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Zhang W, Chen M, Cai X, Zhang M, Hu M, Hu Y, Yang Y, Zhu J, Du Y, Yang C. Detection and analysis of signals of adverse events of memantine based on the US food and drug administration adverse event reporting system. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2024; 23:617-625. [PMID: 38568141 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2024.2338251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite its widespread use, the adverse effects (AEs) of memantine have not been well documented, and there is a need to find new ways to analyze the AEs of memantine. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS AEs in which the primary suspected drug was memantine were retrieved from the FAERS database. The proportional report ratio (PRR), reporting odds ratio (ROR), Bayesian confidence propagation neural network (BCPNN), and empirical Bayesian geometric mean (EBGM) were used to detect potential positive signals between memantine and AEs. SAS, MySQL, EXCEL, and R language software were used for data processing and statistical analysis. RESULTS This study gathered a total of 5808 reports of AEs associated with memantine. Of these reports, a greater proportion of female patients (51.17%) than male patients (36.33%) had AEs. The AEs reported by FAERS were mainly in psychiatric category (n = 2157, IC025 = 2.69), various neurologic disorders (n = 1608, IC025 = 2.04), systemic disorders and various site reactions (n = 842, IC025 = 1.29). Unexpected ocular adverse events have been reported, ophthalmic vein thrombosis (n = 4, IC025 = 3.47) and scleral discolouration (n = 7, IC025 = 3.1), which may worsen glaucoma. CONCLUSIONS This study observed conceivable new AEs signals and may supply important assist for scientific monitoring and threat identification of memantine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichui Zhang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Mianhai Chen
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xiaolin Cai
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Mengting Zhang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Mianda Hu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yanghui Hu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yurong Yang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yikuan Du
- Central Laboratory, The Tenth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
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de Bartolomeis A, De Simone G, De Prisco M, Barone A, Napoli R, Beguinot F, Billeci M, Fornaro M. Insulin effects on core neurotransmitter pathways involved in schizophrenia neurobiology: a meta-analysis of preclinical studies. Implications for the treatment. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2811-2825. [PMID: 37085712 PMCID: PMC10615753 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Impairment of insulin action and metabolic dysregulation have traditionally been associated with schizophrenia, although the molecular basis of such association remains still elusive. The present meta-analysis aims to assess the impact of insulin action manipulations (i.e., hyperinsulinemia, hypoinsulinemia, systemic or brain insulin resistance) on glutamatergic, dopaminergic, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic, and serotonergic pathways in the central nervous system. More than one hundred outcomes, including transcript or protein levels, kinetic parameters, and other components of the neurotransmitter pathways, were collected from cultured cells, animals, or humans, and meta-analyzed by applying a random-effects model and adopting Hedges'g to compare means. Two hundred fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria, of which 180 entered the quantitative synthesis. Significant impairments in key regulators of synaptic plasticity processes were detected as the result of insulin handlings. Specifically, protein levels of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunits including type 2A (NR2A) (Hedges' g = -0.95, 95%C.I. = -1.50, -0.39; p = 0.001; I2 = 47.46%) and 2B (NR2B) (Hedges'g = -0.69, 95%C.I. = -1.35, -0.02; p = 0.043; I2 = 62.09%), and Postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) (Hedges'g = -0.91, 95%C.I. = -1.51, -0.32; p = 0.003; I2 = 77.81%) were found reduced in insulin-resistant animal models. Moreover, insulin-resistant animals showed significantly impaired dopamine transporter activity, whereas the dopamine D2 receptor mRNA expression (Hedges'g = 3.259; 95%C.I. = 0.497, 6.020; p = 0.021; I2 = 90.61%) increased under insulin deficiency conditions. Insulin action modulated glutamate and GABA release, as well as several enzymes involved in GABA and serotonin synthesis. These results suggest that brain neurotransmitter systems are susceptible to insulin signaling abnormalities, resembling the discrete psychotic disorders' neurobiology and possibly contributing to the development of neurobiological hallmarks of treatment-resistant schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology University of Naples "Federico II", School of Medicine, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe De Simone
