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Magadla A, Openda YI, Mpeta L, Nyokong T. Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of gallic acid anchored phthalocyanine-doped silica nanoparticles towards Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms and planktonic cells. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 42:103520. [PMID: 36931365 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have described the synthesis of phthalocyanine complexes Zn(II) tetrakis 4-(5-formylpyridin-2-yl)oxy) phthalocyanine (2), Zn(II) tetrakis-1-butyl-4-(2-(6- (tetra-phenoxy)pyridin-3-yl) vinyl)pyridin-1-ium phthalocyanine (3) and Zn(II) tetrakis 1-butyl-5-(2-(1-butylpyridin-1-ium-4-yl)vinyl)-2-(tetra-phenoxy)pyridin-1-ium phthalocyanine (4). The effect of a varying number of charges when the Pc complexes are alone or grafted in gallic acid (GA) tagged silica nanoparticles on photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) is investigated toward Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) and Escherichia coli (E.coli) in both planktonic and biofilm forms. Complex 4, bearing a total of 8 cationic charges, displayed the highest activity with log CFU values of 8.60 and 6.42 against E.coli and S.aureus biofilms, respectively. The surface stability of E.coli and S.aureus biofilms in the presence of 4 and its conjugate was analysed using cyclic voltammetry. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectra are also used to study the conformational and biochemical changes within biofilm upon subjecting them to PACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviwe Magadla
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Yolande Ikala Openda
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Lekhetho Mpeta
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa.
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2
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Ntsimango S, Gandidzanwa S, Joseph SV, Hosten EC, Randall M, Edkins AL, Khene SM, Mashazi P, Nyokong T, Abrahams A, Tshentu ZR. Reaction of Perrhenate with Phthalocyanine Derivatives in the Presence of Reducing Agents and Rhenium Oxide Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications. Chemistry 2022; 11:e202200037. [PMID: 35856692 PMCID: PMC9297772 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A novel alternative route to access rhenium(V)−phthalocyanine complexes through direct metalation of metal‐free phthalocyanines (H2Pcs) with a rhenium(VII) salt in the presence of various two‐electron reducing agents is presented. Direct ion metalation of tetraamino‐ or tetranitrophthalocyanine with perrhenate (ReO4−) in the presence of triphenylphosphine led to oxidative decomposition of the H2Pcs, giving their respective phthalonitriles. Conversely, treatment of H2Pcs with ReO4− employing sodium metabisulfite yielded the desired ReVO−Pc complex. Finally, reaction of H2Pcs with ReO4− and NaBH4 as reducing agent led to the formation of rhenium oxide (RexOy) nanoparticles (NPs). The NP synthesis was optimised, and the RexOy NPs were capped with folic acid (FA) conjugated with tetraaminophthalocyanine (TAPc) to enhance their cancer cell targeting ability. The cytotoxicity profile of the resultant RexOy−TAPc−FA NPs was assessed and found to be greater than 80 % viability in four cell lines, namely, MDA−MB‐231, HCC7, HCC1806 and HEK293T. Non‐cytotoxic concentrations were determined and employed in cancer cell localization studies. The particle size effect on localization of NPs was also investigated using confocal fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. The smaller NPs (≈10 nm) were found to exhibit stronger fluorescence properties than the ≈50 nm NPs and exhibited better cell localization ability than the ≈50 nm NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songeziwe Ntsimango
- Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, 6001, South Africa.,Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Institute School of Chemistry, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | | | - Sinelizwi V Joseph
- Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, 6001, South Africa
| | - Eric C Hosten
- Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, 6001, South Africa
| | - Marvin Randall
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Adrienne L Edkins
- Biomedical biotechnology Research Unit (BioBRU), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Samson M Khene
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Philani Mashazi
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa.,Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Abubak'r Abrahams
- Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, 6001, South Africa
| | - Zenixole R Tshentu
- Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, 6001, South Africa
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Vijayalakshmi V, Sadanandan B, Venkataramanaiah Raghu A. Single walled carbon nanotubes in high concentrations is cytotoxic to the human neuronal cell LN18. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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4
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Magadla A, Babu B, Sen P, Nyokong T. The photophysicochemical properties and photodynamic therapy activity of Schiff base substituted phthalocyanines doped into silica nanoparticles and conjugated to folic acid. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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5
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Sundaram P, Abrahamse H. Phototherapy Combined with Carbon Nanomaterials (1D and 2D) and their Applications in Cancer Therapy. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4830. [PMID: 33126750 PMCID: PMC7663006 DOI: 10.3390/ma13214830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-based materials have attracted research interest worldwide due to their physical and chemical properties and wide surface area, rendering them excellent carrier molecules. They are widely used in biological applications like antimicrobial activity, cancer diagnosis, bio-imaging, targeting, drug delivery, biosensors, tissue engineering, dental care, and skin care. Carbon-based nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes and graphene have drawn more attention in the field of phototherapy due to their unique properties such as thermal conductivity, large surface area, and electrical properties. Phototherapy is a promising next-generation therapeutic modality for many modern medical conditions that include cancer diagnosis, targeting, and treatment. Phototherapy involves the major administration of photosensitizers (PSs), which absorb light sources and emit reactive oxygen species under cellular environments. Several types of nontoxic PSs are functionalized on carbon-based nanomaterials and have numerous advantages in cancer therapy. In this review, we discuss the potential role and combined effect of phototherapy and carbon nanomaterials, the mechanism and functionalization of PSs on nanomaterials, and their promising advantages in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
