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Hlabangwane K, Matshitse R, Managa M, Nyokong T. The application of Sn(IV)Cl 2 and In(III)Cl porphyrin-dyed TiO 2 nanofibers in photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy for bacterial inactivation in water. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 44:103795. [PMID: 37696319 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization has reported that antimicrobial resistance is one of the top 10 health threats that humanity faces today. Due to this, alternative therapies to the common antimicrobials are being explored and among these is photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy, where a combination of light, a photosensitizer and reactive oxygen species can be used to target microbial cells. In this research, free base, tin (IV) and indium (III) tetramethoxyporphyrins photosensitizers are adsorbed onto inorganic titanium dioxide nanofibers in an effort to create reusable fibers that are effective against Staphylococcus aureus. The photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy studies indicate that the metalloporphyrin adsorbed nanofibers exhibit good photodynamic antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus where the Cl2Sn(IV) tetramethoxyporphyrin dyed TiO2 exhibited 100% bacterial inhibition after a 30 min irradiation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamogelo Hlabangwane
- Centre for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Refilwe Matshitse
- Centre for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Muthumuni Managa
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), Florida Campus, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Centre for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa.
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2
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Ndlovu KS, Moloto MJ, Sekhosana KE, Nkambule TTI, Managa M. Porphyrins developed for photoinactivation of microbes in wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:11210-11225. [PMID: 36515881 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24644-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) is extensively studied as a strategic method to inactivate pathogenic microbes in wastewater for addressing the limitations associated with chlorination, ozonation, and ultraviolet irradiation as disinfection methods, which generally promote the development of resistant genes and harmful by-products such as trihalomethanes. PACT is dependent on photons, oxygen, and a photosensitizer to induce cytotoxic effects on various microbes by generating reactive oxygen species. Photosensitizers such as porphyrins have demonstrated significant microbial inactivation through PACT, hence now explored for wastewater phototreatment. This review aims to evaluate the efficacy of porphyrins and porphyrin-conjugates as photosensitizers for wastewater photoinactivation. Concerns relating to the application of photosensitizers in water treatment are also evaluated. This includes recovery and reuse of the photosensitizer when immobilized on solid supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knowledge Siyabonga Ndlovu
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), Florida Campus, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, 1710, South Africa
| | - Makwena Justice Moloto
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), Florida Campus, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, 1710, South Africa
| | - Kutloano Edward Sekhosana
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), Florida Campus, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, 1710, South Africa
| | - Thabo Thokozani Innocent Nkambule
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), Florida Campus, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, 1710, South Africa
| | - Muthumuni Managa
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), Florida Campus, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, 1710, South Africa.
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3
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Ledwaba MM, Magaela NB, Ndlovu KS, Mack J, Nyokong T, Managa M. Photophysical and in vitro photoinactivation of Escherichia coli using cationic 5,10,15,20-tetra(pyridin-3-yl) porphyrin and Zn(II) derivative conjugated to graphene quantum dots. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 40:103127. [PMID: 36162756 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic microorganisms may continue causing infection through the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes. As a result, the efficacy of pharmaceuticals in microbial inactivation is deteriorating. The present study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial activity of neutral and quaternized free base and Zn 5,10,15,20-tetra(pyridin-3-yl) porphyrins on Escherichia coli (E. coli), a gram-negative bacterium that causes cholecystitis, pneumonia and urinary tract infections. Conjugation of the porphyrin to graphene quantum dots (GQDs) was implemented to enhance photocatalysis and reactive oxygen species generation. Density functional theory (DFT) geometry optimizations for free base and Zn porphyrin based on the B3LYP (Becke 3-Parameter (Exchange), Lee, Yang and Parr) functional of the Gaussian09 program package and Time-dependent density-functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations of the associated UV-visible absorption spectra are reported to analyse the electronic structure and optical properties of the porphyrins. The TD-DFT calculations showed that for both porphyrins the value of highest occupied molecular orbital (ΔHOMO) is greater than that of lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (ΔLUMO) which tells that there is no unusual splitting of (LUMO) orbitals which may be caused by systematic error in TD-DFT calculations. Due to the red shift in the spectrum of ZnT(3-Py)P and the ΔLUMO being higher, the HOMO-LUMO gap was expected to be lower than that of H2T(3-Py)P. The photophysical properties and Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy activities of these nanoconjugates were investigated. The highest ΦΔ was that of Q-ZnT(3-Py)P- GDQs at 0.69 with the log reduction of 9.42.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Knowledge Siyabonga Ndlovu
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), Florida Campus, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
| | - John Mack
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa.
| | - Muthumuni Managa
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), Florida Campus, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa.
