1
|
Volpi G, Laurenti E, Rabezzana R. Imidazopyridine Family: Versatile and Promising Heterocyclic Skeletons for Different Applications. Molecules 2024; 29:2668. [PMID: 38893542 PMCID: PMC11173518 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been increasing attention focused on various products belonging to the imidazopyridine family; this class of heterocyclic compounds shows unique chemical structure, versatile optical properties, and diverse biological attributes. The broad family of imidazopyridines encompasses different heterocycles, each with its own specific properties and distinct characteristics, making all of them promising for various application fields. In general, this useful category of aromatic heterocycles holds significant promise across various research domains, spanning from material science to pharmaceuticals. The various cores belonging to the imidazopyridine family exhibit unique properties, such as serving as emitters in imaging, ligands for transition metals, showing reversible electrochemical properties, and demonstrating biological activity. Recently, numerous noteworthy advancements have emerged in different technological fields, including optoelectronic devices, sensors, energy conversion, medical applications, and shining emitters for imaging and microscopy. This review intends to provide a state-of-the-art overview of this framework from 1955 to the present day, unveiling different aspects of various applications. This extensive literature survey may guide chemists and researchers in the quest for novel imidazopyridine compounds with enhanced properties and efficiency in different uses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Volpi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; (E.L.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Agafonova AV, Golubev AA, Smetanin IA, Khlebnikov AF, Spiridonova DV, Novikov MS. Divergent Synthesis of Pyrazolo[1,5- a]pyridines and Imidazo[1,5- a]pyridines via Reagent-Controlled Cleavage of the C-N or C-C Azirine Bond in 2-Pyridylazirines. Org Lett 2023; 25:7165-7169. [PMID: 37738046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The three-membered ring in 2-(2-pyridyl)azirine-2-carboxylic esters and thioesters can undergo selective cleavage of either the N-C2 bond under copper(II) catalysis or the C-C bond under the action of HCl to provide isomeric azirine ring expansion products of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine or imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine series, respectively. Mild catalytic reaction conditions for the formation of pyrazolopyridines make it possible to obtain them directly from 4-bromoisoxazoles by a one-pot, three-stage procedure without isolating the intermediate 2-bromoazirines and 2-(2-pyridyl)azirines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya V Agafonova
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Artem A Golubev
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Ilia A Smetanin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Alexander F Khlebnikov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Dar'ya V Spiridonova
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Mikhail S Novikov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cerrato V, Volpi G, Priola E, Giordana A, Garino C, Rabezzana R, Diana E. Mono-, Bis-, and Tris-Chelate Zn(II) Complexes with Imidazo[1,5- a]pyridine: Luminescence and Structural Dependence. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093703. [PMID: 37175116 PMCID: PMC10179938 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
New mono-, bis-, and tris-chelate Zn(II) complexes have been synthesized starting from different Zn(II) salts and employing a fluorescent 1,3-substituted-imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine as a chelating ligand. The products have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction; mass spectrometry; and vibrational spectroscopy. The optical properties have been investigated to compare the performances of mono-, bis-, and tris-chelate forms. The collected data (in the solid state and in solution) elucidate an important modification of the ligand conformation upon metal coordination; which is responsible for a notable increase in the optical performance. An intense modification of the emission quantum yield along the series in the solid state is observed comparing mono-, bis-, and tris-chelate adducts; independently from the anionic ligand introduced by ionic exchange.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Cerrato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Volpi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Emanuele Priola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessia Giordana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Garino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Roberto Rabezzana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Eliano Diana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Imidazo[1,5- a]pyridine-Based Fluorescent Probes: A Photophysical Investigation in Liposome Models. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27123856. [PMID: 35744979 PMCID: PMC9230927 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine is a stable scaffold, widely used for the development of emissive compounds in many application fields (e.g., optoelectronics, coordination chemistry, sensors, chemical biology). Their compact shape along with remarkable photophysical properties make them suitable candidates as cell membrane probes. The study of the membrane dynamics, hydration, and fluidity is of importance to monitor the cellular health and to explore crucial biochemical pathways. In this context, five imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine-based fluorophores were synthesized according to a one-pot cyclization between an aromatic ketone and benzaldehyde in the presence of ammonium acetate and acetic acid. The photophysical features of prepared compounds were investigated in several organic solvents and probes 2–4 exhibited the greatest solvatochromic behavior, resulting in a higher suitability as membrane probes. Their interaction with liposomes as artificial membrane model was tested showing a successful intercalation of the probes in the lipid bilayer. Kinetic experiments were carried out and the lipidic phase influence on the photophysical features was evaluated through temperature-dependent experiments. The results herein reported encourage further investigations on the use of imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine scaffold as fluorescent membrane probes.
