Cobalt complexes of terpyridine ligands: Crystal structure and nuclease activity

Manipulating the Coordination Structure of Molecular Cobalt Sites in Periodic Mesoporous Organosilica for CO2 Photoreduction

Photocatalytic CO2 reduction, including reaction rate, product selectivity, and longevity, is highly sensitive to the coordination structure of the catalytic active sites, and the precise design of the active site remains a challenge in heterogeneous catalysts. Herein, we report on the modulation of the coordination structure of MN x -type active sites (M = Co or Ni; x = 4 or 5) anchored on a periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) support to improve photocatalytic CO2 reduction. The PMO was functionalized with pendant 3,6-di(2'-pyridyl)pyridazine (dppz) groups to allow immobilization of molecular Co and Ni complexes with polypyridine ligands. A comparative analysis of CO2 photoreduction in the presence of an organic photosensitizer (4CzIPN, 1,2,3,5-tetrakis(carbazol-9-yl)-4,6-dicyanobenzene) and a conventional [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2 sensitizer revealed strong influence of the coordination environment on the catalytic performance. CoN5-PMO demonstrated a superior CO2 photoreduction activity than the other materials and displayed a cobalt-based turnover number (TONCO) of 92 for CO evolution at ∼75% selectivity after 3 h irradiation in the presence of 4CzIPN. The hybrid CoN5-PMO catalyst exhibited better activity than its homogeneous [CoN5] counterpart, indicating that the heterogenization promotes the formation of isolated active sites with improved longevity and faster catalytic rate.

Exploring the potential of highly charged Ru(II)- and heteronuclear Ru(II)/Cu(II)-polypyridyl complexes as antimicrobial agents

The antimicrobial potential of two ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes, [Ru(phen)₂L1]²⁺ and [Ru(phen)₂L2]²⁺ (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) containing the 4,4'-(2,5,8,11,14-pentaaza[15])-2,2'-bipyridilophane (L1) and the 4,4'-bis-[methylen-(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane)]-2,2' bipyridine (L2) units, is herein investigated. These peculiar polyamine frameworks afford the formation of highly charged species in solution, influence the DNA-binding and cleavage properties of compounds, but they do not undermine their singlet oxygen sensitizing capacities, thus making these complexes attractive ¹O₂ generators in aqueous solution. L1 and L2 also permit to stably host Fenton -active Cu²⁺ ion/s, leading to the formation of mixed Ru²⁺/Cu²⁺ forms capable to further strengthen the oxidative damages to biological targets. Herein, following a characterization of the Cu²⁺ binding ability by [Ru(phen)₂L2]²⁺, the water-octanol distribution coefficients, the DNA binding, cleavage and ¹O₂ sensitizing properties of [Ru(phen)₂L2]²⁺ and [Cu₂Ru(phen)₂L2]⁶⁺ were analysed and compared with those of [Ru(phen)₂L1]²⁺ and [CuRu(phen)₂L1]⁴⁺. The antimicrobial activity of all compounds was evaluated against B. subtilis, chosen as a model for gram-positive bacteria, both under dark and upon light-activation. Our results unveil a notable phototoxicity of [Ru(phen)₂L2]²⁺ and [Cu₂Ru(phen)₂L2]⁶⁺, with MIC (minimal inhibitory concentrations) values of 3.12 μM. This study highlights that the structural characteristics of polyamine ligands gathered on highly charged Ru(II)-polypyridyl complexes are versatile tools that can be exploited to achieve enhanced antibacterial strategies.

Synthesis, characterization, antiproliferative of pyrimidine based ligand and its Ni(II) and Pd(II) complexes and effectiveness of electroporation

In the study, a new Schiff base (ligand) was obtained using 4-aminopyrimidine-2(1H)-one, the starting material, and 2,3,4-trimethoxy benzaldehyde. Ni(II) and Pd(II) complexes were obtained from the reaction of the ligand and NiCl₂·6H₂O, PdCl₂(CH₃CN)₂ (1:1 ratio). These compounds were characterized using the elemental and mass analysis, ¹H, ¹³C-NMR, FT-IR, UV-Vis, magnetic susceptibility, thermal analysis, and the X-ray diffraction analyses. The antiproliferative activities of the synthesized ligand, Ni(II) and Pd(II) complexes were identified on the HepG2 (human liver cancer cells) cell line and their biocompatibility was tested on the L-929 (fibroblast cells) cell line by the MTT analysis method. Furthermore, the effects of electroporation (EP) on the cytotoxic activities of synthesized compounds were investigated in HepG2 cancer cells. According to the MTT findings of the study, the ligand did not exhibit an antiproliferative activity while its Ni(II) and Pd(II) complexes exhibited an antiproliferative activity. Moreover, it was observed that the antiproliferative activity of the Pd(II) complex was stronger than that of the Ni(II) complex. The combined application of EP + compounds is much more effective than the usage of the compounds alone in the treatment of HepG2 cancer cells. The EP increased the cytotoxicity of the Ni(II) and Pd(II) complexes by 1.66, and 2.54 times, respectively. It was concluded that Ni(II) and Pd(II) complexes may contribute as potential anti-cancer agents for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma and yield promising results in the case of being used in ECT.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Spectroscopic and In Silico DNA Binding Studies on the Interaction of Some New N-Substituted Rhodanines with Calf-thymus DNA: In Vitro Anticancer Activities