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4
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A physicochemical and spectroscopic characterization of novel erlotinib conjugates with platinum nanoparticles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Awad M, Thomas N, Barnes TJ, Prestidge CA. Nanomaterials enabling clinical translation of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. J Control Release 2022; 346:300-316. [PMID: 35483636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has emerged as a promising approach to aid the fight against looming antibiotic resistance. aPDT harnesses the energy of light through photosenstizers to generate highly reactive oxygen species that can inactivate bacteria and fungi with no resistance. To date aPDT has shown great efficacy against microbes causing localized infections in the skin and the oral cavity. However, its wide application in clinical settings has been limited due to both physicochemical and biological challenges. Over the past decade nanomaterials have contributed to promoting photosensitizer performance and aPDT efficiency, yet further developments are required to establish accredited treatment options. In this review we discuss the challenges facing the clinical application of aPDT and the opportunities that nanotechnology may offer to promote the safety and efficiency of aPDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Awad
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Adelaide 5000, Australia; Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Woodville 5011, Australia.
| | - Nicky Thomas
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
| | - Timothy J Barnes
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
| | - Clive A Prestidge
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
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Youf R, Müller M, Balasini A, Thétiot F, Müller M, Hascoët A, Jonas U, Schönherr H, Lemercier G, Montier T, Le Gall T. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy: Latest Developments with a Focus on Combinatory Strategies. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1995. [PMID: 34959277 PMCID: PMC8705969 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13121995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has become a fundamental tool in modern therapeutics, notably due to the expanding versatility of photosensitizers (PSs) and the numerous possibilities to combine aPDT with other antimicrobial treatments to combat localized infections. After revisiting the basic principles of aPDT, this review first highlights the current state of the art of curative or preventive aPDT applications with relevant clinical trials. In addition, the most recent developments in photochemistry and photophysics as well as advanced carrier systems in the context of aPDT are provided, with a focus on the latest generations of efficient and versatile PSs and the progress towards hybrid-multicomponent systems. In particular, deeper insight into combinatory aPDT approaches is afforded, involving non-radiative or other light-based modalities. Selected aPDT perspectives are outlined, pointing out new strategies to target and treat microorganisms. Finally, the review works out the evolution of the conceptually simple PDT methodology towards a much more sophisticated, integrated, and innovative technology as an important element of potent antimicrobial strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Youf
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB-GTCA, F-29200 Brest, France; (R.Y.); (A.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Max Müller
- Physical Chemistry I & Research Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany; (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Ali Balasini
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany; (A.B.); (U.J.)
| | - Franck Thétiot
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 6521, Université de Brest (UBO), CS 93837, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Mareike Müller
- Physical Chemistry I & Research Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany; (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Alizé Hascoët
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB-GTCA, F-29200 Brest, France; (R.Y.); (A.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Ulrich Jonas
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany; (A.B.); (U.J.)
| | - Holger Schönherr
- Physical Chemistry I & Research Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany; (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Gilles Lemercier
- Coordination Chemistry Team, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 7312, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, CEDEX 2, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Tristan Montier
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB-GTCA, F-29200 Brest, France; (R.Y.); (A.H.); (T.M.)
- CHRU de Brest, Service de Génétique Médicale et de Biologie de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares Maladies Neuromusculaires, 29200 Brest, France
| | - Tony Le Gall
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB-GTCA, F-29200 Brest, France; (R.Y.); (A.H.); (T.M.)
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Kirar S, Chaudhari D, Thakur NS, Jain S, Bhaumik J, Laha JK, Banerjee UC. Light-assisted anticancer photodynamic therapy using porphyrin-doped nanoencapsulates. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 220:112209. [PMID: 34049179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Light activatable porphyrinic photosensitizers (PSs) are essential components of anticancer and antimicrobial therapy and diagnostic imaging. However, their biological applications are quite challenging due to the lack of hydrophilicity and biocompatibility. To overcome such drawbacks, photosensitizers can be doped into a biocompatible polymer such as gelatin and further can be used for biomedical applications. Herein, first, a novel A4 type porphyrin PS [5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-pyridylamidephenyl)porphyrin; TPyAPP] was synthesized via a rational route with good yield. Further, this porphyrin was encapsulated into the gelatin nanoparticles (GNPs) to develop hydrophilic phototherapeutic nanoagents (PTNAs, A4por-GNPs). Notably, the synthesis of such porphyrin-doped GNPs avoids the use of any toxic chemicals or solvents. The nanoprobes have also shown good fluorescence quantum yield demonstrating their applicability in bioimaging. Further, the mechanistic aspects of the anticancer and antimicrobial efficacy of the developed A4por-GNPs were evaluated via singlet oxygen generation studies. Overall, our results indicated porphyrin-doped biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles act as effective phototherapeutic agents against a broad range of cancer cell lines and microbes upon activation by the low-cost LED light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Kirar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Dasharath Chaudhari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Neeraj S Thakur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar 160062, Punjab, India; Department of Nanomaterials and Application Technology, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Sector-81 (Knowledge City), S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Sanyog Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Jayeeta Bhaumik
- Department of Nanomaterials and Application Technology, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Sector-81 (Knowledge City), S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Joydev K Laha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Uttam C Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar 160062, Punjab, India.
