1
|
Samuilova E, Ponomareva A, Sitnikova V, Zhilenkov A, Kichigina O, Uspenskaya M. A Study of Plant-Filled Polymer Composites Based on Highly Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1551. [PMID: 38891497 PMCID: PMC11174432 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
To enhance the ecological properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products, the fabrication of PVC-based composites using biofillers with acceptable performance characteristics could be considered. In this work, plant-filled PVC-based composite materials were fabricated and their optical, structural, thermal, and mechanical properties, depending on the nature of the filler, were studied. Spruce flour, birch flour, and rice husk were used as fillers. Optical measurements showed the selected technological parameters, allowing films with a uniform distribution of dispersed plant filler in the polymer matrix to be obtained. Using the plant fillers in PVC films leads to a reduction in strength characteristics; for instance, the tensile strength changed from 18.0 MPa (for pure PVC film) to ~7 MPa (for composites with 20 wt.% of fillers), and to ~5-6.2 MPa (for composites with 40 wt.% of fillers). Thermal investigations showed that the samples with plant fillers could be used at low temperatures without changing their operating characteristics. Thus, plant-filled PVC-based composite materials have a wide operating temperature range, from-65 °C to 150 °C. TGA analysis has demonstrated that the rice husk affected the thermal stability of the composites by increasing their thermal decomposition resistance. The ability to absorb water was observed during the investigation of water absorption of the samples. And the highest degree of water absorption (up to 160 mg/g) was detected for the sample with 40 wt.% of rice husk. In general, plant-filled polymer composites based on PVC can be used on an equal basis with unfilled PVC plastic compounds for some applications such as in construction (for example, for design tasks).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniia Samuilova
- The Center for Chemical Engineering, ITMO University, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (E.S.); (V.S.); (M.U.)
| | - Alina Ponomareva
- The Center for Chemical Engineering, ITMO University, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (E.S.); (V.S.); (M.U.)
- Department of Cyber-Physical Systems, Saint Petersburg Marine Technical University, Leninskiy Pr. 101, 198303 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.Z.); (O.K.)
| | - Vera Sitnikova
- The Center for Chemical Engineering, ITMO University, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (E.S.); (V.S.); (M.U.)
| | - Anton Zhilenkov
- Department of Cyber-Physical Systems, Saint Petersburg Marine Technical University, Leninskiy Pr. 101, 198303 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.Z.); (O.K.)
| | - Olga Kichigina
- Department of Cyber-Physical Systems, Saint Petersburg Marine Technical University, Leninskiy Pr. 101, 198303 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.Z.); (O.K.)
| | - Mayya Uspenskaya
- The Center for Chemical Engineering, ITMO University, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (E.S.); (V.S.); (M.U.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schyns ZOG, Shaver MP. Mechanical Recycling of Packaging Plastics: A Review. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000415. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoé O. G. Schyns
- Department of Materials The University of Manchester Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Michael P. Shaver
- Department of Materials The University of Manchester Manchester M1 7DN UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jiang H, Zhang Y, Wang H. Surface Reactions in Selective Modification: The Prerequisite for Plastic Flotation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9742-9756. [PMID: 32659077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Improper disposal of waste plastic has caused much environmental pollution, but plastic recycling can reduce the amount of new and residual waste plastic in the environment through source control. Plastic flotation can separate waste plastics with similar physical and chemical properties, which suggests its promising application in plastic recycling. With the help of the different hydrophilicities waste plastic can be separated by flotation, and hydrophilization can be accomplished by surface modifications. However, no systematic studies addressing these surface reactions have been published yet, and such modifications are a prerequisite for plastic flotation. In this critical review, we not only summarize the various modification mechanisms, including physical regulation, surface oxidation, surface degradation, dechlorination, and coating, but also have reasonably added additional information for some reactions covering surface reconstruction, plastic degradation, polymer stability, wastewater treatment, soil remediation, and chemical recycling of plastic. An entirely novel concept, the "plastic gene", is also proposed to elaborate on some contradictory results. Plastic flotation with clear surface reactions may promote plastic recycling and thereby control waste plastic at the source, save energy, and reduce microplastics. We also predict challenges for clean, efficient, and practical surface modifications and plastic flotation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongru Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 Hunan P.R. China
| | - Yingshuang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 Hunan P.R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 Hunan P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
All-Cellulose Composites: A Review of Recent Studies on Structure, Properties and Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122836. [PMID: 32575550 PMCID: PMC7356676 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, there is greater demand for greener materials in societies due to environmental consciousness, depleting fossil fuels and growing ecological concerns. Within the foreseeable future, industries and suppliers will be required to be more aware of challenges faced due to the availability of resources and use more sustainable and renewable raw materials. In this context, cellulose can be expected to become a vital resource for materials owing to its abundance, versatility as a biopolymer, several different forms and potential applications. Thus, all-cellulose composites (ACCs) have gained significant research interest in recent years. ACC is a class of biocomposites in which the matrix is a dissolved and regenerated cellulose, while the reinforcement is undissolved or partly dissolved cellulose. This review paper is intended to provide a brief outline of works that cover recent progress in the manufacturing and processing techniques for ACCs, various cellulose sources, solvents and antisolvents, as well as their properties.
