Synthesis of MOFs for heterogeneous catalysis via linker design

Defect-engineered chiral metal-organic frameworks

Chirality has an important impact on chemical and biological research, as most active substances are chiral. In recent decades, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which are assembled from metal ions or clusters and organic linkers via metal-ligand bonding, have attracted considerable scientific interest due to their high crystallinity, exceptional porosity and tunable pore sizes, high modularity, and diverse functionalities. Since the discovery of the first functional chiral metal-organic frameworks (CMOFs), CMOFs have been involved in a variety of disciplines such as chemistry, physics, optics, medicine, and pharmacology. The introduction of defect engineering theory into CMOFs allows the construction of a class of defective CMOFs with high hydrothermal stability and multi-stage pore structure. The introduction of defects not only increases the active sites but also enlarges the pore sizes of the materials, which improves chiral recognition, separation, and catalytic reactions, and has been widely investigated in various fields. This review describes the design and synthesis of various defective CMOFs, their characterization, and applications. Finally, the development of the materials is summarized, and an outlook is given. This review should provide researchers with an insight into the design and study of complex defective CMOFs.

Transition Metal Chelation Effect in MOF-253 Materials: Guest Molecule Adsorption Dynamics and Proposed Formic Acid Synthesis Investigated by Atomistic Simulations

The dynamic characterization of guest molecules in the metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can always provide the insightful and inspiring information to facilitate the synthetic design of MOF materials from the bottom-up design of perspective. Herein, we present a series of atomistic molecular dynamics simulation for investigating the bipyridine dicarboxylate (bpydc) linker rotation effect on guest molecule adsorption with and without considering the transition metal (TM) chelation in MOF-253 materials. The simulated PXRD patterns of the various linker orientations present the challenge of distinguishing these structural varieties by the conventional crystalline spectroscopic measurements. The observed short inter-TM stable structure may subsequently lead to the formation of a binuclear TM catalytic site, and a proposed formic acid generation mechanism from CO2 and H2 is derived based upon the density functional theory calculations for the application of CO2 reduction.

Impact of Ligand Substitution and Metal Node Exchange in the Electronic Properties of Scandium Terephthalate Frameworks

The search for sustainable alternatives to established materials is a sensitive topic in materials science. Due to their unique structural and physical characteristics, the composition of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can be tuned by the exchange of metal nodes and the functionalization of organic ligands, giving rise to a large configurational space. Considering the case of scandium terephthalate MOFs and adopting an automatized computational framework based on density-functional theory, we explore the impact of metal substitution with the earth-abundant isoelectronic elements Al and Y, and ligand functionalization of varying electronegativity. We find that structural properties are strongly impacted by metal ion substitution and only moderately by ligand functionalization. In contrast, the energetic stability, the charge density distribution, and the electronic properties, including the size of the band gap, are primarily affected by the termination of the linker molecules. Functional groups such as OH and NH2 lead to particularly stable structures thanks to the formation of hydrogen bonds and affect the electronic structure of the MOFs by introducing midgap states.

Post-Synthetic Modification of Zr-based Metal-Organic Frameworks with Imidazole: Variable Optical Behavior and Sensing

UiO-66-NH2 -IM, a fluorescent metal-organic framework (MOF), was synthesized by post-synthetic modification of UiO-66-NH2 with 2-imidazole carboxaldehyde via a Schiff base reaction. It was examined using various characterization techniques (PXRD, FTIR, NMR, SEM, TGA, UV-Vis DRS, and photoluminescence spectroscopy). The emissive feature of UiO-66-NH2 -IM was utilized to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs), metal ions, and anions, such as acetone, Fe3+ , and carbonate (CO3 2- ). Acetone turns off the high luminescence of UiO-66-NH2 -IM in DMSO, with the limit of detection (LOD) being 3.6 ppm. Similarly, Fe3+ in an aqueous medium is detected at LOD=0.67 μM (0.04 ppm) via quenching. On the contrary, CO3 2- in an aqueous medium significantly enhances the luminescence of UiO-66-NH2 -IM, which is detected with extremely high sensitivity (LOD=1.16 μM, i. e., 0.07 ppm). Large Stern-Volmer constant, Ksv , and low LOD values indicate excellent sensitivity of the post-synthetic MOF. Experimental data supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations discern photo-induced electron transfer (PET), resonance energy transfer (RET), inner filter effect (IFE), or proton abstraction as putative sensing mechanisms. NMR and computational studies propose a proton abstraction mechanism for luminescence enhancement with CO3 2- . Moreover, the optical behavior of the post-synthetic material toward analytes is recyclable.