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Collen Makola L, Nyokong T, Amuhaya EK. Impact of axial ligation on photophysical and photodynamic antimicrobial properties of indium (III) methylsulfanylphenyl porphyrin complexes linked to silver-capped copper ferrite magnetic nanoparticles. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Anticancer Activity Study and Density Functional/Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (DFT/TD-DFT) Calculations of 2(3),9(10),16(17),23(24)-Tetrakis-(6-Methylpyridin-2-Yloxy)Phthalocyaninato Zn(II). J Fluoresc 2020; 30:1151-1160. [PMID: 32648171 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-020-02584-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is one of the major therapeutic methods for the treatment of infectious diseases and cancer. Recently, cell culture has been used to determine the effect of a given substance on various pathological conditions, such as cancer. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of a Zn- phthalocyanine (ZnPc) derivative on selected cancer cells via a cell culture medium. Methylthiazole tetrazolium (MTT) assay was applied to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of 2(3),9(10),16(17),23(24)-tetrakis-(6-methylpyridin-2-yloxy)phthalocyaninato Zn(II) on rat glioma cells (C6 glioma), human lung cancer cells (H1299) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The levels of the lipid peroxidation were determined by measuring the amount of the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) produced using the TBARS assay. The relationship between the oxidative damage and the effective concentration of cytotoxic ZnPc was determined from the results. The apoptotic and genotoxic effects of the phthalocyanine (Pc) were also investigated. Density functional/time-dependent density functional theory (DFT/TD-DFT) methods were used to determine the molecular excited state properties of the ZnPc and chloroaluminum phthalocyanine (ClAlPc) previously reported by Castilho-Fernandes et al. The computed and experimental data were used to establish a link between the electronic and anticancer properties of the Pcs.
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Das M, Borah D, Patowary K, Borah M, Khataniar A, Bhusan Kakoti B. Antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesised by using microbial biosurfactant produced by a newly isolated Bacillus vallismortis MDU6 strain. IET Nanobiotechnol 2020; 13:967-973. [PMID: 31811768 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2019.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial biosurfactants has evolved as green molecules and their chemical diversity has gained momentum in recent time not only in the field of environmental and industrial sectors but also in the pharmaceutical sector. In this study, an effort was made for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) having antimicrobial and non-cytotoxic activities with the help of microbial biosurfactant extracted from a novel Bacillus vallismortis strain MDU6 (Genbank accession no. MH382951) from petroleum oil logged soil sample in Dibrugarh, Assam. The isolate shows excellent potential for the production of biosurfactant by reducing the surface tension of diesel supplemented medium up to 56.57% only within 5 days. FTIR spectra of the crude biosurfactant show the presence of ʋCH2 (asymmetric stretching), ʋCH2 (symmetric stretching), ʋC=C (stretch), ʋC-C (stretch), ʋC-H (bending), ʋC-O (stretch) and ʋC-H (bending) functional groups and LC-MS/MS analysis confirms it as a cyclic lipopeptide which is a mixture of surfactin and iturin. The synthesized AgNPs showed excellent antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli (ATCC no. 25922), Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC No. BAA-751), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC No. 9542) and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC no. 6051) and showed no cytotoxicity against primary mouse liver cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonjit Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786004, India.
