Copper(II) complexes with substituted imidazole and chlorido ligands: X-ray, UV–Vis, magnetic and EPR studies and chemotherapeutic potential

A theoretical study of the electron paramagnetic resonance spectra and local environment in copper(II) complexes with different imidazole and chlorido ligands

Copper(II) chloride anionic coordination complexes with different imidazole-derived ligands due to the potential cytotoxic activity play the important role in protein. By investigating the experimental electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectra of [CuCl(C6H10N2)4]Cl, [CuCl(C6H10N2)4]Cl, [CuCl2(C4H6N2)4], and [Cu2Cl2(C5H8N2)6]Cl2·2H2O, the local structure of the corresponding Cu2+ centers and the role of different ligands are obtained. Based on the well-agreed EPR parameters and the d-d transitions (10Dq), the four Cu2+ centers show tetragonal and orthorhombic distortion, corresponding to the different anisotropies of EPR signals. In addition, the general rules of governing the impact of methanol in imidazolylalkyl derivatives are also discussed, especially the influence on the local environment (symmetry, distortion, covalency, and crystal field) of above four copper(II) chloride anionic coordination complexes. Therefore, the obtained results in this study will be beneficial to provide a theoretical basis for the experimental design of desired copper-containing imidazolyl alkyl derivatives.

Liquid-assisted mechanochemical synthesis, crystallographic, theoretical and molecular docking study on HIV instasome of novel copper complexes: (µ-acetato)-bis(2,2'-bipyridine)-copper and bromidotetrakis(2-methyl-1H-imidazole)-copper bromide

In the present work the two new Cu(II) complexes, (µ-acetato)-bis(2,2'-bipyridine)-copper [Cu(bpy)2(CH3CO2)] and bromidotetrakis(2-methyl-1H-imidazole)-copper bromide [Cu(2-methylimid)4Br]Br have been synthesized by liquid assisted mechanochemical method. The [Cu(bpy)2(CH3CO2)] complex (1) and [Cu(2-methylimid)4Br]Br complex (2) characterised by IR and UV-visible spectroscopy and the structure are confirmed by XRD diffraction studies. Complex (1) crystallized in the Monoclinic with the space group of C2/c where a = 24.312(5) Å, b = 8.5892(18) Å, c = 14.559(3) Å, α = 90°, β = 106.177(7)° and γ = 90° and Complex (2) crystallized in the Tetragonal with the space group of P4nc, a = 9.9259(2) Å, b = 9.9259(2) Å, c = 10.9357(2) Å, α = 90°, β = 90° and γ = 90°. The complex (1) has distorted octahedral geometry where the acetate ligand showed bidentate bridging with the central metal ion and complex (2) has slightly deformed square pyramidal geometry. The HOMO-LUMO energy gap value and the low chemical potential showed that the complex (2) is stable and difficult to polarize compare to complex (1). The molecular docking study of complexes with the HIV instasome nucleoprotein showed the binding energy values - 7.1 and - 5.3 kcal/mol for complex (1) and complex (2) respectively. The negative binding energy values showed the complexes have affinity to bind with HIV instasome nucleoproteins. The in-silico pharmacokinetic study of the complex (1) and complex (2) showed non AMES toxicity, non-carcinogens and low honey Bee toxicity but weakly inhibit Human Ether-a-go-go-related gene.

An Engineered β-Hairpin Peptide Forming Thermostable Complexes with ZnII , NiII , and CuII through a His3 Site

The three-dimensional structure of a peptide, which determines its function, can denature at elevated temperatures, in the presence of chaotropic reagents, or in organic solvents. These factors limit the applicability of peptides. Herein, we present an engineered β-hairpin peptide containing a His₃ site that forms complexes with Zn^II , Ni^II , and Cu^II . Circular dichroism spectroscopy shows that the peptide-metal complexes exhibit melting temperatures up to 80 °C and remain folded in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride as well as in organic solvents. Intrinsic fluorescence titration experiments were used to determine the dissociation constants of metal binding in the nano- to sub-nanomolar range. The coordination geometry of the peptide-Cu^II complex was studied by EPR spectroscopy, and a distorted square planar coordination geometry with weak interactions to axial ligands was revealed. Due to their impressive stability, the presented peptide-metal complexes open up interesting fields of application, such as the development of a new class of peptide-metal catalysts for stereoselective organic synthesis or the directed design of extremophilic β-sheet peptides.