Collapse
|
5
|
Brebu M. Environmental Degradation of Plastic Composites with Natural Fillers-A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12010166. [PMID: 31936374 PMCID: PMC7022390 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer composites are widely used modern-day materials, specially designed to combine good mechanical properties and low density, resulting in a high tensile strength-to-weight ratio. However, materials for outdoor use suffer from the negative effects of environmental factors, loosing properties in various degrees. In particular, natural fillers (particulates or fibers) or components induce biodegradability in the otherwise bio inert matrix of usual commodity plastics. Here we present some aspects found in recent literature related to the effect of aggressive factors such as temperature, mechanical forces, solar radiation, humidity, and biological attack on the properties of plastic composites containing natural fillers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Brebu
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Satapathy S. Cyclic Extrusion of Recycled High Density Polyethylene/Banana Fiber/Fly Ash Cenosphere Biocomposites: Thermal and Mechanical Retention Properties. INT POLYM PROC 2019. [DOI: 10.3139/217.3597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDisposal of composite materials used vastly in structural applications raises the need to study the reprocessability of these systems for environmental benefits. In this paper, composites of recycled high density polyethylene (R) containing 30 wt.% banana fiber (BF)/7.5 wt.% fly ash cenospheres (FACS) were prepared with 3 wt.% maleic anhydride grafted high density polyethylene (MA-g-HDPE) as a coupling agent using twin screw extrusion followed by injection molding. The effects of thermal cycles (two times extrusion followed by injection molding) were studied on R and its composites. The samples were characterized by using tensile, flexural, izod impact tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The tensile and flexural properties were improved by addition of both BF/FACS into the R matrix. The percentage retention in tensile properties of R/BF/FACS(E2) biocomposites (i.e. two times extrusion followed by injection molding) is more than 80 %, while that for flexural properties is more than 90 %. This indicates that R/BF/FACS composites exhibit good retention ability in mechanical properties after subjecting to two times twin-screw extrusion followed by injection molding. DSC results revealed that repeated extrusion improved the crystallization temperature and crystallinity of the composites with a slight reduction in melting temperature. From the TGA results, it was observed that the thermal stability (e.g. Tonset) of R was reduced by the addition of BF/FACS. However, repeated extrusion showed an improvement in thermal stability of the composites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Satapathy
- 1Polymers and Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hahladakis JN, Iacovidou E. Closing the loop on plastic packaging materials: What is quality and how does it affect their circularity? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 630:1394-1400. [PMID: 29554759 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
While attention on the importance of closing materials loops for achieving circular economy (CE) is raging, the technicalities of doing so are often neglected or difficult to overcome. These technicalities determine the ability of materials, components and products (MCPs) to be properly recovered and redistributed for reuse, recycling or recovery, given their remaining functionality, described here as the remaining properties and characteristics of MCPs. The different properties of MCPs make them useful for various functions and purposes. A transition, therefore, towards a CE would require the utmost exploitation of the remaining functionality of MCPs; ideally, enabling recirculation of them back in the economy. At present, this is difficult to succeed. This short communication article explains how the remaining functionality of MCPs, defined here as quality, is perceived at different stages of the supply chain, focusing specifically on plastic packaging, and how this affects their potential recycling. It then outlines the opportunities and constraints posed by some of the interventions that are currently introduced into the plastic packaging system, aimed at improving plastic materials circularity. Finally, the article underpins the need for research that integrates systemic thinking, with technological innovations and policy reforms at all stages of the supply chain, to promote sustainable practices become established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John N Hahladakis
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - Eleni Iacovidou
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Soccalingame L, Perrin D, Bénézet JC, Bergeret A. Reprocessing of UV-weathered wood flour reinforced polypropylene composites: Study of a natural outdoor exposure. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
9
|
|
10
|
