg, i.p.) in CCI rats experiencing hyperalgesia restores TNFalpha and alpha(2)-adrenergic inhibition of NE release. While TNFalpha directs the development of hyperalgesia, it also directs its resolution. Transformed sensitivity to alpha(2)-adrenergic agonists during hyperalgesia demonstrates a mechanism for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N. Spengler
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Reeteka Sud
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Paul R. Knight
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Tracey A. Ignatowski
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214
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16
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Sud R, Ignatowski TA, Lo CPK, Spengler RN. Uncovering molecular elements of brain-body communication during development and treatment of neuropathic pain. Brain Behav Immun 2007; 21:112-24. [PMID: 16859892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2006.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Revised: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Integral to neuropathic pain is a reciprocal interaction between tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) production and the alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor response, offering an attractive therapeutic target. The effects of varying levels of brain TNF on alpha(2)-adrenergic regulation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) production in the hippocampus and sciatic nerve were investigated during the development and amitriptyline treatment of chronic pain. Increased levels of TNF during the development of chronic pain transform alpha(2)-adrenergic inhibition of cAMP production in the brain to potentiation. While alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors regulate TNF production, they also affect descending noradrenergic pathways. Increases in levels of TNF in the brain deeply impact peripheral inflammation through regulating alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors, offering insight into brain-body interactions during neuropathic pain. Amitriptyline as an analgesic inhibits pain-induced increases in brain-associated TNF and transforms peripheral alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors. The dynamic equilibrium between TNF levels and alpha(2)-adrenergic functioning is uniquely altered during development and treatment of neuropathic pain. Proper manipulations of this interaction offer efficacious treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeteka Sud
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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17
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Reynolds JL, Ignatowski TA, Sud R, Spengler RN. An antidepressant mechanism of desipramine is to decrease tumor necrosis factor-alpha production culminating in increases in noradrenergic neurotransmission. Neuroscience 2005; 133:519-31. [PMID: 15878644 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2004] [Revised: 02/11/2005] [Accepted: 02/12/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The monoamine theory of depression proposes decreased bioavailability of monoamines, such as norepinephrine (NE), as the underlying cause of depression. Thus, the antidepressant efficacy of NE-reuptake inhibitors such as desipramine is attributed to increases in synaptic concentrations of NE. The time difference between inhibition of reuptake and therapeutic efficacy, however, argues against this being the primary mechanism. If desipramine elicits its therapeutic efficacy by increasing NE release, in turn, increasing activation of the alpha(2)-adrenergic autoinhibitory receptor, then mimicking this increase with an exogenous agonist (clonidine) should support or even enhance the efficacy of the antidepressant. Intriguingly, simultaneous administration of clonidine with desipramine prevented the cellular and behavioral effects elicited by desipramine alone, in both acute and chronic administration paradigms. These results suggest the involvement of additional factor(s) in the mechanism of antidepressant action of this drug. Desipramine administration results in a virtual ablation of neuron-derived tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), thus implicating an essential role of TNF in the therapeutic efficacy of this antidepressant. Additionally, following chronic administration of desipramine, TNF-regulation of NE release is transformed, from inhibition to facilitation. Here, we demonstrate that a transformation in TNF-regulation of NE release in the brain is a key element in the efficacy of this antidepressant. Interestingly, an increase in neurotransmission prior to the antidepressant's effect on TNF production prevents the efficacy of the antidepressant drug. Thus, the efficacy of desipramine is due to decreased levels of TNF in the brain induced by this drug, ultimately modifying noradrenergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Reynolds
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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18
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Reynolds JL, Ignatowski TA, Spengler RN. Effect of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on the reciprocal G-protein-induced regulation of norepinephrine release by the alpha2-adrenergic receptor. J Neurosci Res 2005; 79:779-87. [PMID: 15672410 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Alpha2-adrenergic receptors control norepinephrine (NE) release and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) production from neurons. TNF regulates NE release, depending on alpha2-adrenergic receptor functioning. The relationship between TNF production in the brain and alpha2-adrenergic receptor activation could have profound control over NE release. TNF and alpha2-adrenergic regulation of NE release was investigated in rat hippocampal slices incubated with pertussis toxin (PTX). The alpha2-adrenergic receptor couples to Galpha(i/o)-proteins to inhibit NE release; however, in slices preexposed to PTX, alpha2-adrenergic receptor activation facilitates NE release. TNF exposure subsequent to PTX restores alpha2-adrenergic inhibition of NE release. PTX exposure of hippocampal slices prevents agonist-induced increases in Galpha(i/o) labeling with a GTP analog; after subsequent TNF exposure, agonist-induced increases in Galpha(i/o) labeling are restored. TNF regulation of NE release transforms from inhibition to facilitation depending on alpha2-adrenergic receptor activation following PTX exposure. Therefore, TNF directs the coupling of the alpha2-adrenergic receptor, ultimately affecting NE release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Reynolds