Collapse
|
5
|
Volpi G. Luminescent imidazo[1,5‐a] pyridine scaffold: synthetic heterocyclization strategies overview and promising applications. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Volpi
- University of Turin: Universita degli Studi di Torino Chemistry ITALY
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Priola E, Conterosito E, Giordana A, Volpi G, Garino C, Andreo L, Diana E, Barolo C, Milanesio M. Polymorphism and solid state peculiarities in imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine core deriving compounds: An analysis of energetic and structural driving forces. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.132175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
7
|
Cavinato LM, Wölfl S, Pöthig A, Fresta E, Garino C, Fernandez-Cestau J, Barolo C, Costa RD. Multivariate Analysis Identifying [Cu(N^N)(P^P)] + Design and Device Architecture Enables First-Class Blue and White Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109228. [PMID: 35034407 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
White light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) comprising only [Cu(N^N)(P^P)]+ have not been reported yet, as all the attempts toward blue-emitting complexes failed. Multivariate analysis, based on prior-art [Cu(N^N)(P^P)]+ -based thin-film lighting (>90 papers) and refined with computational calculations, identifies the best blue-emitting [Cu(N^N)(P^P)]+ design for LECs, that is, N^N: 2-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)-6-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine and P^P: 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene, to achieve predicted thin-film emission at 490 nm and device performance of 3.8 cd A-1 @170 cd m-2 . Validation comes from synthesis, X-ray structure, thin-film spectroscopic/microscopy/electrochemical characterization, and device optimization, realizing the first [Cu(N^N)(P^P)]+ -based blue-LEC with 3.6 cd A-1 @180 cd m-2 . This represents a record performance compared to the state-of-the-art tricoordinate Cu(I)-complexes blue-LECs (0.17 cd A-1 @20 cd m-2 ). Versatility is confirmed with the synthesis of the analogous complex with 2-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)-6-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyrazine (N^N), showing a close prediction/experiment match: λ = 590/580 nm; efficiency = 0.55/0.60 cd A-1 @30 cd m-2 . Finally, experimental design is applied to fabricate the best white multicomponent host:guest LEC, reducing the number of trial-error attempts toward the first white all-[Cu(N^N)(P^P)]+ -LECs with 0.6 cd A-1 @30 cd m-2 . This corresponds to approximately ten-fold enhancement compared to previous LECs (<0.05 cd A-1 @<12 cd m-2 ). Hence, this work sets in the first multivariate approach to design emitters/active layers, accomplishing first-class [Cu(N^N)(P^P)]+ -based blue/white LECs that were previously elusive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca M Cavinato
- Chair of Biogenic Functional Materials, Technical University of Munich, Schulgasse 22, 94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Sarah Wölfl
- Chair of Biogenic Functional Materials, Technical University of Munich, Schulgasse 22, 94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Alexander Pöthig
- Department of Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Elisa Fresta
- Chair of Biogenic Functional Materials, Technical University of Munich, Schulgasse 22, 94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Claudio Garino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
- NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, University of Turin, Via Gioacchino Quarello 15/a, Turin, 10125, Italy
| | - Julio Fernandez-Cestau
- Chair of Biogenic Functional Materials, Technical University of Munich, Schulgasse 22, 94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Claudia Barolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
- NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, University of Turin, Via Gioacchino Quarello 15/a, Turin, 10125, Italy
- ICxT Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Lungo Dora Siena 100, Turin, 10153, Italy
| | - Rubén D Costa
- Chair of Biogenic Functional Materials, Technical University of Munich, Schulgasse 22, 94315, Straubing, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Microwave-Assisted Synthesis, Optical and Theoretical Characterization of Novel 2-(imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine-1-yl)pyridinium Salts. CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry3030050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine scaffolds and derivatives have attracted growing attention due to their unique chemical structure and optical behaviors. In this work, a series of pyridylimidazo[1,5-a]pyridine derivatives and their corresponding pyridinium salts were synthesized and their optical properties investigated to evaluate the effect of the quaternization on the optical features both in solution and polymeric matrix. A critical analysis based on the spectroscopic data, chemical structures along with density functional theory calculation is reported to address the best strategies to prevent aggregation and optimize the photophysical properties. The obtained results describe the relationship between chemical structure and optical behaviors, highlighting the role of pendant pyridine. Finally, the presence of a positive charge is fundamental to avoid any possible aggregation process in polymeric films.