Habib M, Sohaib Q, Ullah A, Habib U, Khan A. Mechanical strength evaluation of composites made from waste printed circuit boards (PCBs). PARTICULATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/02726351.2015.1075638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
11
|
Papanicolaou GC, Psarra E, Anastasiou D. Manufacturing and mechanical response optimization of epoxy resin/Luffa Cylindrica composite. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George C. Papanicolaou
- Composite Materials Group; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics; University of Patras; GR-26500 Patras Greece
| | - Erato Psarra
- Composite Materials Group; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics; University of Patras; GR-26500 Patras Greece
| | - Dimitris Anastasiou
- Composite Materials Group; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics; University of Patras; GR-26500 Patras Greece
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sánchez C, Hortal M, Aliaga C, Devis A, Cloquell-Ballester VA. Recyclability assessment of nano-reinforced plastic packaging. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 34:2647-2655. [PMID: 25263216 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Packaging is expected to become the leading application for nano-composites by 2020 due to the great advantages on mechanical and active properties achieved with these substances. As novel materials, and although there are some current applications in the market, there is still unknown areas under development. One key issue to be addressed is to know more about the implications of the nano-composite packaging materials once they become waste. The present study evaluates the extrusion process of four nanomaterials (Layered silicate modified nanoclay (Nanoclay1), Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3), Silver (Ag) and Zinc Oxide (ZnO) as part of different virgin polymer matrices of polyethylene (PE), Polypropylene (PP) and Polyethyleneterephtalate (PET). Thus, the following film plastic materials: (PE-Nanoclay1, PE-CaCO3, PP-Ag, PET-ZnO, PET-Ag, PET-Nanoclay1) have been processed considering different recycling scenarios. Results on recyclability show that for PE and PP, in general terms and except for some minor variations in yellowness index, tensile modulus, tensile strength and tear strength (PE with Nanoclay1, PP with Ag), the introduction of nanomaterial in the recycling streams for plastic films does not affect the final recycled plastic material in terms of mechanical properties and material quality compared to conventional recycled plastic. Regarding PET, results show that the increasing addition of nanomaterial into the recycled PET matrix (especially PET-Ag) could influence important properties of the recycled material, due to a slight degradation of the polymer, such as increasing pinholes, degradation fumes and elongation at break. Moreover, it should be noted that colour deviations were visible in most of the samples (PE, PP and PET) in levels higher than 0.3 units (limit perceivable by the human eye). The acceptance of these changes in the properties of recycled PE, PP and PET will depend on the specific applications considered (e.g. packaging applications are more strict in material quality that urban furniture or construction products).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Sánchez
- Sustainability Divison, Packaging, Transport & Logistics Research Institute, Albert Einstein 1, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - M Hortal
- Sustainability Divison, Packaging, Transport & Logistics Research Institute, Albert Einstein 1, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - C Aliaga
- Sustainability Divison, Packaging, Transport & Logistics Research Institute, Albert Einstein 1, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - A Devis
- Sustainability Divison, Packaging, Transport & Logistics Research Institute, Albert Einstein 1, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - V A Cloquell-Ballester
- Dpto. Proyectos de Ingeniería, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Hamad K, Kaseem M, Deri F. Recycling of waste from polymer materials: An overview of the recent works. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
15
|
|
16
|
Petchwattana N, Covavisaruch S, Pitidhammabhorn D. Influences of water absorption on the properties of foamed poly(vinyl chloride)/rice hull composites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-013-0172-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
17
|
Petchwattana N, Covavisaruch S, Chanakul S. Mechanical properties, thermal degradation and natural weathering of high density polyethylene/rice hull composites compatibilized with maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-012-9921-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
18
|
Tajvidi M, Takemura A. Effects of reprocessing on the hygroscopic behavior of natural fiber high-density polyethylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
19
|
|
20
|
|
21
|
Saini G, Bhardwaj R, Choudhary V, Narula AK. Poly(vinyl chloride)-Acacia bark flour composite: Effect of particle size and filler content on mechanical, thermal, and morphological characteristics. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|