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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Ignatowski TA, Sud R, Reynolds JL, Knight PR, Spengler RN. The dissipation of neuropathic pain paradoxically involves the presence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF). Neuropharmacology 2005; 48:448-60. [PMID: 15721177 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2004] [Revised: 10/04/2004] [Accepted: 11/01/2004] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain, a chronic disabling pain arising from nerve injury, develops a central component. In brain neurons, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) levels intensify and TNF-inhibition of norepinephrine (NE) release, dependent upon alpha(2)-adrenergic activation, amplifies during neuropathic pain onset. TNF-inhibition of NE release transforms to facilitation in the hippocampus of rats administered antidepressants (treat neuropathic pain), contemporaneous with decreased neuron TNF. Therefore, adrenergic drugs inhibit increased pain sensitivity (hyperalgesia) by decreasing TNF production, thereby inducing increased NE release. This study examined TNF- and alpha(2)-adrenergic-regulated NE release from hippocampal slices during both the onset and dissipation of hyperalgesia during sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI). The enhanced inhibition of NE release by TNF at peak hyperalgesia (day-8) transformed to facilitation of NE release at days 12, 14, 16, and 21 post-CCI, corresponding to dissipation of hyperalgesia. Chronic antidepressant drug administration alone to rats results in similar findings. Rats administered the antidepressant amitriptyline (10 mg/kg, i.p., 60 min) at day-8 post-CCI, no longer exhibited hyperalgesia. Interestingly, the presynaptic response to TNF transformed to facilitation of NE release. While TNF directs the development of hyperalgesia, it is also involved in the resolution of pain, a possible mechanism for management of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey A Ignatowski
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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Reynolds JL, Ignatowski TA, Gallant S, Spengler RN. Amitriptyline administration transforms tumor necrosis factor-alpha regulation of norepinephrine release in the brain. Brain Res 2004; 1023:112-20. [PMID: 15364025 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates that the mixed action antidepressant drug amitriptyline enhances norepinephrine (NE) release by transforming the nature of the response of neurons to both tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) as well as to an alpha(2)-adrenergic agonist in an area of the central nervous system (CNS) rich in adrenergic neurons. Administration of the antidepressant drug amitriptyline for 1 day or 14 days to rats significantly increases TNF bioactivity in total homogenates of the locus coeruleus (LC) and the hippocampus as assessed by the WEHI-13VAR bioassay. Superfusion and electrical field stimulation of rat hippocampal brain slices were used to study the regulation of NE release. Exposure to TNF, as well as activation of the alpha(2)-adrenergic autoreceptor inhibits stimulation-evoked norepinephrine (NE) release from adrenergic neurons of the CNS from naïve rats. Superfusion of hippocampal slices isolated from rats chronically (14 days) administered amitriptyline demonstrates that TNF inhibition of NE release is transformed, such that TNF facilitates NE release, dependent upon alpha(2)-adrenergic activation. Furthermore, chronic administration of amitriptyline increases stimulation-evoked NE release and decreases alpha(2)-adrenergic autoreceptor inhibition of NE release, an effect not observed with acute drug administration. These data support the hypothesis that chronic antidepressant drug administration, through regulation of TNF expression, transforms alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors such that they function to facilitate NE release, suggesting a mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Reynolds
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 206 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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Renauld AE, Ignatowski TA, Spengler RN. Alpha 2-adrenergic receptor inhibition of cAMP accumulation is transformed to facilitation by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Brain Res 2004; 1004:212-6. [PMID: 15033439 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor on neurons regulates the activity of neurons. Inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation induced by alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor activation is altered following exposure of the neuron SH-SY5Y cell line to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF). Acute (5 and 15 min) exposure to TNF induces a transformation in alpha(2)-adrenergic regulation of cAMP accumulation from inhibition to facilitation. These findings support an autocrine role for the regulation of TNF production from neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Renauld
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY at Buffalo, 206 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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Reynolds JL, Ignatowski TA, Sud R, Spengler RN. Brain-derived tumor necrosis factor-alpha and its involvement in noradrenergic neuron functioning involved in the mechanism of action of an antidepressant. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 310:1216-25. [PMID: 15082752 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.067835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study documents a role for brain-derived tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) in the mechanism of action of the antidepressant drug desmethylimipramine (desipramine). To establish this role, field stimulation and superfusion of rat hippocampal slices was employed to investigate the regulation of norepinephrine (NE) release by TNF. Chronic desipramine administration transforms TNF-mediated inhibition of NE release to facilitation, dependent upon alpha2-adrenergic receptor activation. Chronic i.c.v. microinfusion of polyclonal TNF antibody (pTNF-Ab) similarly transforms TNF inhibition of NE release to facilitation. To determine whether this transformation is due to desipramine-induced inhibition of TNF bioactivity in the brain, rats were i.c.v. microinfused with recombinant rat TNF (rrTNF) for 14 days, either alone or with simultaneous i.p. desipramine administration. TNF regulation of NE release in hippocampal slices isolated from these rats was compared with slices isolated from rats chronically administered desipramine alone. Although simultaneous microinfusion of rrTNF with chronic desipramine administration prevents the transformation induced by desipramine, microinfusion of rrTNF enhances TNF inhibition of NE release. These cellular events correspond to changes in immobility, analyzed by the forced swim test (FST). Intracerebroventricular microinfusion of rrTNF increases the duration of immobility of rats in the FST, compared with rats microinfused with aCSF. Desipramine administered chronically decreases immobility duration, which is mimicked by i.c.v. microinfusion of pTNF-Ab and prevented by simultaneous i.c.v. microinfusion of rrTNF. Thus, i.c.v. microinfusion of rrTNF with concomitant desipramine administration opposes decreases in neuron-associated TNF levels, required to transform presynaptic sensitivity to TNF, which is necessary for the drug to be efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Reynolds