Collapse
|
9
|
Shanmugasundaram K, Been H, John JC, Puthanveedu A, Pharm NNT, Lee SG, Choe Y. Simple luminescent phenanthroimidazole emitters for solution-processed non-doped organic light-emitting electrochemical cells. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02811a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organic luminescent materials with leveraging properties have attracted urgent demand for their commercial application in lighting devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanagaraj Shanmugasundaram
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - HyeIn Been
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jino C. John
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Archana Puthanveedu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyet N. T. Pharm
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Geol Lee
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Organic Material Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngson Choe
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
John JC, Shanmugasundaram K, Brahmmananda Rao CVS, Gopakumar G, Choe Y. Furil-based ionic small molecules for green-emitting non-doped LECs with improved color purity. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00155h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two novel furil-based small molecules FlBzPy and FlThPy were designed and synthesized with simple synthetic procedures for the first time for the LEC application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jino C. John
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Pusan National University
- Busan 609-735
- Republic of Korea
| | | | - C. V. S. Brahmmananda Rao
- Solution Chemistry & Mass Spectrometry Section
- Fuel Chemistry Division
- Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
- Kalpakkam 603102
- India
| | - Gopinadhanpillai Gopakumar
- Solution Chemistry & Mass Spectrometry Section
- Fuel Chemistry Division
- Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
- Kalpakkam 603102
- India
| | - Youngson Choe
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Pusan National University
- Busan 609-735
- Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Volpi G, Rabezzana R. Imidazo[1,5- a]pyridine derivatives: useful, luminescent and versatile scaffolds for different applications. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00322d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine nuclei and derivatives have attracted growing attention due to their unique chemical structure and versatility, optical behaviours, and biological properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Volpi
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Turin
- 7 - 10125 Turin
- Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Giordano M, Volpi G, Bonomo M, Mariani P, Garino C, Viscardi G. Methoxy-substituted copper complexes as possible redox mediators in dye-sensitized solar cells. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02577e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Methoxy-substituted aromatic diimines and corresponding homoleptic copper(i) and copper(ii) complexes as possible redox mediators in dye-sensitized solar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Giordano
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgio Volpi
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Bonomo
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Mariani
- CHOSE and Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Garino
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Guido Viscardi
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Volpi G, Priola E, Garino C, Daolio A, Rabezzana R, Benzi P, Giordana A, Diana E, Gobetto R. Blue fluorescent zinc(II) complexes based on tunable imidazo[1,5-a]pyridines. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
14
|
Ruelas-Ávila ME, Cruz-Enríquez A, Campos-Gaxiola JJ, Baldenebro-López J, Höpfl H, Miranda-Soto V, Glossman-Mitnik D. Crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface, DFT calculations and photophysical properties of 2,4,5-tris(4-pyridyl)imidazole hydrogen chloride. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
15
|
Fresta E, Dosso J, Cabanillas-Gonzalez J, Bonifazi D, Costa RD. Revealing the Impact of Heat Generation Using Nanographene-Based Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:28426-28434. [PMID: 32476401 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Self-heating in light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) has been long overlooked, while it has a significant impact on (i) device chromaticity by changing the electroluminescent band shape, (ii) device efficiency because of thermal quenching and exciton dissociation reducing the external quantum efficiency (EQE), and (iii) device stability because of thermal degradation of excitons and eliminate doped species, phase separation, and collapse of the intrinsic emitting zone. Herein, we reveal, for the first time, a direct relationship between self-heating and the early changes in the device chromaticity as well as the magnitude of the error comparing theoretical/experimental EQEs-that is, an overestimation error of ca. 35% at usual pixel working temperatures of around 50 °C. This has been realized in LECs using a benchmark nanographene-that is, a substituted hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene-as an emerging class of emitters with outstanding device performance compared to the prior art of small-molecule LECs-for example, luminances of 345 cd/m2 and EQEs of 0.35%. As such, this work is a fundamental contribution highlighting how self-heating is a critical limitation toward the optimization and wide use of LECs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Fresta
- IMDEA Materials Institute, Calle Eric Kandel 2, E-28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacopo Dosso
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, CF10 3AT Cardiff, Great Britain
| | | | - Davide Bonifazi