BACKGROUND

In this era of science, cancer is a black dot on the face of humankind. Consequently, the search of promising anticancer agents continues.

AIMS

Here we designed and synthesized new N-substituted rhodanines (RD1-7), evaluated their multispectroscopic interaction with calf thymus DNA, in silico and anticancer studies against MDA-MB-231cancer cell line.

METHODS

By MTT assay rhodanine RD1 was found to be the most potent with IC50 value of 72.61 μM. In addition, DNA binding studies (UV-vis and fluorescence) revealed strong binding affinity of RD1-7 with DNA (Kb in the range of 1.5-7.4 × 105 M-1). Moreover, molecular docking study, experimental DNA binding and anticancer studies are all well agreed to each other.

RESULTS

It was observed that H-bonding and hydrophobic attractions were responsible for stability of DNAcompound adducts. Besides, the reported rhodanines (RD1-7) were found as minor groove binders of DNA. Concisely, RD1-7 indicated promising pharmacological properties and hence, shows auspicious future for the development of novel anticancer agents.

CONCLUSION

The reported rhodanines showed excellent anticancer properties. Therefore, the described rhodanines may be used as potential anticancer agents in the future.

Fluorescence and Molecular Simulation Studies on the Interaction between Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids and Calf Thymus DNA

This work presents a molecular level investigation on the nature and mode of binding between imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) ([Cnbim]Br where n = 2, 4, 6) with calf thymus DNA. This investigation offers valuable insight into the mechanisms of interactions that can affect the structural features of DNA and possibly cause the alteration or inhibition of DNA function. To expedite analysis, the study resorted to using molecular docking and COnductor like Screening MOdel for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS) in conjunction with fluorescence spectroscopic data for confirmation and validation of computational results. Both the fluorescence and docking studies consistently revealed a weak interaction between the two molecules, which corresponded to the binding energy of a stable docking conformation in the range of −5.19 to −7.75 kcal mol−1. As predicted, the rod-like structure of imidazolium-based ILs prefers to bind to the double-helix DNA through a minor groove. Interestingly, the occurrence of T-shape π-π stacking was observed between the amine group in adenine that faces the aromatic ring of imidazole. In addition, data of COSMO-RS for the interaction of individual nucleic acid bases to imidazolium-based ILs affirmed that ILs showed a propensity to bind to different bases, the highest being guanine followed by cytosine, thymine, uracil, and adenine.

Facile synthesis of indole heterocyclic compounds based micellar nano anti-cancer drugs

Facile synthesis of micellar “nano” indole heterocyclic anti-cancer compounds is described. The synthesized compounds (11–23) were characterized by UV-VIS, ¹H NMR, FT-IR and mass spectroscopy. The binding energies of DNA–compound adducts varied from −20.08 to −23.85 kJ mol⁻¹, and they were stabilized by hydrophobic interactions and H-bonding. The synthesized compounds enter into minor grooves of DNA during adduct formation. The DNA binding constant of compounds 11–23 was 1.00 to 2.00 × 10⁵ M⁻¹. The drug-loading efficiency and drug-loading content in their micellar forms were recorded. Compounds 11, 12, 14 and 19 at a micellar concentration of 670 μL mL⁻¹ displayed excellent anticancer activities against the HepG2/C3A line (25–50%). The potency of nano anticancer drugs was predicted by drug likeness using Lipinski's “rule of five”. Taken together, compounds 11–23 could be used to treat cancers.

Facile synthesis of micellar “nano” indole heterocyclic anti-cancer compounds is described.