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology University of Naples "Federico II", School of Medicine, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele De Prisco
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology University of Naples "Federico II", School of Medicine, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, 170 Villarroel st, 12-0, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Annarita Barone
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology University of Naples "Federico II", School of Medicine, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Napoli
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- URT Genomic of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Beguinot
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- URT Genomic of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Billeci
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology University of Naples "Federico II", School of Medicine, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Fornaro
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology University of Naples "Federico II", School of Medicine, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
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Dopamine Dynamics and Neurobiology of Non-Response to Antipsychotics, Relevance for Treatment Resistant Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Critical Appraisal. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030895. [PMID: 36979877 PMCID: PMC10046109 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment resistant schizophrenia (TRS) is characterized by a lack of, or suboptimal response to, antipsychotic agents. The biological underpinnings of this clinical condition are still scarcely understood. Since all antipsychotics block dopamine D2 receptors (D2R), dopamine-related mechanisms should be considered the main candidates in the neurobiology of antipsychotic non-response, although other neurotransmitter systems play a role. The aims of this review are: (i) to recapitulate and critically appraise the relevant literature on dopamine-related mechanisms of TRS; (ii) to discuss the methodological limitations of the studies so far conducted and delineate a theoretical framework on dopamine mechanisms of TRS; and (iii) to highlight future perspectives of research and unmet needs. Dopamine-related neurobiological mechanisms of TRS may be multiple and putatively subdivided into three biological points: (1) D2R-related, including increased D2R levels; increased density of D2Rs in the high-affinity state; aberrant D2R dimer or heteromer formation; imbalance between D2R short and long variants; extrastriatal D2Rs; (2) presynaptic dopamine, including low or normal dopamine synthesis and/or release compared to responder patients; and (3) exaggerated postsynaptic D2R-mediated neurotransmission. Future points to be addressed are: (i) a more neurobiologically-oriented phenotypic categorization of TRS; (ii) implementation of neurobiological studies by directly comparing treatment resistant vs. treatment responder patients; (iii) development of a reliable animal model of non-response to antipsychotics.
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Dysregulated Signaling at Postsynaptic Density: A Systematic Review and Translational Appraisal for the Pathophysiology, Clinics, and Antipsychotics' Treatment of Schizophrenia. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040574. [PMID: 36831241 PMCID: PMC9954794 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence from genomics, post-mortem, and preclinical studies point to a potential dysregulation of molecular signaling at postsynaptic density (PSD) in schizophrenia pathophysiology. The PSD that identifies the archetypal asymmetric synapse is a structure of approximately 300 nm in diameter, localized behind the neuronal membrane in the glutamatergic synapse, and constituted by more than 1000 proteins, including receptors, adaptors, kinases, and scaffold proteins. Furthermore, using FASS (fluorescence-activated synaptosome sorting) techniques, glutamatergic synaptosomes were isolated at around 70 nm, where the receptors anchored to the PSD proteins can diffuse laterally along the PSD and were stabilized by scaffold proteins in nanodomains of 50-80 nm at a distance of 20-40 nm creating "nanocolumns" within the synaptic button. In this context, PSD was envisioned as a multimodal hub integrating multiple signaling-related intracellular functions. Dysfunctions of glutamate signaling have been postulated in schizophrenia, starting from the glutamate receptor's interaction with scaffolding proteins involved in the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). Despite the emerging role of PSD proteins in behavioral disorders, there is currently no systematic review that integrates preclinical and clinical findings addressing dysregulated PSD signaling and translational implications for antipsychotic treatment in the aberrant postsynaptic function context. Here we reviewed a critical appraisal of the role of dysregulated PSD proteins signaling in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, discussing how antipsychotics may affect PSD structures and synaptic plasticity in brain regions relevant to psychosis.