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, 206 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey A Ignatowski
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Covey WC, Ignatowski TA, Renauld AE, Knight PR, Nader ND, Spengler RN. Expression of neuron-associated tumor necrosis factor alpha in the brain is increased during persistent pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2002; 27:357-66. [PMID: 12132059 DOI: 10.1053/rapm.2002.31930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Evidence implicates the pleiotropic cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) in the pathogenesis of persistent pain. The present study employs a chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain to examine TNFalpha production in the central nervous system (CNS) and in the periphery in this pain model. METHODS CCI-induced hyperalgesia is assessed by measuring the nociceptive threshold using the hot-plate test. The development of hyperalgesia is correlated to levels of TNFalpha by assessing: bioactive TNFalpha in homogenates of sciatic nerves, cervical spinal cord, thoracolumbar spinal cord, as well as in plasma using the WEHI-13 variant cytotoxicity bioassay; and mRNA for TNFalpha in sections of locus coeruleus by in situ hybridization. RESULTS We have previously demonstrated that TNFalpha bioactivity in the region of the brainstem containing the locus coeruleus is increased concurrent with the development of hyperalgesia, returning to baseline values by day 14, when hyperalgesia has ceased. Constitutive levels of TNFalpha are demonstrated in the plasma, sciatic nerves, and cervical and thoracolumbar spinal cord of control rats, sham-operated rats, and rats undergoing CCI. Levels of TNFalpha are significantly elevated in the injured sciatic nerve by day 8 postligature placement, concurrent with maximal hyperalgesia, and remain elevated when hyperalgesia has abated at day 14 postligature placement. Additionally, TNFalpha activity is increased in the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord by day 4 postligature placement and remains elevated during hyperalgesia (day 8), as well as after hyperalgesia has dissipated (day 14). The increase in TNFalpha expression is specific to discrete regions of the CNS, rather than being the result of a systemic inflammatory response, since TNFalpha bioactivity in plasma is, in fact, decreased in rats undergoing CCI. Additionally, accumulation of mRNA specific for TNFalpha is significantly increased in neurons within a region of the brain containing the locus coeruleus at days 2, 8, and 14 postligature placement, contemporaneous with the development of hyperalgesia. CONCLUSIONS The increases in TNFalpha within regions of the brain and spinal cord that are associated with adrenergic neuron function, as well as with modulation of pain perception, and the time course and distribution of the increases in TNFalpha accumulation support a neuromodulatory role for TNFalpha within the CNS in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Covey
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
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Nader ND, Ignatowski TA, Kurek CJ, Knight PR, Spengler RN. Clonidine suppresses plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of TNF-alpha during the perioperative period. Anesth Analg 2001. [PMID: 11473862 DOI: 10.1213/00000539-200108000-00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The analgesic properties of alpha(2)-agonists are well known. In experimental models, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha regulates adrenergic responses in the brain. Constitutive TNF-alpha, in brain regions involved in pain perception, is decreased after the administration of clonidine. We investigated patients undergoing lower-extremity revascularization. Seven patients were treated with clonidine 0.2 mg per os (low), and three patients received 0.4 mg per os clonidine (high) before surgery. Eight patients received placebo and served as controls. Continuous spinal anesthesia was provided by insertion of a pliable catheter into the subarachnoid space. Baseline plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were obtained before injection of local anesthetic. Samples were analyzed for TNF-alpha using a biologic assay. Systemic and central release of catecholamines were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography measurement of norepinephrine in plasma and CSF, vanillylmandelic acid and methoxy hydroxyl phenyl glycol in 24-h urinary excretion, respectively. Clonidine 0.2 mg pretreatment decreased TNF-alpha concentrations both in plasma and CSF. Patients receiving clonidine had lower pain visual analog scale scores and required less morphine compared with the Placebo group (P < 0.01). Preoperative administration of clonidine decreased catecholamine release in the periphery, as well as in the central nervous system. A smaller norepinephrine concentration in plasma and CSF, and less secretion of vanillylmandelic acid (P < 0.01) and methoxy hydroxyl phenyl glycol in the urine, were observed. Larger dose clonidine (0.4 mg) resulted in no detectable TNF-alpha in CSF. These results suggest that an interaction between TNF-alpha and the function of adrenergic neurons in the central nervous system may contribute to the sedative and analgesic effects of adrenergic agonists. IMPLICATIONS Preoperative administration of clonidine decreases both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, resulting in perioperative analgesia and decreased sympathetic tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Nader
- Department of Anesthesiology, SUNY-Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.
