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Zuo L, Ai K, Liu W, Qiu B, Tang R, Fu J, Yang P, Kong Z, Song H, Zhu X, Zhang X. Navigating Exploitative Traps: Unveiling the Uncontrollable Reward Seeking of Internet Gaming Disordered Individuals. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2024:S2451-9022(24)00138-1. [PMID: 38839035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) involves an imbalance in the brain's dual-system, characterized by heightened reward-seeking and diminished cognitive control, which leads to decision-making challenges. The exploration-exploitation strategy is key to decision-making, but how IGD affects this process is unclear. METHODS To investigate the impact of IGD on decision-making, a modified version of the two-armed bandit task was employed. Participants included 41 IGD individuals and 44 healthy control (HC) individuals. The study assessed the strategies used by participants in the task, particularly focusing on the exploitation-exploration strategy. Additionally, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to examine brain activation patterns during decision-making and estimation phasess. RESULTS The study found that individuals with IGD demonstrated a higher reliance on exploitative strategies in decision-making due to their elevated value-seeking tendencies and decreased cognitive control. IGD individuals also displayed heightened activation in the pre-supplementary motor area (preSMA) and the ventral striatum (VS) compared to the HC group in both decision-making and estimation phases. Meanwhile, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) showed more inhibition in IGD individuals than in the HC group during exploitative strategies. This inhibition was found to decrease as cognitive control diminished. CONCLUSION The study concludes that the imbalance in the development of the dual-system in individuals with IGD may lead to an over-reliance on exploitative strategies. This imbalance, marked by increased reward-seeking and reduced cognitive control, contributes to difficulties in decision-making and value-related behavioral processes in IGD individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zuo
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, School of Life Science, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Kedan Ai
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, School of Life Science, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Weili Liu
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, School of Life Science, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Bensheng Qiu
- Centers for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Tang
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, School of Life Science, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Fu
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, School of Life Science, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities & Social Science, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Kong
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, School of Life Science, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwen Song
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, School of Life Science, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Science of Anhui Province on Adolescent Mental Health and Crisis Intelligence Intervention.
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of LifeSciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaochu Zhang
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, School of Life Science, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China; Department of Psychology, School of Humanities & Social Science, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
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Deng X, Hu YB, Liu CY, Li Q, Yang N, Zhang QY, Liu L, Qiu JN, Xu HB, Xue L, Shi YW, Wang XG, Zhao H. Psychological distress and aggression among adolescents with internet gaming disorder symptoms. Psychiatry Res 2024; 331:115624. [PMID: 38039647 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the current situation of internet gaming disorder (IGD) in Chinese adolescents and explore the impact of IGD-related factors on adolescent aggression. We hypothesized that IGD symptoms in adolescents would be associated with aggressive behavior and that risk factors for IGD symptoms could increase the aggressive tendencies of adolescents. To verify the above hypothesis, a cross-sectional survey of junior and senior high school students from southern, southwestern, central, and eastern China was conducted. A total of 9306 valid questionnaires were collected. The results showed that the prevalence of IGD symptoms was 1.78 % among Chinese adolescents. The adolescents in the disordered gamer group had the most severe IGD symptoms, with the highest levels of psychological distress and aggression. Interestingly, adolescents in the casual gamer group had the lowest psychological distress and aggression scores. Linear regression analysis further showed that higher levels of aggression were significantly associated with male sex, younger age, more severe psychological distress and IGD symptoms, and more violent game exposure. Our results suggested that excessive online gaming not only contributes to psychological distress in adolescents but also increases their levels of aggressive behavior. Apart from male sex and younger age, severe IGD symptoms and psychological distress are the most important predictors of the development of aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Deng
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yu-Bo Hu
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Chun-Yan Liu
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qi Li
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qi-Yu Zhang
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jian-Ni Qiu
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hong-Bin Xu
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Li Xue
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yan-Wei Shi
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Guang Wang
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hu Zhao
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Long K, Zhang X, Wang N, Lei H. Heart Rate Variability during Online Video Game Playing in Habitual Gamers: Effects of Internet Addiction Scale, Ranking Score and Gaming Performance. Brain Sci 2023; 14:29. [PMID: 38248244 PMCID: PMC10813724 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that individuals with internet gaming disorder (IGD) display abnormal autonomic activities at rest and during gameplay. Here, we examined whether and how in-game autonomic activity is modulated by human characteristics and behavioral performance of the player. We measured heart rate variability (HRV) in 42 male university student habitual gamers (HGs) when they played a round of League of Legends game online. Short-term HRV indices measured in early, middle and late phases of the game were compared between the players at high risk of developing IGD and those at low risk, as assessed by the revised Chen Internet addiction scale (CIAS-R). Multiple linear regression (MLR) was used to identify significant predictors of HRV measured over the whole gameplay period (WG), among CIAS-R, ranking score, hours of weekly playing and selected in-game performance parameters. The high-risk players showed a significantly higher low-frequency power/high-frequency power ratio (LF/HF) relative to the low-risk players, regardless of game phase. MLR analysis revealed that LF/HF measured in WG was predicted by, and only by, CIAS-R. The HRV indicators of sympathetic activity were found to be predicted only by the number of slain in WG (NSlain), and the indicators of parasympathetic activity were predicted by both CIAS-R and NSlain. Collectively, the results demonstrated that risk of developing IGD is associated with dysregulated autonomic balance during gameplay, and in-game autonomic activities are modulated by complex interactions among personal attributes and in-game behavioral performance of the player, as well as situational factors embedded in game mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehong Long
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (K.L.); (X.Z.); (N.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xuzhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (K.L.); (X.Z.); (N.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ningxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (K.L.); (X.Z.); (N.W.)
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (K.L.); (X.Z.); (N.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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Welsh MR, Mosley E, Laborde S, Day MC, Sharpe BT, Burkill RA, Birch PDJ. The use of heart rate variability in esports: A systematic review. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 69:102495. [PMID: 37665930 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a psychophysiological measure of particular interest in esports due to its potential to monitor player self-regulation. This study aimed to systematically review the utilisation of HRV in esports. Consideration was given to the methodological and theoretical underpinnings of previous works to provide recommendations for future research. The protocol was made available on the Open Science Framework. Inclusion criteria were empirical studies, examining HRV in esports, using esports players, published in English. Exclusion criteria were non-peer-reviewed studies, populations with pre-existing clinical illness other than Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD), opinion pieces or review papers. In November 2022 a search of Web of Science, PubMed, and EBSCOHost identified seven studies using HRV in esports. Risk of bias was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Narrative review identified two primary uses of HRV in esports; stress response and IGD. A lack of theoretical and methodological underpinning was identified as a major limitation of current literature. Further investigation is necessary before making recommendations regarding the use of HRV in esports. Future research should employ sound theoretical underpinning such as the use of vagally mediated HRV and the robust application of supporting methodological guidelines when investigating HRV in esports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Welsh
- Institute of Applied Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK.
| | - Emma Mosley
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sport Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Sylvain Laborde
- Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Koln, Germany; UFR STAPS, Normandie Université Caen, Caen, France
| | - Melissa C Day
- Institute of Applied Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Benjamin T Sharpe
- Institute of Psychology, Business, and Human Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | | | - Phil D J Birch
- Institute of Applied Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
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Weinstein A. Problematic Internet usage: brain imaging findings. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2022.101209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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