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de Bartolomeis A, Vellucci L, Barone A, Manchia M, De Luca V, Iasevoli F, Correll CU. Clozapine's multiple cellular mechanisms: What do we know after more than fifty years? A systematic review and critical assessment of translational mechanisms relevant for innovative strategies in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 236:108236. [PMID: 35764175 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Almost fifty years after its first introduction into clinical care, clozapine remains the only evidence-based pharmacological option for treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS), which affects approximately 30% of patients with schizophrenia. Despite the long-time experience with clozapine, the specific mechanism of action (MOA) responsible for its superior efficacy among antipsychotics is still elusive, both at the receptor and intracellular signaling level. This systematic review is aimed at critically assessing the role and specific relevance of clozapine's multimodal actions, dissecting those mechanisms that under a translational perspective could shed light on molecular targets worth to be considered for further innovative antipsychotic development. In vivo and in vitro preclinical findings, supported by innovative techniques and methods, together with pharmacogenomic and in vivo functional studies, point to multiple and possibly overlapping MOAs. To better explore this crucial issue, the specific affinity for 5-HT2R, D1R, α2c, and muscarinic receptors, the relatively low occupancy at dopamine D2R, the interaction with receptor dimers, as well as the potential confounder effects resulting in biased ligand action, and lastly, the role of the moiety responsible for lipophilic and alkaline features of clozapine are highlighted. Finally, the role of transcription and protein changes at the synaptic level, and the possibility that clozapine can directly impact synaptic architecture are addressed. Although clozapine's exact MOAs that contribute to its unique efficacy and some of its severe adverse effects have not been fully understood, relevant information can be gleaned from recent mechanistic understandings that may help design much needed additional therapeutic strategies for TRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
| | - Licia Vellucci
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Annarita Barone
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Mirko Manchia
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Felice Iasevoli
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Christoph U Correll
- The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA; Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Berlin, Germany
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Gender-Dependent Deregulation of Linear and Circular RNA Variants of HOMER1 in the Entorhinal Cortex of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179205. [PMID: 34502114 PMCID: PMC8430762 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The HOMER1 gene is involved in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. Recent studies show that circular RNA derived from HOMER1 (circHOMER1) expression is altered in some Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain regions. In addition, HOMER1 messenger (mRNA) levels have been associated with β-Amyloid (Aβ) deposits in brain cortical regions. Our aim was to measure the expression levels of HOMER1 circRNAs and their linear forms in the human AD entorhinal cortex. First, we showed downregulation of HOMER1B/C and HOMER1A mRNA and hsa_circ_0006916 and hsa_circ_0073127 levels in AD female cases compared to controls by RT-qPCR. A positive correlation was observed between HOMER1B/C, HOMER1A mRNA, and hsa_circ_0073128 with HOMER1B/C protein only in females. Global average area of Aβ deposits in entorhinal cortex samples was negatively correlated with HOMER1B/C, HOMER1A mRNA, and hsa_circ_0073127 in both genders. Furthermore, no differences in DNA methylation were found in two regions of HOMER1 promoter between AD cases and controls. To sum up, we demonstrate that linear and circular RNA variants of HOMER1 are downregulated in the entorhinal cortex of female patients with AD. These results add to the notion that HOMER1 and its circular forms could be playing a female-specific role in the pathogenesis of AD.
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The Effects of Antipsychotics on the Synaptic Plasticity Gene Homer1a Depend on a Combination of Their Receptor Profile, Dose, Duration of Treatment, and Brain Regions Targeted. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155555. [PMID: 32756473 PMCID: PMC7432375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Antipsychotic agents modulate key molecules of the postsynaptic density (PSD), including the Homer1a gene, implicated in dendritic spine architecture. How the antipsychotic receptor profile, dose, and duration of administration may influence synaptic plasticity and the Homer1a pattern of expression is yet to be determined. Methods: In situ hybridization for Homer1a was performed on rat tissue sections from cortical and striatal regions of interest (ROI) after acute or chronic administration of three antipsychotics with divergent receptor profile: Haloperidol, asenapine, and olanzapine. Univariate and multivariate analyses of the effects of topography, treatment, dose, and duration of antipsychotic administration were performed. Results: All acute treatment regimens were found to induce a consistently higher expression of Homer1a compared to chronic ones. Haloperidol increased Homer1a expression compared to olanzapine in striatum at the acute time-point. A dose effect was also observed for acute administration of haloperidol. Conclusions: Biological effects of antipsychotics on Homer1a varied strongly depending on the combination of their receptor profile, dose, duration of administration, and throughout the different brain regions. These molecular data may have translational valence and may reflect behavioral sensitization/tolerance phenomena observed with prolonged antipsychotics.