| | - Debajit Borah
- Department of Biotechnology, Royal School of Bio-Sciences (RSBSC), The Assam Royal Global University, NH 37 Betkuchi-781035, Guwahati, India
| | - Kaustuvmani Patowary
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk, Guwahati-781035, Assam, India
| | - Mayuri Borah
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786004, India
| | - Ankita Khataniar
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786004, India
| | - Bibhuti Bhusan Kakoti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786004, India
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Diogo P, F Faustino MA, P M S Neves MG, Palma PJ, P Baptista I, Gonçalves T, Santos JM. An Insight into Advanced Approaches for Photosensitizer Optimization in Endodontics-A Critical Review. J Funct Biomater 2019; 10:E44. [PMID: 31575005 PMCID: PMC6963755 DOI: 10.3390/jfb10040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apical periodontitis is a biofilm-mediated disease; therefore, an antimicrobial approach is essential to cure or prevent its development. In the quest for efficient strategies to achieve this objective, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has emerged as an alternative to classical endodontic irrigation solutions and antibiotics. The aim of the present critical review is to summarize the available evidence on photosensitizers (PSs) which has been confirmed in numerous studies from diverse areas combined with several antimicrobial strategies, as well as emerging options in order to optimize their properties and effects that might be translational and useful in the near future in basic endodontic research. Published data notably support the need for continuing the search for an ideal endodontic photosensitizer, that is, one which acts as an excellent antimicrobial agent without causing toxicity to the human host cells or presenting the risk of tooth discoloration. The current literature on experimental studies mainly relies on assessment of mixed disinfection protocols, combining approaches which are already available with aPDT as an adjunct therapy. In this review, several approaches concerning aPDT efficiency are appraised, such as the use of bacteriophages, biopolymers, drug and light delivery systems, efflux pump inhibitors, negative pressure systems, and peptides. The authors also analyzed their combination with other approaches for aPDT improvement, such as sonodynamic therapy. All of the aforementioned techniques have already been tested, and we highlight the biological challenges of each formulation, predicting that the collected information may encourage the development of other effective photoactive materials, in addition to being useful in endodontic basic research. Moreover, special attention is dedicated to studies on detailed conditions, aPDT features with a focus on PS enhancer strategies, and the respective final antimicrobial outcomes. From all the mentioned approaches, the two which are most widely discussed and which show the most promising outcomes for endodontic purposes are drug delivery systems (with strong development in nanoparticles) and PS solubilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Diogo
- Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal.
- FMUC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - M Amparo F Faustino
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE and Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - M Graça P M S Neves
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE and Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Paulo J Palma
- Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal.
- FMUC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Isabel P Baptista
- FMUC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Institute of Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Teresa Gonçalves
- FMUC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal.
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - João Miguel Santos
- Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal.
- FMUC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal.
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12
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Kirar S, Thakur NS, Laha JK, Banerjee UC. Porphyrin Functionalized Gelatin Nanoparticle-Based Biodegradable Phototheranostics: Potential Tools for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:4202-4212. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Porphyrinoid photosensitizers mediated photodynamic inactivation against bacteria. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 175:72-106. [PMID: 31096157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The multi-drug resistant bacteria have become a serious problem complicating therapies to such a degree that often the term "post-antibiotic era" is applied to describe the situation. The infections with methicillin-resistant S. aureus, vancomycin-resistant E. faecium, third generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli, third generation cephalosporin-resistant K. pneumoniae and carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa have become commonplace. Thus, the new strategies of infection treatment have been searched for, and one of the approaches is based on photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy. Photodynamic protocols require the interaction of photosensitizer, molecular oxygen and light. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy by porphyrinoid photosensitizers. In the first part of the review information on the mechanism of photodynamic action and the mechanism of the bacteria resistance to the photodynamic technique were described. In the second one, it was described porphyrinoids photosensitizers like: porphyrins, chlorins and phthalocyanines useable in photodynamic bacteria inactivation.