Cu-α-diimine Compounds Encapsulated in Porous Materials as Catalysts for Electrophilic Amination of Aromatic C-H Bonds

Electrophilic amination has emerged as a more environmentally benign approach to construct arene C-N bonds. However, heterogeneous catalysts remain largely unexplored in this area, even though their use could facilitate product purification and catalyst recovery. Here we investigate strategies to heterogenize a Cu(2,2'-bipyridine) catalyst for the amination of arenes lacking a directing group with hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid (HOSA). Besides immobilization of Cu on a metal-organic framework (MOF) or covalent organic framework (COF) with embedded 2,2'-bipyridines, a ship-in-a-bottle approach was followed in which the Cu complex is encapsulated in the pores of a zeolite. Recyclability and hot centrifugation tests show that zeolite Beta-entrapped Cu^II(2,2'-bipyridine) is superior in terms of stability. With N-methylmorpholine as a weakly coordinating, weak base, simple arenes, such as mesitylene, could be aminated with yields up to 59%, corresponding to a catalyst TON of 24. The zeolite could be used in three consecutive runs without a decrease in activity. Characterization of the catalyst by EPR and XAS showed that the active catalytic complex consisted of a site-isolated Cu^II species with one 2,2'-bipyridine ligand.

Sustainable Coordination Polymer-Based Catalyst and Its Application in the Nitroaromatic Hydrogenation under Mild Conditions

Nitroarene reduction has played a crucial role in the environment remediation and public health. However, few research studies have been undertaken regarding the use of infinite coordination polymer-based catalysts in this process. Herein, we are looking for a way to catalyze the reduction of nitroarenes using a new and well-designed coordination polymer-based palladium catalyst. The Co-BDC-NH₂ coordination polymer was prepared through a co-precipitation reaction between 2-amino-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid as a linker and the cobalt cation as a node. Functionalization of the prepared Co-BDC-NH₂ with 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde and subsequent metallation with a Pd cation led to the formation of the final catalyst, i.e., Co-BDC-NH₂-py-Pd. It has been specified that palladium species substantially contribute to the reduction of nitroarenes in the presence of hydrazine hydrate (N₂H₄·H₂O). The highest conversion (100%) of nitroarenes to the corresponding amines was achieved under relatively mild conditions. This heterogeneous catalyst was able to catalyze the reduction of nitroarenes to desired products without changing other substituents. The reusability and stability of the catalyst were confirmed through four consecutive reduction tests without a major decrease in catalytic activity.

Desalination Characteristics of Cellulose Acetate FO Membrane Incorporated with ZIF-8 Nanoparticles

Forward osmosis membranes have a wide range of applications in the field of water treatment. However, the application of seawater desalination is restricted, so the research of forward osmosis membranes for seawater desalination poses new challenges. In this study, zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) was synthesized by a mechanical stirring method, and its crystal structure, surface morphology, functional group characteristics, thermochemical stability, pore size distribution and specific surface area were analyzed. The cellulose acetate (CA)/ZIF-8 mixed matrix forward osmosis membrane was prepared by using the synthesized ZIF-8 as a modified additive. The effects of the additive ZIF-8 content, coagulation bath temperature, mixing temperature and heat treatment temperature on the properties of the CA/ZIF-8 forward osmosis membrane were systematically studied, and the causes were analyzed to determine the best membrane preparation parameters. The structure of the CA membrane and CA/ZIF-8 mixed matrix forward osmosis membranes prepared under the optimal conditions were characterized by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle and Atomic force microscope (AFM). Finally, the properties of the HTI membrane (Membrane manufactured by Hydration Technology Innovations Inc.), CA forward osmosis membrane and CA/ZIF-8 mixed matrix forward osmosis membrane were compared under laboratory conditions. For the CA membrane, the water flux and reverse salt flux reached 48.85 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹ and 3.4 g·m⁻²·h⁻¹, respectively. The reverse salt flux and water flux of the CA/ZIF-8 membrane are 2.84 g·m⁻²·h⁻¹ and 50.14 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹, respectively. ZIF-8 has a promising application in seawater desalination.