An infinite two-dimensional hybrid water-chloride network in a 4'-(furan-2-yl)-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine nickel(II) matrix

A new complex, namely bis-[4'-(furan-2-yl)-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine]-nickel(II) dichloride deca-hydrate, [Ni(C19H13N3O)2]Cl2·10H2O, has been crystallized by solvent evaporation and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The coordination environment of the NiII cation is distorted octa-hedral with slight deviations from an idealized geometry. The most intriguing structural feature is an infinite two-dimensional hybrid water-chloride network parallel to (011) constructed by O-H⋯O and O-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds involving two independent chloride ions and ten independent solvent water mol-ecules with an l-shaped pattern. One of the furyl rings is disordered with a refined occupancy ratio of 0.786 (13):0.214 (13).

Fluorescent active ruthenium(ii) complex units containing bpy or phen or dmp ligands anchored on branched poly(ethylenimine): DNA binding and in vitro biological assessment

UV light irradiation visible responses of polymer ruthenium complexes.

Targeting of DNA molecules, BSA/c-Met tyrosine kinase receptors and anti-proliferative activity of bis(terpyridine)copper(ii) complexes

The newly synthesized bis(terpyridine)copper(ii) complexes may act as DNA-targeting metallo-anticancer agents to overcome cisplatin resistance.

Ni(II), Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes of (1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-ylimino)methyl]naphthalene-2-ol. Structural, spectroscopic, biological, cytotoxicity, antioxidant and DNA binding

Metal complexes of the general formula [ML(H2O)Cl]nH2O; n=1 for M=Ni and Pt and n=2 for M=Pd, L=Schiff base (HL) derived from the condensation of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde, were prepared. The synthesized ligand and its metal complexes were characterized on the basis of elemental analyses, spectral and magnetic studies as well as thermal analysis. The IR spectra revealed that the ligand is coordinated to the metal ions in bidentate manner via the N-atom of the azomethine group and the phenolic OH group. Square planar geometry was proposed for Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes and tetrahedral for Ni(II) complex. The ligand and its metal complexes were screened against the sensitive organisms Escherichia coli as Gram-negative bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus as Gram-positive bacteria, Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans as fungi. Moreover, the anticancer activity of the ligand and its metal complexes was evaluated in liver carcinoma (HEPG2) cell line. The results obtained indicated that the Schiff base ligand is more effective than its metal complexes towards the tested cell line. Ni(II), Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes as well as the free Schiff base ligand were tested for their antioxidant activities. The DNA-binding properties of the studied complexes have been investigated by electronic absorption and viscosity measurements.

DNA binding, photo-induced DNA cleavage and cytotoxicity studies of lomefloxacin and its transition metal complexes

This work was focused on a study of the DNA binding and cleavage properties of lomefloxacin (LMF) and its ternary transition metal complexes with glycine. The nature of the binding interactions between compounds and calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) was studied by electronic absorption spectra, fluorescence spectra and thermal denaturation experiments. The obtained results revealed that LMF and its complexes could interact with CT-DNA via partial/moderate intercalative mode. Furthermore, the DNA cleavage activities of the compounds were investigated by gel electrophoresis. Mechanistic studies of DNA cleavage suggest that singlet oxygen ((1)O2) is likely to be the cleaving agent via an oxidative pathway, except for Cu(II) complex which proceeds via both oxidative and hydrolytic pathways. Antimicrobial and antitumor activities of the compounds were also studied against some kinds of bacteria, fungi and human cell lines.

Curcumin-I Knoevenagel's condensates and their Schiff's bases as anticancer agents: synthesis, pharmacological and simulation studies

Pyrazolealdehydes (4a-d), Knoevenagel's condensates (5a-d) and Schiff's bases (6a-d) of curcumin-I were synthesized, purified and characterized. Hemolysis assays, cell line activities, DNA bindings and docking studies were carried out. These compounds were lesser hemolytic than standard drug doxorubicin. Minimum cell viability (MCF-7; wild) observed was 59% (1.0 μg/mL) whereas the DNA binding constants ranged from 1.4×10(3) to 8.1×10(5) M(-1). The docking energies varied from -7.30 to -13.4 kcal/mol. It has been observed that DNA-compound adducts were stabilized by three governing forces (Van der Wall's, H-bonding and electrostatic attractions). It has also been observed that compounds 4a-d preferred to enter minor groove while 5a-d and 6a-d interacted with major grooves of DNA. The anticancer activities of the reported compounds might be due to their interactions with DNA. These results indicated the bright future of the reported compounds as anticancer agents.