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Glutamatergic postsynaptic density in early life stress programming: Topographic gene expression of mGlu5 receptors and Homer proteins. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 96:109725. [PMID: 31404590 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Type-5 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu5) have been implicated in the mechanism of resilience to stress. They form part of the postsynaptic density (PSD), a thickening of the glutamatergic synapse that acts as a multimodal hub for multiple cellular signaling. Perinatal stress in rats triggers alterations that make adult offspring less resilient to stress. In the present study, we examined the expression of gene encoding the mGlu5 (Grm5), as well as those encoding the short and long isoforms of Homer proteins in different brain regions of the offspring of dams exposed to repeated episodes of restraint stress during pregnancy ("perinatally stressed" or PRS offspring). To this end, we investigated unconditioned behavioral response using the light/dark box test, as well as the expression of PSD genes (Homer1a, Homer1b, and Grm5), in the medial prefrontal cortex, cortex, caudate-putamen, amygdala, and dorsal hippocampus. PRS rats spent significantly less time in the light area than the control group. In the amygdala, Homer1a mRNA levels were significantly increased in PRS rats, whereas Homer1b and Grm5 mRNA levels were reduced. In contrast, the transcript encoding for Homer1a was significantly reduced in the medial prefrontal cortex, caudate-putamen, and dorsal hippocampus of PRS rats. We also evaluated the relative ratio between Homer1a and Homer1b/Grm5 expression, finding a significant shift toward the expression of Homer1a in the amygdala and toward Homer1b/Grm5 in the other brain regions. These topographic patterns of Homer1a, Homer1b, and mGlu5 gene expression were significantly correlated with risk-taking behavior measured in the light/dark box test. Remarkably, in the amygdala and in other brain regions, Homer1b and Grm5 expression showed positive correlation with time spent in the light box, whereas Homer1a in the amygdala showed a negative correlation with risk-taking behavior, in contrast with all other brain regions analyzed, wherein these correlations were positive. These results suggest that perinatal stress programs the developmental expression of PSD molecules involved in mGlu5 signaling in discrete brain regions, with a predominant role for the amygdala.
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Translating preclinical findings in clinically relevant new antipsychotic targets: focus on the glutamatergic postsynaptic density. Implications for treatment resistant schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:795-827. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Tomasetti C, Montemitro C, Fiengo AL, Santone C, Orsolini L, Valchera A, Carano A, Pompili M, Serafini G, Perna G, Vellante F, Martinotti G, Giannantonio MD, Kim YK, Nicola MD, Bellomo A, Ventriglio A, Fornaro M, Berardis DD. Novel Pathways in the Treatment of Major Depression: Focus on the Glutamatergic System. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:381-387. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190312102444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Depressive disorders represent protean psychiatric illnesses with heterogeneous clinical manifestations
and a multitude of comorbidities leading to severe disability. In spite of decades of research on the
pathophysiogenesis of these disorders, the wide variety of pharmacotherapies currently used to treat them is based
on the modulation of monoamines, whose alteration has been considered the neurobiological foundation of depression,
and consequently of its treatment. However, approximately one third to a half of patients respond partially
or become refractory to monoamine-based therapies, thereby jeopardizing the therapeutic effectiveness in
the real world of clinical practice. Recent scientific evidence has been pointing out the essential role of other
biological systems beyond monoamines in the pathophysiology of depressive disorders, in particular, the glutamatergic
neurotransmission. In the present review, we will discuss the most advanced knowledge on the involvement
of glutamatergic system in the molecular mechanisms at the basis of depression pathophysiology, as well as
the glutamate-based therapeutic strategies currently suggested to optimize depression treatment (e.g., ketamine).