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Nader ND, Ignatowski TA, Kurek CJ, Knight PR, Spengler RN. Clonidine suppresses plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of TNF-alpha during the perioperative period. Anesth Analg 2001; 93:363-9 , 3rd contents page. [PMID: 11473862 DOI: 10.1097/00000539-200108000-00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The analgesic properties of alpha(2)-agonists are well known. In experimental models, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha regulates adrenergic responses in the brain. Constitutive TNF-alpha, in brain regions involved in pain perception, is decreased after the administration of clonidine. We investigated patients undergoing lower-extremity revascularization. Seven patients were treated with clonidine 0.2 mg per os (low), and three patients received 0.4 mg per os clonidine (high) before surgery. Eight patients received placebo and served as controls. Continuous spinal anesthesia was provided by insertion of a pliable catheter into the subarachnoid space. Baseline plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were obtained before injection of local anesthetic. Samples were analyzed for TNF-alpha using a biologic assay. Systemic and central release of catecholamines were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography measurement of norepinephrine in plasma and CSF, vanillylmandelic acid and methoxy hydroxyl phenyl glycol in 24-h urinary excretion, respectively. Clonidine 0.2 mg pretreatment decreased TNF-alpha concentrations both in plasma and CSF. Patients receiving clonidine had lower pain visual analog scale scores and required less morphine compared with the Placebo group (P < 0.01). Preoperative administration of clonidine decreased catecholamine release in the periphery, as well as in the central nervous system. A smaller norepinephrine concentration in plasma and CSF, and less secretion of vanillylmandelic acid (P < 0.01) and methoxy hydroxyl phenyl glycol in the urine, were observed. Larger dose clonidine (0.4 mg) resulted in no detectable TNF-alpha in CSF. These results suggest that an interaction between TNF-alpha and the function of adrenergic neurons in the central nervous system may contribute to the sedative and analgesic effects of adrenergic agonists. IMPLICATIONS Preoperative administration of clonidine decreases both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, resulting in perioperative analgesia and decreased sympathetic tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Nader
- Department of Anesthesiology, SUNY-Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.
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Nickola TJ, Ignatowski TA, Reynolds JL, Spengler RN. Antidepressant drug-induced alterations in neuron-localized tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA and alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor sensitivity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001; 297:680-7. [PMID: 11303058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The pleiotropic cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) and alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor activation regulate norepinephrine (NE) release from neurons in the central nervous system. The present study substantiates the role of TNF as a neuromodulator and demonstrates a reciprocally permissive relationship between the biological effects of TNF and alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor activation as a mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs. Immunohistochemical analysis and in situ hybridization reveal that administration of the antidepressant drug desipramine decreases the accumulation of constitutively expressed TNF mRNA in neurons of the rat brain. Superfusion and electrical field stimulation were applied to a series of rat hippocampal brain slices to study the regulation of [(3)H]NE release. Superfusion of hippocampal slices obtained from rats chronically administered the antidepressant drug zimelidine demonstrates that TNF-mediated inhibition of [(3)H]NE release is transformed, such that [(3)H]NE release is potentiated in the presence of TNF, an effect that occurs in association with alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor activation. However, chronic zimelidine administration does not alter stimulation-evoked [(3)H]NE release, whereas chronic desipramine administration increases stimulation-evoked [(3)H]NE release and concomitantly decreases alpha(2)-adrenergic autoreceptor sensitivity. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that chronic antidepressant drug administration alters alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor-dependent regulation of NE release. Additionally, these data demonstrate that administration of dissimilar antidepressant drugs similarly transform alpha(2)-adrenergic autoreceptors that are functionally associated with the neuromodulatory effects of TNF, suggesting a possible mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Nickola
- State University of New York at Buffalo, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
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Nickola TJ, Ignatowski TA, Spengler RN. Antidepressant drug administration modifies the interactive relationship between alpha(2)-adrenergic sensitivity and levels of TNF in the rat brain. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 107:50-8. [PMID: 10808050 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(00)00244-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A reciprocally permissive interaction occurs between cellular responses elicited by the pleiotropic cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) and alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor activation, such that each may adapt in response to modifications in the other's effects. Changes in presynaptic adrenergic sensitivity as well as neuronal sensitivity to TNF have been implicated in the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs. The present study examines the influence of alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor activation on levels of TNF in regions of the brain associated with adrenergic function and the expression of mood. Additionally, the role of TNF as a neuromodulator is demonstrated by in vivo microinfusion of rrTNF proximal to the hippocampus. Administration to rats of an alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor agonist (clonidine) decreases levels of TNF in homogenates of rat locus coeruleus and hippocampus within 7.5 min. Chronic (14 days) administration of the antidepressant drugs desipramine or zimelidine transforms alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor-dependent decreases in TNF levels to increases in levels of TNF in the locus coeruleus. This transformation to an increase in total levels of TNF also occurs, although transiently, in the hippocampus following acute (1 day) antidepressant drug administration. The effect of TNF on presynaptic alpha(2)-adrenergic sensitivity was also investigated. Field stimulation of hippocampal slices from rats microinfused with rrTNF proximal to the hippocampus for 14 days demonstrates a decrease in fractional release of [3H]NE and an increase in alpha(2)-adrenergic autoreceptor sensitivity. These data demonstrate a mutual dependence between alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor activation and levels of TNF in the central nervous system that would culminate in an increase in neurotransmitter release following antidepressant drug administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Nickola
