Association between depressive symptoms and the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among US adults

Associations between Life's Essential 8 and depression among US adults

Few studies have examined the association of Life's Essential 8 (LE8) with depression among US adults. This is a cross-sectional study using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2020. LE8 score was measured as the mean score of eight metrics (diet, physical activity, nicotine exposure, sleep health, body mass index, blood lipid, blood glucose, and blood pressure). CVH was categorized into low, moderate, and high according to tertiles of LE8 score. Depression was defined based on the 9-Item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Weighted logistic regressions were conducted to assess the associations of depression with CVH. Compared with participants with low CVH, the fully adjusted ORs of depression were 0.45 (0.37, 0.55) in the moderate CVH and 0.21 (0.15, 0.30) in the high CVH participants, respectively. The results remained robust in subgroup and sensitivity analyses. All eight LE8 metrics were negatively associated with depression, while nicotine exposure and sleep health were identified as two major metrics contributing to the association. Better CVH evaluated by LE8 was associated with decreased depression prevalence among US adults. Adherence to a higher CVH score, especially targeting smoking cessation and proper sleep duration, might be beneficial for prevention of depression.

Associations of methylmalonic acid and depressive symptoms with mortality: a population-based study

Methylmalonic acid (MMA), a biomarker of mitochondrial dysfunction, has been reported to be associated with depression in specific populations (i.e., older adults and postpartum women). Our study aimed to investigate to what extent MMA was associated with depressive symptoms and mortality in the general population, and assess whether depressive symptoms mediate the relationship between MMA and mortality. We analyzed cross-sectional data from 8343 participants from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. MMA was measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, while depressive symptoms were measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Mortality data were obtained through linkage with National Death Index records. Linear regression models were performed to assess the association between MMA and depressive symptoms. The Cox proportional hazard regression model was utilized to assess the association of MMA and depressive symptoms with mortality. Mediation analysis was conducted within the counterfactual framework. In this general population, each SD (around 0.49 μmol/L) increase in MMA was associated with a 0.03 SD (approximately 0.15 score) increase in depressive symptoms (β = 0.033, 95% CI: 0.010, 0.055, p = 0.005). Notably, this association was more pronounced in men and participants over 60 years old. Higher levels of MMA and having more depressive symptoms were associated with a higher risk of mortality. However, depressive symptoms do not mediate the relationship between MMA and mortality. Elevated MMA levels were associated with depressive symptoms and an increased risk of mortality. These findings suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction may contribute to the multifactorial etiology of depression.

Association of both depressive symptoms scores and specific depressive symptoms with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality

BACKGROUND

The presence of depression related to an increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality has been reported. However, studies conducted on certain specific depressive symptoms are scarce. Our purpose was to assess the effect of both depressive symptoms scores and certain specific depressive symptoms on all-cause and CVD mortality.

METHODS

In the present cohort study, all participants, aged 18 years or older, were enrolled in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2005 to 2014. Depressive symptoms score was assessed using the validated 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire Depression Scale (PHQ-9), which ranges from 0 to 27, with a PHQ-9 score ≥ 10 diagnosed as depression. The outcome events were all-cause and CVD mortality, which were followed up from 2005 to 2014. The associations of both depressive symptoms score and certain specific depressive symptoms with all-cause and CVD mortality were examined by weighted multivariable proportional hazards models.

RESULTS

A total of 26,028 participants aged ≥ 18 years were included in the statistical analysis, including 12,813 (49.2%) males and 13,215 (50.8%) females, with a mean (SD) age of 47.34 (18.86) years. During the 9.32 (3.20) years of mean (SD) follow-up, 3261 deaths were recorded, of which 826 were cardiovascular deaths. All-cause mortality was 16.87/1000 person-years in subjects with depression. In terms of CVD mortality, these figures were 4.53/1000 person-years. In the full model (model 3), elevated depressive symptoms scores were independently associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality (Highest depression symptom score group: adjusted hazard ratio, 1.63; 95% CI 1.44-1.85) and CVD mortality (Highest depression symptom score group: adjusted hazard ratio, 1.73; 95% CI 1.34-2.24). All 9 specific depressive symptoms that make up the PHQ-9 were related to an increased risk of all-cause mortality. However, only 3 symptoms, including trouble sleeping or sleeping too much, poor appetite or overeating, and suicidal ideation, were no significantly associated with an increased risk of CVD mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

The elevated depressive symptoms scores were strongly associated with an increased risk of all-cause and CVD mortality in US adults. Furthermore, all 9 specific depressive symptoms were associated with high all-cause mortality. However, trouble sleeping or sleeping too much, poor appetite or overeating, and suicidal ideation might not increase the risk of CVD mortality.

Factors influencing the association between depressive symptoms and cardiovascular disease in US population

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and depression are common diseases that lead to adverse health outcomes. Depressive Symptoms may be a risk factor for CVD. But few studies focused on the impact of socioeconomic factors, common medical history and dietary intake about this association. This study analyzed National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2016. Complex sampling-weighted logistic regression models were used to compare the odds ratios (ORs) of CVD in participants with different depressive symptoms. 11,516 NHANES participants aged ≥ 40 years were included in the final analysis, of whom 1842 had CVD. Compared with participants with no/minimal depression, participants with mild, moderate, and moderately severe/severe depression had OR values of 1.25 (95%  CI 1.01-1.54), 1.98 (95% CI 1.32-2.96), and 2.41 (95% CI 1.63-3.57). The association of depressive symptoms with CVD follow a dose-dependent pattern. The interactions of depressive symptoms with gender (Interaction P = 0.009), diabetes (Interaction P = 0.010), household income level (Interaction P = 0.002), dietary cholesterol intake (Interaction P = 0.017) on CVD were observed. More severe depressive symptoms are associated with increased risk of CVD in US population. The association may be more pronounced in the female population, population with diabetes, low family income level, or high dietary cholesterol intake.