Finally, we will mention further “neurobiological targeted” approaches, based on glutamate system, with the
purpose of promoting new avenues of investigation aiming at developing interventions that overstep the monoaminergic
boundaries to improve depressive disorders therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Tomasetti
- NHS, Department of Mental Health ASL Teramo, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital “Maria SS dello Splendore”, Giulianova, Italy
| | - Chiara Montemitro
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, University , Italy
| | - Annastasia L.C. Fiengo
- NHS, Department of Mental Health ASUR Marche AV5, Mental Health Unit, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - Cristina Santone
- NHS, Department of Mental Health ASL Teramo, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital “Maria SS dello Splendore”, Giulianova, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessandro Carano
- Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital “Madonna Del Soccorso,” NHS, San Benedetto del Tronto, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pompili
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, S. Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Serafini
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Perna
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Villa San Benedetto Menni Hospital, FoRiPsi, Albese con Cassano, Como, Italy
| | - Federica Vellante
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, University , Italy
| | - Giovanni Martinotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, University , Italy
| | | | - Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Marco D. Nicola
- Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Bellomo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonio Ventriglio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Michele Fornaro
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical School “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
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Buonaguro EF, Tomasetti C, Chiodini P, Marmo F, Latte G, Rossi R, Avvisati L, Iasevoli F, de Bartolomeis A. Postsynaptic density protein transcripts are differentially modulated by minocycline alone or in add-on to haloperidol: Implications for treatment resistant schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:406-417. [PMID: 27443599 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116658987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether minocycline, a second-generation tetracycline proposed as an add-on to antipsychotics in treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS), may affect the expression of Homer and Arc postsynaptic density (PSD) transcripts, implicated in synaptic regulation. Minocycline was administered alone or with haloperidol in rats exposed or not to ketamine, mimicking acute glutamatergic psychosis or naturalistic conditions, respectively. Arc expression was significantly reduced by minocycline compared with controls. Minocycline in combination with haloperidol also significantly reduced Arc expression compared with both controls and haloperidol alone. Moreover, haloperidol/minocycline combination significantly affected Arc expression in cortical regions, while haloperidol alone was ineffective on cortical gene expression. These results suggest that minocycline may strongly affect the expression of Arc as mediated by haloperidol, both in terms of quantitative levels and of topography of haloperidol-related expression. It is noteworthy that no significant pre-treatment effect was found, suggesting that pre-exposure to ketamine did not grossly affect gene expression. Minocycline was not found to significantly affect haloperidol-related Homer1a expression. No significant changes in Homer1b/c expression were observed. These results are consistent with previous observations that minocycline may modulate postsynaptic glutamatergic transmission, affecting distinct downstream pathways initiated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor modulation, i.e. Arc-mediated but not Homer1a-mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta F Buonaguro
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Carmine Tomasetti
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Chiodini
- 2 Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Marmo
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Latte
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Rossi
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Livia Avvisati
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Felice Iasevoli
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea de Bartolomeis
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