Synthesis and Characterization of Zn-Organic Frameworks Containing Chitosan as a Low-Cost Inhibitor for Sulfuric-Acid-Induced Steel Corrosion: Practical and Computational Exploration

In this work, a Zn-benzenetricarboxylic acid (Zn@H3BTC) organic framework coated with a dispersed layer of chitosan (CH/Zn@H3BTC) was synthesized using a solvothermal approach. The synthesized CH/Zn@H3BTC was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) surface area. The microscopic observation and the analysis of the BET surface area of CH/Zn@H3BTC nanocomposites indicated that chitosan plays an important role in controlling the surface morphology and surface properties of the Zn@H3BTC. The obtained findings showed that the surface area and particle size diameter were in the range of 80 m2 g-1 and 800 nm, respectively. The corrosion protection characteristics of the CH/Zn@H3BTC composite in comparison to pristine chitosan on duplex steel in 2.0 M H2SO4 medium determined by electrochemical (E vs. time, PDP, and EIS) approaches exhibited that the entire charge transfer resistance of the chitosan- and CH/Zn@H3BTC-composite-protected films on the duplex steel substrate was comparatively large, at 252.4 and 364.8 Ω cm2 with protection capacities of 94.1% and 97.8%, respectively, in comparison to the unprotected metal surface (Rp = 20.6 Ω cm2), indicating the films efficiently protected the metal from corrosion. After dipping the uninhabited and protected systems, the surface topographies of the duplex steel were inspected by FESEM. We found the adsorption of the CH/Zn@H3BTC composite on the metal interface obeys the model of the Langmuir isotherm. The CH/Zn@H3BTC composite revealed outstanding adsorption on the metal interface as established by MD simulations and DFT calculations. Consequently, we found that the designed CH/Zn@H3BTC composite shows potential as an applicant inhibitor for steel protection.

Metal–organic framework (MOF)-, covalent-organic framework (COF)-, and porous-organic polymers (POP)-catalyzed selective C–H bond activation and functionalization reactions

The review summarizes the state-of-the-art of C–H active transformations over crystalline and amorphous porous materials as new emerging heterogeneous (photo)catalysts.

Trimethoprim Antibiotic Adsorption from Aqueous Solution onto Eco-Friendly Zr-Metal Organic Framework Material

The synthesis of Bio-MOF using aspartic acid as an organic linker and water as a solvent was performed to create an environmentally friendly material. The chemical composition, structure, and morphology of the synthesized zirconium Bio-MOF (MIP-202) was evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The synthesized Bio-MOF was used as an adsorbent for trimethoprim antibiotic as pollutants from an aqueous solution under various operating parameters. The increase in the initial trimethoprim concentration from 2.5 mg/L to 20 mg/L decreased the decontamination efficiency from 77.6% to 35.9% at a solution pH of 7 with 0.5 g/L adsorbent dose after 60 min reaction time. The rise of adsorbent dose from 0.1 g/L to 1.5 g/L increased the removal efficiency from 47.7% to 87.6%. The maximum trimethoprim removal efficiency of 95% was attained at a solution pH of 11. Langmuir and pseudo-second order models described the adsorption process of trimethoprim antibiotic onto zirconium Bio-MOF and the chemo-physical nature of trimethoprim adsorption onto the synthesized zirconium Bio-MOF. Accordingly, it was evident that the prepared zirconium Bio-MOF (MIP-202) is an ecofriendly and efficient adsorbent for antibiotic decontamination from polluted water.