Effect of MAF-6 Crystal Size on Its Physicochemical and Catalytic Properties in the Cycloaddition of CO2 to Propylene Oxide

Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks MAF-5 and MAF-6 based on Zn2+ and 2-ethylimidazole were demonstrated to be efficient heterogeneous catalysts in solvent-free coupling of CO2 and propylene oxide (PO) to produce propylene carbonate (PC) at 0.8 MPa of CO2 and 80 °C. Activity of MAF-5 was lower in comparison with MAF-6 due to the difference in their structural and textural characteristics. MAF-6 samples with particle size of 190 ± 20, 360 ± 30, and 810 ± 30 nm were prepared at room temperature from [Zn(NH3)4](OH)2 and 2-ethylimidazole. Control of particle size was achieved by variation of type of alcohol in alcohol/cyclohexane media for the preparation of MAF-6. According to this comprehensive study, the yield of PC was found to decrease with increasing crystal size of the MAF-6 material, which was related to the change in textural properties and the number and localization of active sites. The combination of MAF-6 with particle size of with particle size of 190 ± 20 nm and tetrabutylammonium bromide ([n-Bu4N]Br) as co-catalyst led to an approximately 4-fold enhancement in the yield of PC (80.5%). Compared with reported ZIFs catalysts, the efficiencies of MAF-5/[n-Bu4N]Br and MAF-6/[n-Bu4N]Br binary systems were comparable and higher under similar reaction conditions.

Light-Switchable and Self-Healable Polymer Electrolytes Based on Dynamic Diarylethene and Metal-Ion Coordination

Self-healing polymer electrolytes are reported with light-switchable conductivity based on dynamic N-donor ligand-containing diarylethene (DAE) and multivalent Ni²⁺ metal-ion coordination. Specifically, a polystyrene polymer grafted with poly(ethylene glycol-r-DAE)acrylate copolymer side chains was effectively cross-linked with nickel(II) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (Ni(TFSI)₂) salts to form a dynamic network capable of self-healing with fast exchange kinetics under mild conditions. Furthermore, as a photoswitching compound, the DAE undergoes a reversible structural and electronic rearrangement that changes the binding strength of the DAE-Ni²⁺ complex under irradiation. This can be observed in the DAE-containing polymer electrolyte where irradiation with UV light triggers an increase in the resistance of solid films, which can be recovered with subsequent visible light irradiation. The increase in resistance under UV light irradiation indicates a decrease in ion mobility after photoswitching, which is consistent with the stronger binding strength of ring-closed DAE isomers with Ni²⁺. ¹H-¹⁵N heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation nuclear magnetic resonance (HMBC NMR) spectroscopy, continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance (cw EPR) spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirm the increase in binding strength between ring-closed DAE with metals. Rheological and in situ ion conductivity measurements show that these polymer electrolytes efficiently heal to recover their mechanical properties and ion conductivity after damage, illustrating potential applications in smart electronics.

Biochemical pathways of copper complexes: progress over the past 5 years

Copper is an essential trace element with vital roles in many metalloenzymes; it is also prominent among nonplatinum anticancer metallodrugs. Copper-based complexes are endogenously biocompatible, tenfold more potent than cisplatin, exhibit fewer adverse effects, and have a wide therapeutic window. In cancer biology, copper acts as an antitumor agent by inhibiting cancer via multiple pathways. Herein, we present an overview of advances in copper complexes as 'lead' antitumor drug candidates, and in understanding their biochemical and pharmacological pathways over the past 5 years. This review will help to develop more efficacious therapeutics to improve clinical outcomes for cancer treatments.

Application of Hydrophobic Alkylimidazoles in the Separation of Non-Ferrous Metal Ions across Plasticised Membranes-A Review

Currently, a lot of attention is paid to polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs). Their particular advantages include effective support fixation, easy preparation, versatility, stability, good mechanical properties and good chemical resistance. The paper presents a review of the literature related to the applications of polymer inclusion membranes containing alkylimidazole derivatives as carriers in the processes of transporting ions of heavy and toxic metals, such as Zn(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Mn(II). It has been proven that alkylimidazoles exhibit varying complex-forming properties towards metal ions, and that their properties (hydrophobic and alkaline) can be modified easily by changing the size of the alkyl group and its position in the imidazole ring, which allows obtaining efficiently working metal ion carriers. The stability of an imidazole derivative-metal ion complex determines the speed and selectivity of the process of transporting metal ions across polymer inclusion membranes. Also, the morphological structure of polymer inclusion membranes impacts the efficiency of the process involving the release and separation of metal ions.