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Tomasetti C, Iasevoli F, Buonaguro EF, De Berardis D, Fornaro M, Fiengo ALC, Martinotti G, Orsolini L, Valchera A, Di Giannantonio M, de Bartolomeis A. Treating the Synapse in Major Psychiatric Disorders: The Role of Postsynaptic Density Network in Dopamine-Glutamate Interplay and Psychopharmacologic Drugs Molecular Actions. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E135. [PMID: 28085108 PMCID: PMC5297768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine-glutamate interplay dysfunctions have been suggested as pathophysiological key determinants of major psychotic disorders, above all schizophrenia and mood disorders. For the most part, synaptic interactions between dopamine and glutamate signaling pathways take part in the postsynaptic density, a specialized ultrastructure localized under the membrane of glutamatergic excitatory synapses. Multiple proteins, with the role of adaptors, regulators, effectors, and scaffolds compose the postsynaptic density network. They form structural and functional crossroads where multiple signals, starting at membrane receptors, are received, elaborated, integrated, and routed to appropriate nuclear targets. Moreover, transductional pathways belonging to different receptors may be functionally interconnected through postsynaptic density molecules. Several studies have demonstrated that psychopharmacologic drugs may differentially affect the expression and function of postsynaptic genes and proteins, depending upon the peculiar receptor profile of each compound. Thus, through postsynaptic network modulation, these drugs may induce dopamine-glutamate synaptic remodeling, which is at the basis of their long-term physiologic effects. In this review, we will discuss the role of postsynaptic proteins in dopamine-glutamate signals integration, as well as the peculiar impact of different psychotropic drugs used in clinical practice on postsynaptic remodeling, thereby trying to point out the possible future molecular targets of "synapse-based" psychiatric therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Tomasetti
- NHS, Department of Mental Health ASL Teramo, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "Maria SS dello Splendore", 641021 Giulianova, Italy.
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatogical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy.
- Polyedra Research Group, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Felice Iasevoli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatogical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy.
- Polyedra Research Group, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Filomena Buonaguro
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatogical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy.
- Polyedra Research Group, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Domenico De Berardis
- Polyedra Research Group, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
- NHS, Department of Mental Health ASL Teramo, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini", 64100 Teramo, Italy.
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, University "G. d'Annunzio", 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Michele Fornaro
- Polyedra Research Group, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | | | - Giovanni Martinotti
- Polyedra Research Group, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, University "G. d'Annunzio", 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Laura Orsolini
- Polyedra Research Group, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
- Casa di Cura Villa San Giuseppe, 63100 Ascoli Piceno, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Valchera
- Polyedra Research Group, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
- Casa di Cura Villa San Giuseppe, 63100 Ascoli Piceno, Italy.
| | | | - Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatogical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy.
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de Bartolomeis A, Marmo F, Buonaguro EF, Latte G, Tomasetti C, Iasevoli F. Switching antipsychotics: Imaging the differential effect on the topography of postsynaptic density transcripts in antipsychotic-naïve vs. antipsychotic-exposed rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 70:24-38. [PMID: 27177972 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The postsynaptic density (PSD) has been regarded as a functional switchboard at the crossroads of a dopamine-glutamate interaction, and it is putatively involved in the pathophysiology of psychosis. Indeed, it has been demonstrated that antipsychotics may modulate several PSD transcripts, such as PSD-95, Shank, and Homer. Despite switching antipsychotics is a frequent strategy to counteract lack of efficacy and/or side effect onset in clinical practice, no information is available on the effects of sequential treatments with different antipsychotics on PSD molecules. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a previous exposure to a typical antipsychotic and a switch to an atypical one may affect the expression of PSD transcripts, in order to evaluate potential neurobiological correlates of this common clinical practice, with specific regards to putative synaptic plasticity processes. We treated male Sprague-Dawley rats intraperitoneally for 15days with haloperidol or vehicle, then from the sixteenth day we switched the animals to amisulpride or continued to treat them with vehicle or haloperidol for 15 additional days. In this way we got six first treatment/second treatment groups: vehicle/vehicle, vehicle/haloperidol, vehicle/amisulpride, haloperidol/vehicle, haloperidol/haloperidol, haloperidol/amisulpride. In this paradigm, we evaluated the expression of brain transcripts belonging to relevant and interacting PSD proteins, both of the Immediate-Early Gene (Homer1a, Arc) and the constitutive classes (Homer1b/c and PSD-95). The major finding was the differential effect of amisulpride on gene transcripts when administered in naïve vs. antipsychotic-pretreated rats, with modifications of the ratio between Homer1a/Homer1b transcripts and differential effects in cortex and striatum. These results suggest that the neurobiological effects on PSD transcripts of amisulpride, and possibly of other antipsychotics, may be greatly affected by prior antipsychotic treatments and may impact significantly on the switching procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