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, 204 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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Ignatowski TA, Kunkel SL, Spengler RN. Interactions between the alpha(2)-adrenergic and the prostaglandin response in the regulation of macrophage-derived tumor necrosis factor. Clin Immunol 2000; 96:44-51. [PMID: 10873427 DOI: 10.1006/clim.2000.4877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mediators such as prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and norepinephrine (NE) regulate macrophage (Mφ) responsiveness. Activation of alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors on Mφ potentiates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated tumor necrosis factor (TNFalpha) production. PGE(2) inhibits LPS-stimulated TNFalpha production and gene expression, a response that can be desensitized by pretreatment of Mφ with PGE(2). We have determined that concomitant pretreatment of Mφ with PGE(2) and the alpha(2)-adrenergic agonist UK-14304 (UK) can prevent the PGE(2)-induced desensitization. PGE(2) concentration-effect curves have been determined for the inhibition of LPS-stimulated TNFalpha production by murine peritoneal Mφ. The addition of 10 nM UK to Mφ in culture significantly shifts the PGE(2) concentration-effect curve to the right; pretreatment of Mφ with UK significantly shifts the PGE(2) concentration-effect curve to the left; and pretreatment with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, increases the maximum response of PGE(2). Preincubation of Mφ with PGE(2) (0.5 h) followed by washing significantly shifts the subsequent PGE(2) concentration-effect curve to the right. Concomitant preincubation of Mφ with PGE(2) and UK prevents this rightward shift, an effect that is blocked by the alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor antagonist yohimbine. Northern blot analysis demonstrates that UK increases LPS-induced TNFalpha mRNA accumulation, and this is blocked by yohimbine, while PGE(2) decreases TNFalpha mRNA accumulation. Preincubation of Mφ with PGE(2) prevents PGE(2) regulation of TNFalpha mRNA, and concomitant preincubation of Mφ with PGE(2) and UK reverses this effect. These investigations support the role of NE as a regulator of Mφ TNFalpha production, a response that has functional interactions with Mφ sensitivity to PGE(2).
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/metabolism
- Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Brimonidine Tartrate
- Cells, Cultured
- Dinoprostone/metabolism
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/cytology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Quinoxalines/metabolism
- Quinoxalines/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2/physiology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Ignatowski
- Department of Pathology, SUNY at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
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Covey WC, Ignatowski TA, Knight PR, Spengler RN. Brain-derived TNFalpha: involvement in neuroplastic changes implicated in the conscious perception of persistent pain. Brain Res 2000; 859:113-22. [PMID: 10720620 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)01965-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The pleiotropic cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) is implicated in the development of persistent pain through its actions in the periphery and in the central nervous system (CNS). Activation of the alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor is associated with modulation of pain, possibly through its autoregulatory effect on norepinephrine (NE) release in the CNS. The present study employs a chronic constriction nerve injury (CCI) pain model to demonstrate the interactive role of presynaptic sensitivity to TNFalpha and the alpha(2)-adrenergic autoreceptor in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. Accumulation of TNFalpha is increased initially in a region of the brain containing the locus coeruleus (LC) at day 4 post-ligature placement, followed by an increase in TNFalpha in the hippocampus at day 8 post-ligature placement, coincident with hyperalgesia. Levels of TNFalpha in the thoraco-lumbar spinal cord are also increased at day 8 post-ligature placement. Concurrently, alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor and TNFalpha-induced inhibition of NE release are increased, and stimulated NE release is decreased in superfused hippocampal slices isolated at day 8 post-ligature placement. Stimulated NE release is also decreased in spinal cord slices (lumbar region) from animals undergoing CCI, although in contrast to that which occurs in the hippocampus, alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor inhibition of NE release is not changed. These results indicate an important role that TNFalpha plays in adrenergic neuroplastic changes in a region of the brain that, among its many functions, appears to be a crucial link in the conscious perception of pain. We predict that neuroplastic changes, involving increased functional responses of alpha(2)-adrenergic autoreceptors and increased presynaptic sensitivity to TNFalpha, culminate in decreased NE release in the CNS. These neuroplastic changes provide a mechanism for the role of CNS-derived TNFalpha in the pathogenesis of persistent pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Covey
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 204 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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Zhang L, Ignatowski TA, Spengler RN, Noble B, Stinson MW. Streptococcal histone induces murine macrophages To produce interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Infect Immun 1999; 67:6473-7. [PMID: 10569765 PMCID: PMC97057 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.12.6473-6477.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone-like protein (HlpA) is highly conserved among streptococci. After lysis of streptococci in infected tissues, HlpA can enter the bloodstream and bind to proteoglycans in the glomerular capillaries of kidneys, where it can react with antibodies or stimulate host cell receptors. Deposits of streptococcal antigens in tissues have been associated with localized acute inflammation. In this study, we measured the ability of purified HlpA (5 to 100 microg/ml), from Streptococcus mitis, to induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines by cultured, murine peritoneal macrophages. The release of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) was time and concentration dependent and was not diminished by the presence of polymyxin B. Exposure of macrophages to a mixture of HlpA and lipoteichoic acid resulted in a synergistic response in the production of both TNF-alpha and IL-1. Stimulation with a mixture of HlpA and heparin resulted in reduced cytokine production (50% less IL-1 and 76% less TNF-alpha) compared to that by cells incubated with HlpA alone. The inclusion of antibodies specific to HlpA in macrophage cultures during stimulation with HlpA did not affect the quantity of TNF-alpha or IL-1 produced. These observations suggest that streptococcal histone may contribute to tissue injury at infection sites by promoting monocytes/macrophages to synthesize and release cytokines that initiate and exacerbate inflammation. Streptococcus pyogenes, which can infect tissues in enormous numbers, may release sufficient amounts of HlpA to reach the kidneys and cause acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