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6
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Matlou GG, Oluwole DO, Prinsloo E, Nyokong T. Photodynamic therapy activity of zinc phthalocyanine linked to folic acid and magnetic nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 186:216-224. [PMID: 30077918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the photodynamic therapy (PDT) activities (using human carcinoma adherent MCF-7 cells) of zinc phthalocyanine derivatives: complexes 1 (Zn mono cinnamic acid phthalocyanine) and 2 (zinc mono carboxyphenoxy phthalocyanine) when covalently linked to folic acid (FA) and amine functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (AMNPs) are reported. The covalent linkage of asymmetric zinc cinnamic acid Pc (1) to FA (1-FA) through an amide bond is reported for the first time. Complex 1 is insoluble in water, but upon linkage to FA, (to form 1-FA) the molecule become water soluble, hence the UV-Vis spectrum and singlet oxygen quantum yield for 1-FA were also done in water since water solubility is essential for biological applications. The reported 2-FA is also water soluble. Linking complexes 1 and 2 to FA and AMNPs decreased the dark toxicity of 1 and 2 on MCF-7 cells. Pc-FA (1-FA and 2-FA) conjugates had better singlet oxygen quantum yields (Φ∆) in DMSO as compared to Pc-AMNPs (1-AMNPs and 2-AMNPs). The water- soluble 1-FA and 2-FA also achieved a better photodynamic therapy (PDT) activity as compared to 1-AMNPs and 2-AMNPs. Folic acid targeting on the tumor cells may have also facilitated better bioavailability of 1-FA and 2-FA and improved PDT activity on MCF-7 cells over AMNPs carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauta Gold Matlou
- Centre for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - David O Oluwole
- Centre for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Earl Prinsloo
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Centre for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
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Youssef Z, Vanderesse R, Colombeau L, Baros F, Roques-Carmes T, Frochot C, Wahab H, Toufaily J, Hamieh T, Acherar S, Gazzali AM. The application of titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, fullerene, and graphene nanoparticles in photodynamic therapy. Cancer Nanotechnol 2017; 8:6. [PMID: 29104699 PMCID: PMC5648744 DOI: 10.1186/s12645-017-0032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have been shown to have good ability to improve the targeting and delivery of therapeutics. In the field of photodynamic therapy (PDT), this targeting advantage of NPs could help ensure drug delivery at specific sites. Among the commonly reported NPs for PDT applications, NPs from zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and fullerene are commonly reported. In addition, graphene has also been reported to be used as NPs albeit being relatively new to this field. In this context, the present review is organized by these different NPs and contains numerous research works related to PDT applications. The effectiveness of these NPs for PDT is discussed in detail by collecting all essential information described in the literature. The information thus assembled could be useful in designing new NPs specific for PDT and/or PTT applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa Youssef
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Université de Lorraine-CNRS, UMR 7274, 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Régis Vanderesse
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Macromoléculaire, Université de Lorraine-CNRS, UMR 7375, 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Ludovic Colombeau
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Université de Lorraine-CNRS, UMR 7274, 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Francis Baros
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Université de Lorraine-CNRS, UMR 7274, 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Thibault Roques-Carmes
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Université de Lorraine-CNRS, UMR 7274, 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Céline Frochot
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Université de Lorraine-CNRS, UMR 7274, 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Habibah Wahab
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Joumana Toufaily
- Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Campus Rafic Hariri, Beyrouth, Lebanon
| | - Tayssir Hamieh
- Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Campus Rafic Hariri, Beyrouth, Lebanon
| | - Samir Acherar
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Macromoléculaire, Université de Lorraine-CNRS, UMR 7375, 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Amirah Mohd Gazzali
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Macromoléculaire, Université de Lorraine-CNRS, UMR 7375, 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
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Ngoy BP, Molupe N, Harris J, Fomo G, Mack J, Nyokong T. Photophysical studies of 2,6-dibrominated BODIPY dyes substituted with 4-benzyloxystyryl substituents. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2017. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424617500420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 2,6-dibrominated BODIPY dyes with styryl groups at the 3,5-positions has been prepared, and their photophysical properties have been analyzed to assess their potential utility for use as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy and in bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokolombe P. Ngoy