Highly sensitive detection of salvianic acid a drug by a novel electrochemical sensor based on HKUST-1 loaded on three-dimensional graphene-MWCNT composite

HKUST-1, a kind of metal-organic framework (MOF) composed by Cu²⁺ and trimesic acid, loaded on reduced graphene oxide and multi-walled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite [HKUST-1 @ (RGO-MWCNT)] was successfully synthesized by a facile and simple route. Then, a highly sensitive non-enzymatic salvianic acid A (SAA) electrochemical sensor was fabricated by modifying HKUST-1 @ (RGO-MWCNT) on a glassy carbon electrode, taking full advantage of the synergistic effect between the redox catalytic capacity of Cu²⁺ and the electrical conductivity of carbon materials. The sensor showed a low limit of detection of 0.081 μM, limit of quantitation of 0.27 μM, high sensitivity of 509.6 μA/mM and a good relationship between reduction peak current and concentration of SAA from 2 to 4600 μM. Meanwhile, the sensor had the advantages of repeatability and stability. Finally, it was used to detect SAA in real samples with noteworthy electroanalytical performance. In short, the sensor has considerable potential for the electroanalysis of SAA. Moreover, the study provides a promising composite of MOF and carbon materials with potential application in the analysis of effective components of herbaceous medicinal plants.

Recent advances in catalytic systems in the prism of physicochemical properties to remediate toxic CO pollutants: A state-of-the-art review

Carbon monoxide (CO) is the most harmful pollutant in the air, causing environmental issues and adversely affecting humans and the vegetation and then raises global warming indirectly. CO oxidation is one of the most effective methods of reducing CO by converting it into carbon dioxide (CO₂) using a suitable catalytic system, due to its simplicity and great value for pollution control. The CO oxidation reaction has been widely studied in various applications, including proton-exchange membrane fuel cell technology and catalytic converters. CO oxidation has also been of great academic interest over the last few decades as a model reaction. Many review studies have been produced on catalysts development for CO oxidation, emphasizing noble metal catalysts, the configuration of catalysts, process parameter influence, and the deactivation of catalysts. Nevertheless, there is still some gap in a state of the art knowledge devoted exclusively to synergistic interactions between catalytic activity and physicochemical properties. In an effort to fill this gap, this analysis updates and clarifies innovations for various latest developed catalytic CO oxidation systems with contemporary evaluation and the synergistic relationship between oxygen vacancies, strong metal-support interaction, particle size, metal dispersion, chemical composition acidity/basicity, reducibility, porosity, and surface area. This review study is useful for environmentalists, scientists, and experts working on mitigating the harmful effects of CO on both academic and commercial levels in the research and development sectors.

Catalytic C-H Bond Activation and Knoevenagel Condensation Using Pyridine-2,3-Dicarboxylate-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks

Three 1D coordination polymers (CPs) [M(pdca)(H2O)2] n (M = Zn, Cd, and Co; 1-3), and a 3D coordination framework {[(CH3)2NH2][CuK(2,3-pdca)(pa)(NO3)2]} n (4) (2,3-pdca = pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylate and pa = picolinic acid), have been synthesized adopting a solvothermal reaction strategy. The CPs have been thoroughly characterized using various spectral techniques, that is, elemental analyses, FT-IR, TGA, DSC, UV/vis, and luminescence. Structural information on 1-4 was obtained by PXRD and X-ray single-crystal analyses, whereas morphological insights were attained through FESEM, AFM, EDX, HRTEM, and BET surface area analyses. Roughness parameters were calculated from AFM analysis, whereas dimensions of small domains and interplanar spacing were defined with the aid of HRTEM. CPs 1-3 are 1D isostructural networks, whereas 4 is a 3D framework. Moreover, 1-4 display moderate luminescence at rt. In addition, 1-4 have been applied as economic and efficient porous catalysts for the Knoevenagel condensation reaction and C-H bond activation under mild conditions with good yields (95-98 and 97-99%), respectively. Notably, 1-3 can be reused up to seven cycles, whereas 4 can be reused up to five catalytic cycles with retained catalytic efficiency. Relative catalytic efficacy toward the Knoevenagel condensation reaction follows in the order 2 > 1 > 3 > 4, whereas 2 > 4 > 1 > 3 for C-H activation. The present result demonstrates synthetic, structural, optical, morphological, and catalytic aspects of 1-4.