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Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain state that develops a central component following acute nerve injury. However, the pathogenic mechanisms involved in the expression of this central component are not completely understood. We have investigated the role of brain-associated TNF in the evolution of hyperalgesia in the chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain. Thermal nociceptive threshold has been assessed in rats (male, Sprague-Dawley) that have undergone loose, chromic gut ligature placement around the sciatic nerve. Total levels of TNF in regions of the brain, spinal cord and plasma have been assayed (WEHI-13VAR bioassay). Bioactive TNF levels are elevated in the hippocampus. During the period of injury, hippocampal noradrenergic neurotransmission demonstrates a decrease in stimulated norepinephrine (NE) release, concomitant with elevated hippocampal TNF levels. Continuous intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) microinfusion of TNF-antibodies (Abs) starting at four days, but not six days, following ligature placement completely abolishes the hyperalgesic response characteristic of this model, as assessed by the 58 degrees C hot-plate test. Antibody infusion does not decrease spinal cord or plasma levels of TNF. Continuous i.c.v. microinfusion of rrTNF alpha exacerbates the hyperalgesic response by ligatured animals, and induces a hyperalgesic response in animals not receiving ligatures. Likewise, field-stimulated hippocampal adrenergic neurotransmission is decreased upon continuous i.c.v. microinfusion of TNF. These results indicate an important role of brain-derived TNF, both in the pathology of neuropathic pain, as well as in fundamental pain perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Ignatowski
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York at Buffalo, 14214, USA
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Ignatowski TA, Bidlack JM. Differential kappa-opioid receptor expression on mouse lymphocytes at varying stages of maturation and on mouse macrophages after selective elicitation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999; 290:863-70. [PMID: 10411603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of indirect immunofluorescent labeling and flow cytometry has proven to be a sensitive method for labeling of the kappa-opioid receptor on mouse thymocytes. In the present study, this labeling procedure was applied, along with phenotypic analysis, to mature immune cell populations to determine whether kappa-opioid receptor expression is present after immune cell maturation. Unfixed primary splenocytes from 6- to 8-week-old C57BL/6ByJ male mice were incubated with the fluorescein-containing, kappa-selective ligand fluorescein-conjugated 2-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-[1-(3-aminophenyl)-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)eth yl]acetamide (FITC-AA). Amplification of FITC-AA binding to the kappa-opioid receptor was attained by adding a biotin-conjugated antifluorescein antibody, followed by extravidin-R-phycoerythrin. It has been shown previously that greater than 60% of immature thymocytes (CD4(+)/CD8(+)) demonstrated specific kappa-opioid receptor labeling. However, the present report shows that less than 25% of either T-helper or T-cytotoxic splenic lymphocytes expressed the kappa-opioid receptor. Likewise, only 16% of all splenic B lymphocytes were labeled for the kappa-opioid receptor. These findings demonstrate a decrease in kappa-opioid receptor expression on maturation of mouse lymphocytes. Interestingly, resident peritoneal macrophages showed a greater magnitude of specific receptor labeling, compared with either thymocytes or splenocytes, and approximately 50% of the resting Mphi expressed the kappa-opioid receptor. However, elicitation of Mphi with thioglycollate resulted in the complete loss of the expression of this receptor. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the diversity in the expression of the kappa-opioid receptor on immune cells at varying stages of differentiation, with preferential expression demonstrated by resident, peritoneal macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Ignatowski
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
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Ignatowski TA, Bidlack JM. Changes in kappa opioid receptor expression during maturation of mouse lymphocytes. Adv Exp Med Biol 1998; 437:117-24. [PMID: 9666263 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5347-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T A Ignatowski
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York 14642-8711, USA
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Ignatowski TA, Bidlack JM. Detection of kappa opioid receptors on mouse thymocyte phenotypic subpopulations as assessed by flow cytometry. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998; 284:298-306. [PMID: 9435191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown kappa opioid receptor labeling on the R1EGO thymoma cell line by indirect immunofluorescence and flow cytometric analysis. The present study used a fluorescein-labeled arylacetamide (FITC-AA), a kappa opioid ligand, in conjunction with biotin-conjugated anti-fluorescein IgG and extravidin-R-phycoerythrin (PE), along with double-labeling with antibodies against specific immune cell surface markers to determine which subpopulation(s) of thymocytes express the kappa opioid receptor. Thymocytes, isolated from 6- to 8-week-old C57BL/6ByJ mice, incubated with FITC-AA followed by the PE amplification procedure, demonstrated labeling of the kappa opioid receptor. This labeling was inhibited 55 +/- 4% above background by excess nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI), a kappa selective antagonist. This kappa opioid receptor positive population consisted of 58 +/- 2% of all gated thymocytes. Phenotypic characterization determined that not only were 64 +/- 3% of the gated thymocytes CD4+/kappa opioid receptor positive, but 60 +/- 1% of all thymocytes were CD8+/kappa opioid receptor positive. Two subpopulations of CD3+ thymocytes, consisting of both mature and immature cells, also displayed labeling for the kappa opioid receptor. Double-labeling of thymocytes with anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 antibodies demonstrated 82 +/- 0.5% of these cells were of the double-positive phenotype. Therefore, these findings demonstrate that the thymocytes, which express the kappa opioid receptor, are predominantly of the immature CD4+/CD8+ phenotype. Collectively, these findings not only establish the presence of the kappa opioid receptor on immune cells involved in opioid responsiveness, but further indicate that this technique allows for the identification of distinct lymphocyte subpopulations which express the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Ignatowski