An Oxalate-Bridged Copper(II) Complex Combining Monodentate Benzoate, 2,2'-bipyridine and Aqua Ligands: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Investigation of Magnetic Properties

A dinuclear copper(II) complex of formula [{Cu(bipy)(bzt)(OH₂)}₂(μ-ox)] (1) (where bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine, bzt = benzoate and ox = oxalate) was synthesised and characterised by diffractometric (powder and single-crystal XRD) and thermogravimetric (TG/DTG) analyses, spectroscopic techniques (IR, Raman, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) and electronic spectroscopy), magnetic measurements and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The analysis of the crystal structure revealed that the oxalate ligand is in bis(bidentate) coordination mode between two copper(II) centres. The other four positions of the coordination environment of the copper(II) ion are occupied by one water molecule, a bidentate bipy and a monodentate bzt ligand. An inversion centre located on the ox ligand generates the other half of the dinuclear complex. Intermolecular hydrogen bonds and π-π interactions are responsible for the organisation of the molecules in the solid state. Molar magnetic susceptibility and field dependence magnetisation studies evidenced a weak intramolecular–ferromagnetic interaction (J = +2.9 cm⁻¹) between the metal ions. The sign and magnitude of the calculated J value by density functional theory (DFT) are in agreement with the experimental data.

Tailored Transition-Metal Coordination Environments in Imidazole-Modified DNA G-Quadruplexes

Two types of imidazole ligands were introduced both at the end of tetramolecular and into the loop region of unimolecular DNA G‐quadruplexes. The modified oligonucleotides were shown to complex a range of different transition‐metal cations including Ni^II, Cu^II, Zn^II and Co^II, as indicated by UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy and ion mobility mass spectrometry. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to obtain structural insight into the investigated systems. Variation of ligand number and position in the loop region of unimolecular sequences derived from the human telomer region (htel) allows for a controlled design of distinct coordination environments with fine‐tuned metal affinities. It is shown that Cu^II, which is typically square‐planar coordinated, has a higher affinity for systems offering four ligands, whereas Ni^II prefers G‐quadruplexes with six ligands. Likewise, the positioning of ligands in a square‐planar versus tetrahedral fashion affects binding affinities of Cu^II and Zn^II cations, respectively. Gaining control over ligand arrangement patterns will spur the rational development of transition‐metal‐modified DNAzymes. Furthermore, this method is suited to combine different types of ligands, for example, those typically found in metalloenzymes, inside a single DNA architecture.

Activation of the Cyano Group at Imidazole via Copper Stimulated Alcoholysis

Reactions of 4,5-dicyano-1-methylimidazole with CuX2 (X = Cl, Br) in alcohol solvents (ethanol and methanol) resulted in the formation of Cu(II) carboximidate complexes [CuCl2(5- cyano-4-C(OEt)N-1-methylimidazole)(EtOH)] (1), [Cu2(µ-Cl)2Cl2(5-cyano-4-C(OMe)N-1-methylimidazole)2] (2), [Cu2(µ-Br)2Br2(5-cyano-4-C(OMe)N-1-methylimidazole)2] (3), and [Cu2(µ-Br)2Br2(5-cyano-4-C(OEt)N-1-methylimidazole)2] (4). The structures were determined by the X-ray crystallographic method, and further spectroscopic and computational methods were employed to explain the structural features. The solvent contributed to the alcoholysis reaction of the cyano group, as the result of which the ligand coordinated to the metal center in bidentate mode forming a five-membered chelating ring. In 1, the solvent also acts as an additional ligand, which coordinates to the metal center of a monomeric complex. In compounds 2–4, two halogen ligands link the metal atoms forming dihalo-bridged copper dimers. The infrared absorption characteristics were verified by simulation of the infrared spectra at the density functional theory level. In addition, the electronic absorption characteristics were explained by simulation of the UV–Vis spectra using the TD-DFT method. Molecular modelling at the DFT level was performed to study the effects of halogen type and steric hindrance of the alkoxy groups in forming the copper(II) complexes.

