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Wang K, Liu C, Xie W, Ke Y, You X, Jing B, Shi Y. Effects of Ammonium Polyphosphate and Organic Modified Montmorillonite on Flame Retardancy of Polyethylene Glycol/Wood-Flour-Based Phase Change Composites. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083464. [PMID: 37110701 PMCID: PMC10145347 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With the depletion of fossil fuel energy and both the slow development and low utilization rate of new eco-friendly energy, finding new ways to efficiently store energy has become a research hotspot. Presently, polyethylene glycol (PEG) is an excellent heat storage material, but it is a typical solid-liquid phase change material (PCM) with a risk of leakage during phase transition. A combination of wood flour (WF) and PEG can effectively eliminate the risk of leakage after the melting of PEG. However, WF and PEG are both flammable materials, which impedes their application. Therefore, it is of great significance to expand their application by forming composites from among PEG, supporting mediums, and flame-retardant additives. This will improve both their flame retardancy and phase change energy storage performance, and will also lead to the preparation of excellent flame-retardant phase change composite materials with solid-solid phase change characteristics. To address this issue, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), organic modified montmorillonite (OMMT), and WF were blended into PEG in specific proportions to prepare a series of PEG/WF-based composites. Both thermal cycling tests and thermogravimetric analysis results demonstrated that the as-prepared composites had good thermal reliability and chemical stability. In addition, during differential scanning calorimetry tests, the PEG/WF/8.0APP@2.0OMMT composite presented the highest melting latent heat (176.6 J/g), and its enthalpy efficiency reached more than 98.3%. The PEG/WF/8.0APP@2.0OMMT composite also exhibited superior thermal insulation performance when compared to the pure PEG/WF composite. Furthermore, the PEG/WF/8.0APP@2.0OMMT composite exhibited a significant 50% reduction in peak heat release rate as a result of the synergistic effect between OMMT and APP in the gas and condensed phases. This work offers a useful strategy for the fabrication of multifunctional phase-change material, which is expected to broaden its industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wenxi Xie
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Yihan Ke
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Xiaoyong You
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Binghao Jing
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Yongqian Shi
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China
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Aydoğan B, Usta N. Effects of dolomite and intumescent flame retardant additions on thermal and combustion behaviors of rigid polyurethane foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Aydoğan
- Ship Construction Department, Maritime Vocational High School Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University Balıkesir Turkey
| | - Nazim Usta
- Energy Division, Mechanical Engineering Department Pamukkale University Denizli Turkey
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Influence of Phosphorus Structures and Their Oxidation States on Flame-Retardant Properties of Polyhydroxyurethanes. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020611. [PMID: 36677667 PMCID: PMC9867530 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This article focuses on the synthesis of polyhydroxyurethane (PHU) materials containing novel phosphorus flame retardants (FR). Four different phosphorus compounds were grafted onto cyclic carbonate: 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), diethyl phosphite (DEP), diphenyl phosphite (DPP) and dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepine 6-oxide (BPPO). Thus, three novel phosphorus reactive cyclic carbonates which have never been reported so far were synthetized. Phosphorus FR containing PHU materials were characterized by FTIR to evidence the total conversion of the cyclic carbonate. Moreover, the gel contents up to 80% confirmed the formation of the polymer network. Then, the thermal stability and the flame-retardant properties were investigated by thermogravimetric analyses, cone calorimeter and pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter. The mode of action of phosphorus compounds, depending on the oxidation state, was especially highlighted. Phosphonate (+III) provided better action in a condensed phase than phosphinate thanks to a more efficient char formation. Among phosphonates, differences were observed in terms of char-formation rate and expansion. DEP provided the best flame-retardant properties, with a reduction of 76% of pHRR with 2 wt% of phosphorus in cone calorimeter analysis. Therefore, this article highlighted the different modes of action of phosphorus flame retardants, depending on the oxidation state of phosphorus, in PHU materials.