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York, USA
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Ignatowski TA, Noble BK, Wright JR, Gorfien JL, Heffner RR, Spengler RN. Neuronal-associated tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha): its role in noradrenergic functioning and modification of its expression following antidepressant drug administration. J Neuroimmunol 1997; 79:84-90. [PMID: 9357451 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(97)00107-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) and the alpha 2-adrenergic agonist clonidine regulate norepinephrine (NE) release from noradrenergic nerve terminals in the central nervous system (CNS). In the present study, superfusion and electrical field stimulation were applied to a series of rat hippocampal brain slices in order to investigate the regulation of [3H]-NE release. NE release had been previously determined to be decreased by TNF alpha in a concentration-dependent manner, an effect which was potentiated by the alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist idazoxan. Presently, we demonstrate that similar to alpha 2-adrenergic activation, TNF alpha regulation of NE release in a region of the brain rich in noradrenergic nerve terminals, is dependent upon the frequency of electrical stimulation applied to the hippocampal slice. Furthermore, immunoperoxidase staining has verified our previous findings of constitutive TNF alpha protein in the rat brain. Staining for TNF alpha appears to be largely localized to neurons and neuronal processes, further substantiating the proposal that TNF alpha is either synthesized de novo or is accumulated in and released by neurons. After administration of the tricyclic antidepressant desipramine, tissue sections obtained from the rat hippocampus and locus coeruleus are devoid of neuronal-associated TNF alpha immunoreactivity. TNF alpha localization in neurons and its modification of NE release comparable to alpha 2-adrenergic receptor activation, explains a functional role for the cytokine as a neuromodulator in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Ignatowski
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY at Buffalo 14214, USA
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Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) and the imidazoline clonidine modulate norepinephrine (NE) release from noradrenergic nerve terminals in the central nervous system. The present study demonstrates an intrinsic association between presynaptic alpha 2-adrenergic receptor sensitivity and TNF alpha responsiveness in governing this NE release. Superfusion and electrical field stimulation were applied to a series of rat hippocampal brain slices in order to study the regulation of [3H]-NE release. The alpha 2-adrenergic agonist clonidine and the cytokine TNF alpha concentration-dependently inhibit [3H]-NE release; whereas, the alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist idazoxan potentiates [3H]-NE release. The fractional release of [3H]-NE during field stimulation of control hippocampal slices was decreased by the addition of TNF alpha in a concentration-dependent manner, an effect which was potentiated by the alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist idazoxan; whereas, TNF alpha attenuated the concentration-dependent potentiating effect of idazoxan. Furthermore, constitutive TNF alpha, demonstrated to be present in several brain areas, was significantly decreased following administration of the alpha 2-adrenergic agonist clonidine (0.6 mg/kg, i.p., twice daily) to rats for either 1 or 14 days, without a change in TNF alpha mRNA accumulation. We next investigated whether the presynaptic sensitivity to TNF alpha was changed after clonidine administration to rats. TNF alpha enhanced, rather than inhibited, [3H]-NE release after 1 day of clonidine administration, while a suppressed sensitivity to TNF alpha was observed in the hippocampus after 14 days of clonidine administration. In addition, in the presence of idazoxan, TNF alpha potentiation of [3H]-NE release after 1 day clonidine administration was reversed to a decreased inhibition as compared to control slices exposed to idazoxan. Therefore, the temporary reversal in the presynaptic TNF alpha response after 1 day of clonidine administration illustrates a mechanism of action for its persistent antihypertensive effect, its transient sedative and antihyperpathic effects, and its acute ability to promote antidepressants. These results demonstrate a novel role for an immune mediator in the central nervous system, and demonstrates that presynaptic TNF alpha responsiveness is intimately associated with adrenergic receptor sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Ignatowski
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences 14214, USA
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Ignatowski TA, Gallant S, Spengler RN. Temporal regulation by adrenergic receptor stimulation of macrophage (M phi)-derived tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production post-LPS challenge. J Neuroimmunol 1996; 65:107-17. [PMID: 8964892 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(96)00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage (M phi) responsiveness can be regulated by various mediators, including those which emanate from, and mimic, the sympathetic nervous system. Whereas beta-adrenergic agonists suppress, alpha 2-adrenergic agonists augment lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production and gene expressed. The susceptibility of M phi s to regulation of LPS-induced TNF production and mRNA accumulation was examined following beta-adrenergic and alpha 2-adrenergic receptor activation at specific time points post-LPS challenge. Complete Freund's adjuvant-elicited murine M phi s were incubated with LPS (30 ng/ml) in the presence or absence of adrenergic agonists or antagonists. We assessed the susceptibility of immunologically-activated M phi s to adrenergic receptor regulation: a) during the 1 h delay in the production of TNF after LPS-stimulation, and b) during the rapid increase in TNF production which follows. Disparate