| | - Federica Marmo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Elisabetta F Buonaguro
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Latte
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Carmine Tomasetti
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Felice Iasevoli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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Hervig ME, Thomsen MS, Kalló I, Mikkelsen JD. Acute phencyclidine administration induces c-Fos-immunoreactivity in interneurons in cortical and subcortical regions. Neuroscience 2016; 334:13-25. [PMID: 27476436 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction of N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) is believed to underlie some of the symptoms in schizophrenia, and non-competitive NMDAR antagonists (including phencyclidine (PCP)) are widely used as pharmacological schizophrenia models. Furthermore, mounting evidence suggests that impaired γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission contributes to the cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Thus alterations in GABAergic interneurons have been observed in schizophrenia patients and animal models. Acute systemic administration of PCP increases levels of c-Fos in several cortical and subcortical areas, but whether such induction occurs in specific populations of GABAergic interneuron subtypes still remains to be established. We performed an immunohistochemical analysis of the PCP-induced c-Fos-immunoreactivity (IR) in parvalbumin (PV) and calbindin (CB) interneuron subtypes in the cortex and thalamus of rats. A single dose of PCP (10mg/kg, s.c.) significantly increased total number of c-Fos-IR in: (1) the prelimbic, infralimbic, anterior cingulate, ventrolateral orbital, motor, somatosensory and retrosplenial cortices as well as the nucleus accumbens (NAc), field CA1 of the hippocampus (CA1) field of hippocampus and mediodorsal thalamus (MD); (2) PV-IR cells in the ventrolateral orbitofrontal and retrosplenial cortices and CA1 field of hippocampus; and (3) CB-IR cells in the motor cortex. Overall, our data indicate that PCP activates a wide range of cortical and subcortical brain regions and that a substantial part of this activation is present in GABAergic interneurons in certain regions. This suggests that the psychotomimetic effect of PCP may be mediated via GABAergic interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona E Hervig
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Morten S Thomsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Imre Kalló
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jens D Mikkelsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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de Bartolomeis A, Errico F, Aceto G, Tomasetti C, Usiello A, Iasevoli F. D-aspartate dysregulation in Ddo(-/-) mice modulates phencyclidine-induced gene expression changes of postsynaptic density molecules in cortex and striatum. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 62:35-43. [PMID: 25979765 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction has been considered a key alteration in schizophrenia pathophysiology. Thus, several strategies aimed at enhancing glutamatergic transmission, included the introduction in therapy of D-amino acids, such as D-serine and D-cycloserine augmentation, have been proposed to counteract difficult-to-treat symptoms or treatment-resistant forms of schizophrenia. Another D-amino acid, D-aspartate, has recently gained increasing interest for its role in NMDAR activation and has been found reduced in post-mortem cortex of schizophrenia patients. NMDAR is the core of the postsynaptic density (PSD), a postsynaptic site involved in glutamate signaling and responsive to antipsychotic treatment. In this study, we investigated striatal and cortical gene expression of key PSD transcripts (i.e. Homer1a, Homer1b/c, and PSD-95) in mice with persistently elevated brain D-aspartate-levels, i.e. the D-aspartate-oxidase knockout mice (Ddo(-/-)). These animal models were analyzed both in naive condition and after phencyclidine (PCP) treatment. Naive Ddo(-/-) mice showed decreased Homer1a expression in the prefrontal cortex, increased Homer1b/c expression in the striatum, and decreased PSD-95 expression in the striatum and in the cortex. Acute PCP treatment restored, and even potentiated, Homer1a expression in the prefrontal cortex of mutant mice, while it had limited effects on the other genes. These results suggest that persistently elevated D-aspartate, by enhancing NMDA transmission, may cause complex adaptive mechanisms affecting Homer1a, which in turn may explain the recently demonstrated protective effects of this D-amino acid against PCP-induced behavioral alterations, such as ataxic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University School of Medicine Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesco Errico
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Carmine Tomasetti
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University School of Medicine Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Usiello