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Nthabeleng Molupe
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Jessica Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Gertrude Fomo
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - John Mack
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
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9
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Nwahara N, Britton J, Nyokong T. Improving singlet oxygen generating abilities of phthalocyanines: aluminum tetrasulfonated phthalocyanine in the presence of graphene quantum dots and folic acid. J COORD CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2017.1313975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nnamdi Nwahara
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Britton
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
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Albert K, Hsu HY. Carbon-Based Materials for Photo-Triggered Theranostic Applications. Molecules 2016; 21:E1585. [PMID: 27879628 PMCID: PMC6273851 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon-based nanomaterials serve as a type of smart material for photo-triggered disease theranostics. The inherent physicochemical properties of these nanomaterials facilitate their use for less invasive treatments. This review summarizes the properties and applications of materials including fullerene, nanotubes, nanohorns, nanodots and nanographenes for photodynamic nanomedicine in cancer and antimicrobial therapies. Carbon nanomaterials themselves do not usually act as photodynamic therapy (PDT) agents owing to the high hydrophobicity, however, when the surface is passivated or functionalized, these materials become great vehicles for PDT. Moreover, conjugation of carbonaceous nanomaterials with the photosensitizer (PS) and relevant targeting ligands enhances properties such as selectivity, stability, and high quantum yield, making them readily available for versatile biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karunya Albert
- Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Yun Hsu
- Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
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Ogbodu RO, Amuhaya EK, Mashazi P, Nyokong T. Photophysical properties of zinc phthalocyanine-uridine single walled carbon nanotube--conjugates. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 149:231-239. [PMID: 25965170 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The photophysical properties of the conjugate of uridine and zinc mono carboxy phenoxy phthalocyanine (ZnMCPPc-uridine, 4) are reported in this work. The conjugate was also adsorbed onto single walled carbon nanotubes (ZnMCPPc-uridine-SWCNT, 5). The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of 4 showed three N 1s peaks while that of 5 showed four N 1s peak, a new peak at 399.4 eV of 5 was assigned to pyrrolidonic nitrogen, due to the interaction of the pyrrolic nitrogen of 4 with the oxygen moiety of SWCNT-COOH in 5. The triplet lifetime, triplet and singlet oxygen quantum yields of the zinc mono carboxy phenoxy phthalocyanine increased by over 40% in the presence of uridine. SWCNTs resulted in only a small quenching of the triplet state parameters of 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racheal O Ogbodu
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Edith K Amuhaya
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Philani Mashazi
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
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Ogbodu RO, Ndhundhuma I, Karsten A, Nyokong T. Photodynamic therapy effect of zinc monoamino phthalocyanine-folic acid conjugate adsorbed on single walled carbon nanotubes on melanoma cells. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 137:1120-1125. [PMID: 25305603 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This work reports on the photodynamic therapy effect of zinc monoamino phthalocyanine linked to folic acid represented as ZnMAPc-FA, which was further immobilized onto single walled carbon nanotube represented as ZnMAPc-FA-SWCNT on melanoma A375 cell line, the effect of SWCNT-FA (without ZnMAPc) was also examined. All the compounds were non-toxic to the melanoma A375 cell line in the absence of light. Upon irradiation of the melanoma A375 cell line with a 676 nm diode laser at a power density of 98 mW/cm(2) at 5 J/cm(2) about 60% and 63% cell death was observed in the presence of ZnMAPc-FA and ZnMAPc-FA-SWCNT respectively. SWCNT-FA had no significant photodynamic therapy or photothermal effect to the cell, only 23% of cell death was observed after irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racheal O Ogbodu
- Rhodes University, Chemistry Department, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Ivy Ndhundhuma
- Biophotonics, National Laser Centre, CSIR, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Aletta Karsten
- Biophotonics, National Laser Centre, CSIR, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Rhodes University, Chemistry Department, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
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Ogbodu RO, Nyokong T. Effect of bovine serum albumin and single walled carbon nanotube on the photophysical properties of zinc octacarboxy phthalocyanine. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 121:81-87. [PMID: 24231742 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This work reports on the photophysical parameters of the conjugate between zinc octacarboxy phthalocyanine (ZnOCPc) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) represented as ZnOCPc-BSA (1) which was further adsorbed onto single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) represented as (ZnOCPc-BSA-SWCNT 2). ZnOCPc (without BSA) was also adsorbed on SWCNT represented as ZnOCPc-SWCNT (3). The presence of BSA resulted in the increase in singlet oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ) for 1 (at ΦΔ=0.44) and 2 (at ΦΔ=0.41) compared to ΦΔ=0.21 for ZnOCPc alone. For complex 3 which did not contain BSA singlet oxygen quantum yield decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racheal O Ogbodu
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
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