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, CF10 3AT Cardiff, Great Britain
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rubén D Costa
- IMDEA Materials Institute, Calle Eric Kandel 2, E-28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fresta E, Baumgärtner K, Cabanillas-Gonzalez J, Mastalerz M, Costa RD. Bright, stable, and efficient red light-emitting electrochemical cells using contorted nanographenes. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2020; 5:473-480. [PMID: 32118226 DOI: 10.1039/c9nh00641a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This work rationalizes, for the first time, the electroluminescent behavior of a representative red-emitting contorted nanographene -i.e., hexabenzoovalene derivative - in small molecule light-emitting electrochemical cells (SM-LECs). This new emitter provides devices with irradiances of ca. 220 μW cm-2 (242 cd m-2), external quantum efficiencies (EQE) of 0.78% (<25% loss of the maximum theoretical EQE), and stabilities over 200 h. Upon optimizing the device architecture, the stability increased up to 3600 h (measured) and 13 000 h (extrapolated) at a high brightness of ca. 30 μW cm-2 (34 cd m-2). This represents a record stability at a high brightness level compared to the state-of-the-art SM-LECs (1000 h at 0.3 μW cm-2). In addition, we rationalized one of the very rare LEC examples in which the changes of the electroluminescence band shape relates to the dependence of the relative intensity of the vibrational peaks with electric field, as corroborated by dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy assays. Nevertheless, this exclusive electroluminescence behavior does not affect the device color, realizing one of the most stable, bright, and efficient red-emitting SM-LECs up to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Fresta
- IMDEA Materials Institute, Calle Eric Kandel 2, E-28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Herr JM, Rössiger C, Albrecht G, Yanagi H, Göttlich R. Solvent-free microwave-assisted synthesis of imidazo[1,5- a]pyridine and –quinoline derivatives. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2019.1650188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Martha Herr
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carina Rössiger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Georg Albrecht
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hisao Yanagi
- Department of Materials Science, NAIST, Nara, Japan
| | - Richard Göttlich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ardizzoia GA, Colombo G, Therrien B, Brenna S. Tuning the Fluorescence Emission and HOMO-LUMO Band Gap in Homoleptic Zinc(II) Complexes with N
,O
-Bidentate (Imidazo[1,5-a
]pyrid-3-yl)phenols. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Attilio Ardizzoia
- Department of Science and High Technology; University of Insubria and CIRCC; Via Valleggio 9 - 22100 Como Italy
| | - Gioele Colombo
- Department of Science and High Technology; University of Insubria and CIRCC; Via Valleggio 9 - 22100 Como Italy
| | - Bruno Therrien
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Neuchâtel; Avenue de Bellevaux 51, CH -2000, Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Stefano Brenna
- Department of Science and High Technology; University of Insubria and CIRCC; Via Valleggio 9 - 22100 Como Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xu J, Sandström A, Lindh EM, Yang W, Tang S, Edman L. Challenging Conventional Wisdom: Finding High-Performance Electrodes for Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:33380-33389. [PMID: 30199215 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b13036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) exhibits capacity for efficient charge injection from two air-stable electrodes into a single-layer active material, which is commonly interpreted as implying that the LEC operation is independent of the electrode selection. Here, we demonstrate that this is far from the truth and that the electrode selection instead has a strong influence on the LEC performance. We systematically investigate 13 different materials for the positive anode and negative cathode in a common LEC configuration with the conjugated polymer Super Yellow as the electroactive emitter and find that Ca, Mn, Ag, Al, Cu, indium tin oxide (ITO), and Au function as the LEC cathode, whereas ITO and Ni can operate as the LEC anode. Importantly, we demonstrate that the electrochemical stability of the electrode is paramount and that particularly electrochemical oxidation of the anode can prohibit the functional LEC operation. We finally report that it appears preferable to design the device so that the heights of the injection barriers at the two electrode/active material interfaces are balanced in order to mitigate electrode-induced quenching of the light emission. As such, this study has expanded the set of air-stable electrode materials available for functional LEC operation and also established a procedure for the evaluation and design of future efficient electrode materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of Physics , Umeå University , SE-90187 Umeå , Sweden
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- School of Mechanical Engineering , Dongguan University of Technology , Dongguan 523808 , China
| | - Andreas Sandström
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of Physics , Umeå University , SE-90187 Umeå , Sweden
- LunaLEC AB, Linnaeus Väg 24 , SE-901 87 Umeå , Sweden
| | - E Mattias Lindh
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of Physics , Umeå University , SE-90187 Umeå , Sweden
| | - Wei Yang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Shi Tang
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of Physics , Umeå University , SE-90187 Umeå , Sweden
- LunaLEC AB, Linnaeus Väg 24 , SE-901 87 Umeå , Sweden
| | - Ludvig Edman
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of Physics , Umeå University , SE-90187 Umeå , Sweden
- LunaLEC AB, Linnaeus Väg 24 , SE-901 87 Umeå , Sweden
| |
Collapse
|