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Q Mesquita M, J Dias C, P M S Neves MG, Almeida A, F Faustino MA. Revisiting Current Photoactive Materials for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy. Molecules 2018; 23:E2424. [PMID: 30248888 PMCID: PMC6222430 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial infection is a severe concern, requiring the use of significant amounts of antimicrobials/biocides, not only in the hospital setting, but also in other environments. The increasing use of antimicrobial drugs and the rapid adaptability of microorganisms to these agents, have contributed to a sharp increase of antimicrobial resistance. It is obvious that the development of new strategies to combat planktonic and biofilm-embedded microorganisms is required. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is being recognized as an effective method to inactivate a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including those resistant to conventional antimicrobials. In the last few years, the development and biological assessment of new photosensitizers for PDI were accompanied by their immobilization in different supports having in mind the extension of the photodynamic principle to new applications, such as the disinfection of blood, water, and surfaces. In this review, we intended to cover a significant amount of recent work considering a diversity of photosensitizers and supports to achieve an effective photoinactivation. Special attention is devoted to the chemistry behind the preparation of the photomaterials by recurring to extensive examples, illustrating the design strategies. Additionally, we highlighted the biological challenges of each formulation expecting that the compiled information could motivate the development of other effective photoactive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Q Mesquita
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Cristina J Dias
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Maria G P M S Neves
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - M Amparo F Faustino
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Ovchenkova EN, Klyueva ME, Lomova TN. Pyridine coordination to manganese(III) porphyrins: The effect of multiple functional substitution in porphyrin. RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023617110134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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17
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Conjugated Microspheres FeTCPP–TDI–TiO2 with Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance for Antibiotics Degradation Under Visible Light Irradiation. Catal Letters 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-016-1888-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Jiang L, Gan CRR, Gao J, Loh XJ. A Perspective on the Trends and Challenges Facing Porphyrin-Based Anti-Microbial Materials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:3609-3644. [PMID: 27276371 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201600327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug resistant bacterium threatens to unravel global healthcare systems, built up over centuries of medical research and development. Current antibiotics have little resistance against this onslaught as bacterium strains can quickly evolve effective defense mechanisms. Fortunately, alternative therapies exist and, at the forefront of research lays the photodynamic inhibition approach mediated by porphyrin based photosensitizers. This review will focus on the development of various porphyrins compounds and their incorporation as small molecules, into polymers, fibers and thin films as practical therapeutic agents, utilizing photodynamic therapy to inhibit a wide spectrum of bacterium. The use of photodynamic therapy of these porphyrin molecules are discussed and evaluated according to their electronic and bulk material effect on different bacterium strains. This review also provides an insight into the general direction and challenges facing porphyrins and derivatives as full-fledged therapeutic agents and what needs to be further done in order to be bestowed their rightful and equal status in modern medicine, similar to the very first antibiotic; penicillin itself. It is hoped that, with this perspective, new paradigms and strategies in the application of porphyrins and derivatives will progressively flourish and lead to advances against disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jiang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ching Ruey Raymond Gan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jian Gao
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117576, Republic of Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore, 168751, Republic of Singapore
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19
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Managa M, Amuhaya EK, Nyokong T. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy activity of (5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-(4-carboxyphenycarbonoimidoyl)phenyl)porphyrinato) chloro gallium(III). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 151:867-874. [PMID: 26184471 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
(5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4-(4-carboxyphenycarbonoimidoyl)phenyl)porphyrinato) chloro gallium(III) (complex 1) was conjugated to platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) (represented as 1-PtNPs). The resulting conjugate showed 18 nm red shift in the Soret band when compared to 1 alone. Complex 1 and 1-PtNPs showed promising photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans in solution where the log reductions obtained were 4.92, 3.76, and 3.95, respectively for 1-PtNPs. The singlet oxygen quantum yields obtained were higher at 0.56 for 1-PtNPs in DMF while that of 1 was 0.52 in the same solvent. This resulted in improved PACT activity for 1-PtNPs compared to 1 alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthumuni Managa
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Edith K Amuhaya
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
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Managa M, Nyokong T. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy activity of gallium tetra-(4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin when conjugated to differently shaped platinum nanoparticles. J Mol Struct 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Immobilized photosensitizers for antimicrobial applications. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 150:11-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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22
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Tada DB, Baptista MS. Photosensitizing nanoparticles and the modulation of ROS generation. Front Chem 2015; 3:33. [PMID: 26075198 PMCID: PMC4444965 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2015.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of PhotoSensitizer (PS) molecules with nanoparticles (NPs) forming photosensitizing NPs, has emerged as a therapeutic strategy to improve PS tumor targeting, to protect PS from deactivation reactions and to enhance both PS solubility and circulation time. Since association with NPs usually alters PS photophysical and photochemical properties, photosensitizing NPs are an important tool to modulate ROS generation. Depending on the design of the photosensitizing NP, i.e., type of PS, the NP material and the method applied for the construction of the photosensitizing NP, the deactivation routes of the excited state can be controlled, allowing the generation of either singlet oxygen or other reactive oxygen species (ROS). Controlling the type of generated ROS is desirable not only in biomedical applications, as in Photodynamic Therapy where the type of ROS affects therapeutic efficiency, but also in other technological relevant fields like energy conversion, where the electron and energy transfer processes are necessary to increase the efficiency of photoconversion cells. The current review highlights some of the recent developments in the design of Photosensitizing NPs aimed at modulating the primary photochemical events after light absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayane B Tada
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Mauricio S Baptista
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
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