Sex Differences in the Association of Depression Symptoms and Cardiovascular Disease in Adults in the United States

PURPOSE

This study explores the relationship between depression and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the US adult population, focusing on sex differences.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional study.

SETTING

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (2013-2018).

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 14 699 community-dwelling adults (≥20 years).

MEASURE

The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) depression screening tool assessed depressive symptoms. CVD events included heart failure, coronary heart disease, angina, heart attack, or stroke.

ANALYSIS

Adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated using a Poisson regression model.

RESULTS

The study finds a positive association between CVD incidents and both mild to moderate depressive symptoms (aPR:1.42, P = .002) and moderately severe to severe depression (aPR:1.72, P = .024). Overall, females exhibit a 47% lower likelihood of CVD incidents compared to males. However, in a subgroup analysis, increased depressive symptoms correlate with higher CVD incidents in females (aPRs range: 2.09 to 3.43, P < .001) compared to males (aPRs range: 1.45 to 1.77, P < .001).

CONCLUSION

Depression is associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Females generally have a lower CVD risk than males, but more severe depressive symptoms elevate CVD risk in females. These findings emphasize the significance of considering sex differences. Further research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms.

Prevalence and risk factors of depression and anxiety symptoms in intensive care unit patients with cardiovascular disease: A cross-sectional study

AIMS

To investigate the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms in intensive care unit (ICU) patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and to explore which elements are risk factors for the development of anxiety and depression symptoms.

DESIGN

A cross-sectional study.

METHODS

A total of 1028 ICU patients with CVD were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Logistic regression was used to assess risk factors and associations between anxiety and depression symptoms, and mediation analysis was used to explore the effect of risk factors on the association between anxiety and depression symptoms. Reporting of the study followed the STROBE checklist.

RESULTS

The results showed that among ICU patients with CVD, 38.1% had anxiety symptoms, 28.7% had depression symptoms and 19.3% had both anxiety and depression symptoms, and there was a significant association between anxiety and depression symptoms. We also identified female gender, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and cardiac function class IV as independent risk factors for anxiety and depression symptoms. Importantly, these factors also mediated the association between anxiety and depression symptoms, emphasising their role in the psychological well-being of this patient group.

CONCLUSION

ICU patients with CVD were prone to anxiety and depression symptoms. Female gender, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and cardiac function class IV were identified as independent risk factors that also served as mediators in the relationship between anxiety and depression symptoms. Especially, cardiac function class IV emerged as a critical factor in this association.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE

It is imperative for critical care professionals to recognize the elevated risk of depression and anxiety among ICU patients with severe CVD, especially those with cardiac function class IV, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and females. Proactive and supportive measures are essential for this vulnerable group during their ICU stay to safeguard their mental health and prevent negative outcomes.

PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION

No Patient or Public Contribution.

Daily affect across adulthood and into old age: Recent advances from ambulatory research

Ambulatory research - such as daily-diary or experience sampling studies - captures experiences as they naturally occur in people's daily lives. It shows that older adults' daily affective experiences, on average, are more positive and more stable, compared to younger age groups. Recent advances in ambulatory research contribute a more refined understanding beyond the valence dimension, demonstrating that the arousal of affective experiences matters as well, and that discrete emotions, such as sadness, may be differently prevalent and adaptive in different phases of adulthood. Another recent contribution is evidence that cross-sectional adult age differences in daily affect may not map onto within-person change over time. While longitudinal improvement in daily affect is observed across young and into early middle adulthood, stability and decline in affective well-being are typical throughout late middle and older adulthood, respectively. Likewise, empirical support for the claim that emotion regulation is a prime reason for age differences in daily affect remains mixed. Older as compared to younger adults are indeed more motivated to feel better, and more confident that their affect-regulation is successful. However, there is no consistent support that older adults' daily affect-regulation strategies, effectiveness, or flexibility differ from younger age groups.

Association of changes in self-reported vision and hearing impairments with depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older adults: Evidence from a nationwide longitudinal study in China

OBJECTIVE

This study assessed the longitudinal relationship between changes in self-reported vision impairment (VI) and hearing impairment (HI), and depressive symptoms in adults aged ≥45 years.

METHODS

Data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study for 2015 and 2018 were used, with a sample size of 10,050. VI and HI were self-reported. The 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D10) was used to assess depressive symptoms. Total scores and clinically significant depressive symptoms (CES-D10 scores ≥ 10) were used as outcomes and analyzed using generalized estimating equations with identity link and logit link functions.

RESULTS

Of all changes in HI with good vision, only persistent HI was associated with higher CES-D10 scores (OR 95% CI: 1.09-3.30). Both new-onset and persistent VI with good hearing were associated with CES-D10 scores (OR 95% CI, new-onset: 1.70-3.52; persistent: 1.58-2.78) and clinically significant depressive symptoms (OR 95% CI, new-onset: 1.41-2.56; persistent: 1.36-2.27). Persistent dual sensory impairment (DSI) was associated with the highest CES-D10 scores (OR 95% CI: 3.63-5.97) and the highest risk of clinically significant depressive symptoms (OR 95% CI: 1.78-2.85). Those who self-reported improvements in vision and hearing still had higher CES-D10 scores (OR 95% CI: 1.35-2.83) and a higher risk of clinically significant depressive symptoms (OR 95% CI: 1.03-2.02) than those maintaining good vision and hearing.

CONCLUSION

Self-reported VI and DSI are closely associated with depressive symptoms. Because VI and DSI are modifiable, interventions for them could also prevent depressive symptoms.