responsiveness of M phi s to adrenergic drugs was observed during this time course of TNF production and TNF mRNA accumulation. In particular, while the concomitant addition of an alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist and LPS resulted in 45% suppression of TNF production, this selective blockade of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors on M phi s was equally effective throughout the first 45 min post-LPS challenge. After this initial period, the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor became progressively less responsive as demonstrated by the delayed addition of yohimbine (10(-5) M) post-LPS challenge. The addition of the selective alpha 2-adrenergic agonist UK-14304 (10(-7) M) to LPS-activated M phi s augmented TNF mRNA accumulation. However, this augmentation was even greater when the addition of the alpha 2-adrenergic agonist was delayed post-LPS challenge. It was also shown that the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol (10(-6) M) produced maximum suppression of TNF production within the first 1.5 h post-LPS challenge. Suppression by isoproterenol (10(-6) M) of TNF mRNA accumulation occurred throughout the 2-h period assessed post-LPS stimulation of M phi s. The decline in isoproterenol-induced regulation was accompanied by an elevation in beta 2-adrenergic receptor mRNA accumulation. Furthermore, suppression of TNF production induced by a maximum concentration of isoproterenol was observed at various LPS concentrations (0.001-1000 ng/ml), although this was not as pronounced a suppression as demonstrated for dibutyrl cAMP. These results demonstrate that the susceptibility of M phi s to adrenergic receptor regulation changes throughout the time period necessary for gene activation and ultimate release of TNF. Thus, the production of TNF during LPS-dependent disease states may be regulated by adrenergic mediators throughout different temporal windows, better explaining the role played by the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Ignatowski
- Dept. of Pathology, S.U.N.Y. at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences 14214, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Bidlack
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York 14642-8711, USA
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Abstract
Catecholamines and prostaglandins are among the many diverse mediators which participate in an interactive communication between the nervous and immune systems. We have examined the response of murine peritoneal macrophages (M luminal diameter) to prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) and the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol. In the present study we found a relationship between the response elicited by PGE2 and a beta-adrenergic agonist, which in a fashion similar to the response of PGE2 on M luminal diameters suppresses lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production. It has been established that exposure of M luminal diameters to PGE2 desensitizes the suppressive function of PGE2. In this study, prior exposure of M luminal diameters to a beta-adrenergic agonist and the effects on subsequent beta-adrenergic responses, as well as the relationship to PGE2 sensitivity was determined. Complete Freund's adjuvant-elicited M luminal diameters were incubated with or without either a beta-adrenergic agonist or antagonist. All groups of cells were then extensively washed, followed by incubation with LPS (100 ng/ml) with or without graded concentrations of PGE2 or the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol. Supernatants were collected to determine TNF concentrations by a fibroblast cytolytic assay, and Northern blot analysis was used to determine changes in the regulation of TNF mRNA accumulation. Both isoproterenol and PGE2 inhibited LPS-stimulated TNF release and TNF mRNA accumulation. We have established M luminal diameters regulation of sensitivity to isoproterenol-induced suppression of TNF production. The isoproterenol concentration-effect curve was shifted to the right after pre-exposure of M luminal diameter to the beta-agonist, suggesting a desensitized beta-adrenergic receptor population. Further studies demonstrated that M luminal diameters pre-exposed to the beta-adrenergic antagonist, ICI 118.551, washed, and then challenged with LPS show an increased sensitivity for isoproterenol-induced suppression of TNF production. In addition, a decreased sensitivity of M luminal diameters to exogenous PGE2 was observed during the desensitization to the beta-adrenergic agonist. Although concomitant addition of isoproterenol increased PGE2-induced suppression of LPS-stimulated TNF production, M luminal diameter pre-exposed to isoproterenol (10(-6) M) demonstrated a decreased sensitivity for PGE2-induced suppression of LPS-stimulated TNF production and TNF mRNA accumulation. Our results show that the effects observed after acute administration of a mediator may be different when M luminal diameters have been previously exposed to that or other mediators. These investigations support a role for mediators released from the nervous system to regulate the release of a cytokine needed to maintain inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Ignatowski
- Department of Pathology, SUNY at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences 14214, USA
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Abstract
Presynaptic adrenergic functioning was coupled to cytokine sensitivity in order to further establish the mechanism of action of a tricyclic antidepressant drug. Antidepressant administration of desipramine to rats twice-daily for 2 weeks increased hippocampal TNF levels and transformed the presynaptic TNF response. One day of desipramine administration resulted in increased locus coeruleus TNF mRNA accumulation and, simultaneously, hippocampal TNF levels escalated. The fractional release of [3H]norepinephrine during field stimulation of control hippocampal slices was decreased by the addition of TNF in a concentration-dependent manner, an effect which was potentiated by the alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist idazoxan. While no change in sensitivity to TNF was observed in the hippocampus after one day of desipramine administration, TNF enhanced, rather than inhibited [3H]norepinephrine release after 14 days. In addition, TNF potentiation of [3H]norepinephrine release after chronic desipramine administration was reversed in the presence of idazoxan to a greater inhibition than in control slices exposed to idazoxan. Therefore, TNF-induced regulation of [3H]norepinephrine release appears to be associated with an alteration of alpha 2-adrenergic receptor responsiveness. The reversal in presynaptic TNF responsiveness after 14 days of tricyclic antidepressant drug administration describes a mechanism of action for their delayed clinical effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Ignatowski
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences 14214
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