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A Study of Thermal Degradation and Fire Behaviour of Polymer Composites and Their Gaseous Emission Assessment. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14217070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of polymer composite materials in the aeronautics and automotive sectors has increased dramatically, and their fire behaviour has become a critical parameter in terms of fire safety. On this premise, it is critical to demonstrate that these composite materials constitute elements whose safety justifies a high level of confidence. This is based on their combustibility and the rate at which flammable and toxic gaseous species are emitted. Thus, strict fire safety regulations are enforced by the relevant authorities concerned because of their potential fire risk. This study analysed papers published between 1970 and 2021 that described the devices used to characterise the thermal behaviour of composite materials at various scales. The objective was to highlight the thermophysical phenomena, making it possible to accurately assess the flammability and thermal stability of polymer composite materials. The results of this research reveal that the small-scale facilities provide detailed understanding and mastery of the thermal reaction properties of the composites. While with the medium scale, the extended fire reaction parameters, which are the key indicators of the fire safety performance, can be determined. On a large scale, the tests were carried out using devices such as the NexGen burner recommended by the FAA. Therefore, with such assays, it is possible to assess the rates of thermal degradation as well as quantified pyrolysis gases. However, compared to other scales, there were very few works on a large scale. In addition, by focusing on the polluting nature of synthetic composite materials, there is also few research studies aimed at designing new polymer composite materials from biological sources.
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Ma Z, Li Q, Wei J, Liang C, Yang T, Wang G, Xia C. Effects of Al-based alloy powders on the mechanical behavior, corrosion resistance and infrared emissivity of polyurethane composite coatings. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Tawiah B, Yu B, Yang W, Yuen RK, Fei B. Flame retardant poly (lactic acid) biocomposites based on azo‐boron coupled 4,4′‐sulfonyldiphenol and its combination with calcium lignosulfonate—Crystalline and mechanical properties. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Tawiah
- Institute of Textile and Clothing (ITC)The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong China
| | - Bin Yu
- Institute of Textile and Clothing (ITC)The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Civil and Architectural EngineeringCity University of Hong Kong Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Richard K.K. Yuen
- Department of Civil and Architectural EngineeringCity University of Hong Kong Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Bin Fei
- Institute of Textile and Clothing (ITC)The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong China
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Synthesis and application of synergistic azo-boron-BPA / polydopamine as efficient flame retardant for poly(lactic acid). Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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A strategy and mechanism of fabricating flame retarding glass fiber fabric reinforced vinyl ester composites with simultaneously improved thermal stability, impact and interlaminar shear strengths. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Novel crosslinkable epoxy resins containing phenylacetylene and azobenzene groups: From thermal crosslinking to flame retardance. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Baratha KV, Nourry A, Pilard JF. Synthesis of NR based Polyurethanes containing phosphorylated polymers as chain extenders. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Tirri T, Aubert M, Pawelec W, Wilén CE, Pfaendner R, Hoppe H, Roth M, Sinkkonen J. Preparation and characterization of bis-[1,3,5]triazinyl diazenes and their utilization as flame retardants in polypropylene films. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teija Tirri
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Laboratory of Polymer Technology; National Center of Excellence for Functional Materials (FUNMAT), Åbo Akademi University; Biskopsgatan 8 FIN-20500 Åbo Finland
| | - Melanie Aubert
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Laboratory of Polymer Technology; National Center of Excellence for Functional Materials (FUNMAT), Åbo Akademi University; Biskopsgatan 8 FIN-20500 Åbo Finland
| | - Weronika Pawelec
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Laboratory of Polymer Technology; National Center of Excellence for Functional Materials (FUNMAT), Åbo Akademi University; Biskopsgatan 8 FIN-20500 Åbo Finland
| | - Carl-Eric Wilén
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Laboratory of Polymer Technology; National Center of Excellence for Functional Materials (FUNMAT), Åbo Akademi University; Biskopsgatan 8 FIN-20500 Åbo Finland
| | - Rudolf Pfaendner
- Department of Structural Durability; Plastics Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System; Schloßgartenstr. 6 D-64289 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Holger Hoppe
- Department of Plastic Additives; BASF Schweiz AG; Klybeckstr. 141 CH-4057 Basel Switzerland
| | - Michael Roth
- Department of Plastic Additives; Product Development Industries Engineering Plastics Europe; BASF SE, E-KTE/IB-F206; 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Jari Sinkkonen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Turku; FI-20014 Turku Finland
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Wu J, Yan H, Wang J, Wu Y, Zhou C. Flame retardant polyurethane elastomer nanocomposite applied to coal mines as air-leak sealant. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Amiri RSN, Tirri T, Wilen CE. Flame retardant polyurethane nanocomposite: Study of clay dispersion and its synergistic effect with dolomite. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Aubert M, Tirri T, Wilén CE, François-Heude A, Pfaendner R, Hoppe H, Roth M. Versatile bis(1-alkoxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)-diazenes (AZONORs) and related structures and their utilization as flame retardants in polypropylene, low density polyethylene and high-impact polystyrene. Polym Degrad Stab 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Pawelec W, Aubert M, Pfaendner R, Hoppe H, Wilén CE. Triazene compounds as a novel and effective class of flame retardants for polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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