Metal–Organic Frameworks as Versatile Platforms for Organometallic Chemistry

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are emerging porous materials with highly tunable structures developed in the 1990s, while organometallic chemistry is of fundamental importance for catalytic transformation in the academic and industrial world for many decades. Through the years, organometallic chemistry has been incorporated into functional MOF construction for diverse applications. Here, we will focus on how organometallic chemistry is applied in MOF design and modifications from linker-centric and metal-cluster-centric perspectives, respectively. Through structural design, MOFs can function as a tailorable platform for traditional organometallic transformations, including reaction of alkenes, cross-coupling reactions, and C–H activations. Besides, an overview will be made on other application categories of organometallic MOFs, such as gas adsorption, magnetism, quantum computing, and therapeutics.

Coordination Polymers Based on Highly Emissive Ligands: Synthesis and Functional Properties

Coordination polymers are constructed from metal ions and bridging ligands, linking them into solid-state structures extending in one (1D), two (2D) or three dimensions (3D). Two- and three-dimensional coordination polymers with potential voids are often referred to as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) or porous coordination polymers. Luminescence is an important property of coordination polymers, often playing a key role in their applications. Photophysical properties of the coordination polymers can be associated with intraligand, metal-centered, guest-centered, metal-to-ligand and ligand-to-metal electron transitions. In recent years, a rapid growth of publications devoted to luminescent or fluorescent coordination polymers can be observed. In this review the use of fluorescent ligands, namely, 4,4'-stilbenedicarboxylic acid, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, thiazole, 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole, terpyridine and carbazole derivatives, naphthalene diimides, 4,4',4''-nitrilotribenzoic acid, ruthenium(II) and iridium(III) complexes, boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) derivatives, porphyrins, for the construction of coordination polymers are surveyed. Applications of such coordination polymers based on their photophysical properties will be discussed. The review covers the literature published before April 2020.

Metalloporphyrinic metal-organic frameworks: Controlled synthesis for catalytic applications in environmental and biological media

Recently, as a new sub-family of porous coordination polymers (PCPs), porphyrinic-MOFs (Porph-MOFs) with biomimetic features have been developed using porphyrin macrocycles as ligands and/or pillared linkers. The control over the coordination of the porphyrin ligand and its derivatives however remains a challenge for engineering new tunable Porph-MOF frameworks by self-assembly methods. The key challenges exist in the following respects: (i) collapse of the large open pores of Porph-MOFs during synthesis, (ii) deactivation of unsaturated metal-sites (UMCs) by axial coordination, and (iii) the tendency of both coordinated moieties (at peripheral meso- and beta-carbon sites) and the N₄-pyridine core to coordinate with metal cations. In this respect, this review covers the advances in the design of Porph-MOFs relative to their counterpart covalent organic frameworks (Porph-COFs). The potential utility of custom-designed porphyrin/metalloporphyrins ligands is highlighted. Synthesis strategies of Porph-MOFs are also illustrated with modular design of hybrid guest@host composites (either Porph@MOFs or guest@Porph-MOFs) with exceptional topologies and stability. This review summarizes the synergistic benefits of coordinated porphyrin ligands and functional guest molecules in Porph-MOF composites for enhanced catalytic performance in various redox applications. This review shed lights on the engineering of new tunable hetero-metals open active sites within (metallo)porphyrin-MOFs as out-of-the-box platforms for enhanced catalytic processes in chemical and biological media.

Chitosan modified metal–organic frameworks as a promising carrier for oral drug delivery

The drug delivery system of CS-MOF@5-FU was developed to achieve oral administration of 5-FU.