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy; Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples (SUN), Caserta, Italy
| | - Felice Iasevoli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University School of Medicine Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Archer T, Kostrzewa RM. Physical Exercise Alleviates Health Defects, Symptoms, and Biomarkers in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder. Neurotox Res 2015; 28:268-80. [PMID: 26174041 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9543-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia spectrum disorders are characterized by symptom profiles consisting of positive and negative symptoms, cognitive impairment, and a plethora of genetic, epigenetic, and phenotypic biomarkers. Assorted animal models of these disorders and clinical neurodevelopmental indicators have implicated neurodegeneration as an element in the underlying pathophysiology. Physical exercise or activity regimes--whether aerobic, resistance, or endurance--ameliorate regional brain and functional deficits not only in affected individuals but also in animal models of the disorder. Cognitive deficits, often linked to regional deficits, were alleviated by exercise, as were quality-of-life, independent of disorder staging and risk level. Apoptotic processes intricate to the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia were likewise attenuated by physical exercise. There is also evidence of manifest benefits endowed by physical exercise in preserving telomere length and integrity. Not least, exercise improves overall health and quality-of-life. The notion of scaffolding as the outcome of physical exercise implies the "buttressing" of regional network circuits, neurocognitive domains, anti-inflammatory defenses, maintenance of telomeric integrity, and neuro-reparative and regenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Archer
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden,
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de Bartolomeis A, Iasevoli F, Marmo F, Buonaguro EF, Eramo A, Rossi R, Avvisati L, Latte G, Tomasetti C. Progressive recruitment of cortical and striatal regions by inducible postsynaptic density transcripts after increasing doses of antipsychotics with different receptor profiles: insights for psychosis treatment. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:566-82. [PMID: 25649681 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antipsychotics may modulate the transcription of multiple gene programs, including those belonging to postsynaptic density (PSD) network, within cortical and subcortical brain regions. Understanding which brain region is activated progressively by increasing doses of antipsychotics and how their different receptor profiles may impact such an activation could be relevant to better correlate the mechanism of action of antipsychotics both with their efficacy and side effects. We analyzed the differential topography of PSD transcripts by incremental doses of two antipsychotics: haloperidol, the prototypical first generation antipsychotic with prevalent dopamine D2 receptors antagonism, and asenapine, a second generation antipsychotic characterized by multiple receptors occupancy. We investigated the expression of PSD genes involved in synaptic plasticity and previously demonstrated to be modulated by antipsychotics: Homer1a, and its related interacting constitutive genes Homer1b/c and PSD95, as well as Arc, C-fos and Zif-268, also known to be induced by antipsychotics administration. We found that increasing acute doses of haloperidol induced immediate-early genes (IEGs) expression in different striatal areas, which were progressively recruited by incremental doses with a dorsal-to-ventral gradient of expression. Conversely, increasing acute asenapine doses progressively de-recruited IEGs expression in cortical areas and increased striatal genes signal intensity. These effects were mirrored by a progressive reduction in locomotor animal activity by haloperidol, and an opposite increase by asenapine. Thus, we demonstrated for the first time that antipsychotics may progressively recruit PSD-related IEGs expression in cortical and subcortical areas when administered at incremental doses and these effects may reflect a fine-tuned dose-dependent modulation of the PSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical School of Naples Federico II, Italy.
| | - Felice Iasevoli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical School of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Federica Marmo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical School of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Elisabetta F Buonaguro
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical School of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Anna Eramo
- Medical Affairs & Phase IV Clinical Affair. Lundbeck Pharmaceutical Services LLC, Deerfield, IL, United States
| | - Rodolfo Rossi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical School of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Livia Avvisati
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical School of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Latte
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical School of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Carmine Tomasetti
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical School of Naples Federico II, Italy
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