The role of ionic liquids in the synthesis of the high-temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O7−δ

A deep understanding of the mechanisms of ionic liquid-mediated syntheses in the case of a high-temperature superconductor is presented.

Metal-mediated diradical tuning for DNA replication arrest via template strand scission

A series of M(PyED)·X (X = 2Cl-, SO42-) pyridine-metalloenediyne complexes [M = Cu(II), Fe(II), or Zn(II)] and their independently synthesized, cyclized analogs have been prepared to investigate their potential as radical-generating DNA-damaging agents. All complexes possess a 1:1 metal-to-ligand stoichiometry as determined by electronic absorption spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Solution structural analysis reveals a pπ Cl [Formula: see text] Cu(II) LMCT (22,026 cm-1) for Cu(PyED)·2Cl, indicating three nitrogens and a chloride in the psuedo-equatorial plane with the remaining pyridine nitrogen and solvent in axial positions. EPR spectra of the Cu(II) complexes exhibit an axially elongated octahedron. This spectroscopic evidence, together with density functional theory computed geometries, suggest six-coordinate structures for Cu(II) and Fe(II) complexes and a five-coordinate environment for Zn(II) analogs. Bergman cyclization via thermal activation of these constructs yields benzannulated product indicative of diradical generation in all complexes within 3 h at 37 °C. A significant metal dependence on the rate of the reaction is observed [Cu(II) > Fe(II) > Zn(II)], which is mirrored in in vitro DNA-damaging outcomes. Whereas in situ chelation of PyED leads to considerable degradation in the presence of all metals within 1 h under hyperthermia conditions, Cu(II) activation produces >50% compromised DNA within 5 min. Additionally, Cu(II) chelated PyED outcompetes DNA polymerase I to successfully inhibit template strand extension. Exposure of HeLa cells to Cu(PyBD)·SO4 (IC50 = 10 μM) results in a G2/M arrest compared with untreated samples, indicating significant DNA damage. These results demonstrate metal-controlled radical generation for degradation of biopolymers under physiologically relevant temperatures on short timescales.

The Coordination Abilities of New Cyclic Analogs of Somatostatin

Two new somatostatin analogs with a characteristic part of the sequence -c(Cys-Phe-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys)- and with two histidine and two aspartic acid moieties in their structures were synthesized and analyzed in terms of their coordination abilities with copper (II) ions. Both peptides bind Cu(II) effectively. Ligands form 4N complexes with \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\left\{ {{\text{N}}_{\text{Im}} ,{ 3} {\text{N}}_{\text{amide}}^{ - } } \right\}$$\end{document}NIm,3Namide- binding mode in a basic range of pH. But in spite of very similar sequences of the two peptides a significant difference in the effectiveness of the binding of copper (II) ions was observed.

Etude structurale et vibrationnelle d'un nouveau composé complexe de cobalt: [Co(imidazole)4Cl]Cl

In the title complex, chlorido-tetra-kis-(1H-imidazole-κN (3))cobalt(II) chloride, [CoCl(C3H4N2)4]Cl, the Co(II) cation has a distorted square-pyramidal coordination environment. It is coordinated by four N atoms of four imidazole (Im) groups in the basal plane, and by a Cl atom in the apical position. It is isostructural with [Cu(Im)4Cl]Cl [Morzyk-Ociepa et al. (2012 ▸). J. Mol. Struct. 1028, 49-56] and [Cu(Im)4Br]Br [Hossaini Sadr et al. (2004 ▸). Acta Cryst. E60, m1324-m1326]. In the crystal, the [CoCl(C3H4N2)4](+) cations and Cl(-) anions are linked via N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds, forming layers parallel to (010). These layers are linked via C-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds and C-H⋯π and π-π [inter-centroid distance = 3.794 (2) Å] inter-actions, forming a three-dimensional framework. The IR spectrum shows vibrational bands typical for imidazol groups. The monoclinic unit cell of the title compound emulates an ortho-rhom-bic cell as its β angle is close to 90°. The crystal is twinned, with the refined ratio of twin components being 0.569 (1):0.431 (1).