A microporous zinc–organic framework with Lewis basic pyridyl sites for highly selective C2H2/CH4 and C2H2/CO2 gas separation

A microporous zinc–organic framework with Lewis basic pyridyl sites leads to a material that exhibits excellent C₂H₂/CH₄ and C₂H₂/CO₂ gas separation.

Fe-Containing MOFs as Seeds for the Preparation of Highly Active Fe/Al-SBA-15 Catalysts in the NAlkylation of Aniline

We have successfully incorporated iron species into mesoporous aluminosilicates (Al-SBA-15) using a simple mechanochemical milling method. The catalysts were characterized by nitrogen physisorption, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), pyridine (PY) and 2,6-dimethylpyridine (DMPY) pulse chromatography titration, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The catalysts were tested in the N-alkylation reaction of aniline with benzyl alcohol for imine production. According to the results, the iron sources, acidity of catalyst and reaction conditions were important factors influencing the reaction. The catalyst showed excellent catalytic performance, achieving 97% of aniline conversion and 96% of imine selectivity under optimized conditions.

Acrylic Acid-Functionalized Metal-Organic Frameworks for Sc(III) Selective Adsorption

The increasing demand for rare-earth elements (REEs) due to their extensive high-tech applications has encouraged the development of new sustainable approaches for REE recovery and separation. In this work, a series of acrylic acid-functionalized metal-organic framework materials (named as y-AA- x@MIL-101s) were prepared and used for selective adsorption of Sc(III). The adsorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and zeta potential and surface functional-group titration. The adsorption isotherm and kinetics data were accurately described by the Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models. The adsorption capacity of the material for Sc(III), Nd(III), Gd(III), and Er(III) was 90.21, 104.59, 58.29, and 74.94 mg g^-1, respectively. Importantly, the adsorbent was better for selective recovery of Sc(III) not only from the 16 REE mixed system but also the Cu(II), Zn(II), Mn(II), Co(II), and Al(III) coexistence solution. Except for Sc(III), the material displayed high affinity for Nd(III) in the light rare-earth mixture and for Gd(III) in the middle rare-earth mixture. All in all, this study provides a new method for separation and recovery of REEs, which makes this work highly significant in separation and enrichment.

Effect of solvent nature on propylene glycol oxidation with tert-butyl hydroperoxide over metal–organic framework Cr-MIL-101

The effect of solvent nature on conversion, product yields and reaction kinetics of selective propylene glycol oxidation with tert-butyl hydroperoxide over porous chromium terephthalate Cr-MIL-101 used as a heterogeneous catalyst is considered. Differences in hydrogen bonding of propylene glycol molecules in different solvents and adsorption of components of the reaction mixture on the active sites of the catalyst are studied by Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy. The characteristics of the solvent are shown to play a key role in the process under consideration. In the case of aprotic solvents, the oxidant utilization efficiency, the propylene glycol conversion and the product yields are significantly higher in comparison with those in protic solvents. The protic solvents can adsorb on the active sites of the catalyst which leads to a decrease of their accessibility for the reagents. The initial rate of propylene glycol oxidation decreases linearly with the increasing of the diameter of molecules of the protic solvents. DFT calculations support the competitive adsorption of the molecules of protic solvents on Cr active sites of MIL-101. In the aprotic solvents, the reactivity and distribution of propylene glycol molecules in the solution are determined by the involvement of hydroxyl groups of the substrate into the intermolecular interactions. The ability of the aprotic solvents to break the hydrogen bond network in the associates of propylene glycol is responsible for the concentration of the substrate molecules in the pores of Cr-MIL-101. The highest selectivities towards hydroxyacetone for Cr-MIL-101 catalyst are obtained in solvents, where the initial rates of propylene glycol oxidation are the lowest ones.

The effect of solvent nature on conversion, product yields and reaction kinetics of selective propylene glycol oxidation with tert-butyl hydroperoxide over porous chromium terephthalate Cr-MIL-101 used as a heterogeneous catalyst is considered.

A mesoporous NNN-pincer-based metal–organic framework scaffold for the preparation of noble-metal-free catalysts

A terpyridine-based mesoporous 3D MOF was synthesized as a general scaffold for catalyst preparation.