DNA interactions and cytotoxic studies of cis-platin analogues of substituted 2,2'-bipyridines

Platinum(II) complexes [Pt(4″-fpbpy)Cl(2)] (1), [Pt(4″-mepbpy)Cl(2)] (2), [Pt(4″-mpbpy)Cl(2)] (3) and [Pt(4″-bopbpy)Cl(2)] (4) {where 4″-fpbpy=4-(4″-fluorophenyl)-6-phenyl-2,2'-bipyridine, 4″-mepbpy=4-(4″-methylphenyl)-6-phenyl-2,2'-bipyridine, 4″-mpbpy=4-(4″-methoxyphenyl)-6-phenyl-2,2'-bipyridine, 4″-bopbpy=4-(4″-benzyloxyphenyl)-6-phenyl-2,2'-bipyridine} have been synthesized and characterized. The binding strength and binding mode of the complexes with HS DNA (Herring Sperm) have been investigated by absorption titration and viscosity measurement studies. The results have been revealed that the complexes bind to DNA by covalent mode with intrinsic binding constant K(b) ranging from 6.05×10(4)M(-1) to 3.48×10(5)M(-1). The unwinding angle of pUC19 DNA has been evaluated by gel electrophoresis assay. The brine shrimp bioassay has been performed to study the in vitro cytotoxic properties of the synthesized metal complexes.

Different types of copper complexes with the quinolone antimicrobial drugs ofloxacin and norfloxacin: structure, DNA- and albumin-binding

Three novel copper(II) complexes with the second-generation quinolone antibacterial agents norfloxacin (nfH) and ofloxacin (ofloH) have been synthesized resulting in the complexes [Cu(nfH)(phen)Cl]Cl·5H(2)O (1·5H(2)O), [Cu(nfH)(2)]Cl(2)·6H(2)O (2·6H(2)O) and [Cu(II)(ofloH)(2)][(Cu(I)Cl(2))(2)] (3), respectively. The crystal structures of the complexes have been determined by X-ray crystallography revealing that the quinolones act as bidentate ligands coordinated to Cu(II) atom through the pyridone oxygen and a carboxylato oxygen. UV study of the interaction of the quinolones and the complexes with calf-thymus DNA (CT DNA) has shown that they can bind to CT DNA with [Cu(II)(ofloxacin)(2)][(Cu(I)Cl(2))(2)] exhibiting the highest binding constant to CT DNA. The cyclic voltammograms of the complexes in the presence of CT DNA solution have shown that the interaction of the complexes with CT DNA is mainly through electrostatic binding. DNA solution viscosity measurements have shown that the interaction of the compounds with CT DNA by classical intercalation may be ruled out. Competitive studies with ethidium bromide (EB) indicate that the complexes can partially displace the DNA-bound EB suggesting low to moderate competition with EB. Norfloxacin, ofloxacin and their copper complexes exhibit good binding propensity to human or bovine serum albumin protein having relatively high binding constant values.

A short review on the structure-function relationship of artificial catecholase/tyrosinase and nuclease activities of Cu-complexes

The synthesis of metal complexes has vastly increased the scope of research for many scientists during the two last decades. Among these compounds, artificial tyrosinases, catecholases, proteases, and nucleases are some of the most studied due to their importance as modern tools in the fields of medicine, scientific research, and industry. Transition metals such as Zn(2+), Cu(2+), Fe(3+), Co(3+), Ni(2+), and lanthanide ions are the most commonly used. Among these ions, copper complexes have been the focus of the majority of studies thanks to their significant activity in comparison with other ions. Studies of copper-based tyrosinases, catecholases, and nucleases have revealed some of the overarching factors affecting reactions of all three types, which has led to improved activity and efficiency for all. Key factors include proper core-core distance, (Cu⋯Cu distance 2.90-2.99 Å), suitable solvent, and ligands with proper hydrophobic structure and geometry. In the present investigation, we review and introduce the proposed mechanisms and the kinetically effective factors of natural catecholase, tyrosinase, and nuclease and their Cu-based synthetic mimics.

Effect of substituent of terpyridines on the DNA-interaction of polypyridyl ruthenium(II) complexes

An octahedral complexes of ruthenium with 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dmphen) and substituted terpyridine have been synthesized. The Ru(II) complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses, thermogravimetric analyses, magnetic moment measurements, FT-IR, electronic, (1)H NMR and FAB mass spectra. The binding strength and mode of interaction of the complexes with Herring Sperm DNA has been investigated using absorption titration and viscosity measurement studies. Results suggest that the substituent on terpyridine ligand affects the binding mode and binding ability of the complexes. Effect of time and ionic strength on DNA cleavage ability of complex has also been studied by gel electrophoresis. Results suggest that more than 200 mM concentration of NaCl decreases the cleavage ability of complex.