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Keith M, Koller M, Lackner M. Carbon Recycling of High Value Bioplastics: A Route to a Zero-Waste Future. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1621. [PMID: 38931972 PMCID: PMC11207349 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Today, 98% of all plastics are fossil-based and non-biodegradable, and globally, only 9% are recycled. Microplastic and nanoplastic pollution is just beginning to be understood. As the global demand for sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics continues to rise, biobased and biodegradable plastics have emerged as a promising solution. This review article delves into the pivotal concept of carbon recycling as a pathway towards achieving a zero-waste future through the production and utilization of high-value bioplastics. The review comprehensively explores the current state of bioplastics (biobased and/or biodegradable materials), emphasizing the importance of carbon-neutral and circular approaches in their lifecycle. Today, bioplastics are chiefly used in low-value applications, such as packaging and single-use items. This article sheds light on value-added applications, like longer-lasting components and products, and demanding properties, for which bioplastics are increasingly being deployed. Based on the waste hierarchy paradigm-reduce, reuse, recycle-different use cases and end-of-life scenarios for materials will be described, including technological options for recycling, from mechanical to chemical methods. A special emphasis on common bioplastics-TPS, PLA, PHAs-as well as a discussion of composites, is provided. While it is acknowledged that the current plastics (waste) crisis stems largely from mismanagement, it needs to be stated that a radical solution must come from the core material side, including the intrinsic properties of the polymers and their formulations. The manner in which the cascaded use of bioplastics, labeling, legislation, recycling technologies, and consumer awareness can contribute to a zero-waste future for plastics is the core topics of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Keith
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Martin Koller
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Maximilian Lackner
- Go!PHA, Oudebrugsteeg 9, 1012 JN Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Hoechstaedtplatz 6, 1200 Vienna, Austria
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2
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Mai J, Kockler K, Parisi E, Chan CM, Pratt S, Laycock B. Synthesis and physical properties of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)-based block copolymers: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130204. [PMID: 38365154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a group of natural polyesters that are synthesised by microorganisms. In general, their thermoplasticity and (in some forms) their elasticity makes them attractive alternatives to petrochemical-derived polymers. However, the high crystallinity of some PHAs - such as poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (P3HB) - results in brittleness and a narrow processing window for applications such as packaging. The production of copolymeric PHA materials is one approach to improving the mechanical and thermal properties of PHAs. Another solution is the manufacture of PHA-based block copolymers. The incorporation of different polymer and copolymer blocks coupled to PHA, and the resulting tailorable microstructure of these block copolymers, can result in a step-change improvement in PHA-based material properties. A range of production strategies for PHA-based block copolymers has been reported in the literature, including biological production and chemical synthesis. Biological production is typically less controllable, with products of a broad molecular weight and compositional distribution, unless finely controlled using genetically modified organisms. By contrast, chemical synthesis delivers relatively controllable block structures and narrowly defined compositions. This paper reviews current knowledge in the areas of the production and properties of PHA-based block copolymers, and highlights knowledge gaps and future potential areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Mai
- Fujian Normal University, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, China
| | - Katrin Kockler
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemical Engineering, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Emily Parisi
- Parisi Technologies, LLC Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Clement Matthew Chan
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemical Engineering, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Steven Pratt
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemical Engineering, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bronwyn Laycock
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemical Engineering, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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Aminolysis of Poly-3-Hydroxybutyrate in N,N-Dimethylformamide and 1,4-Dioxane and Formation of Functionalized Oligomers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245481. [PMID: 36559848 PMCID: PMC9780795 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The degradation pattern of bacterial poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) in dimethylformamide (DMF) and dioxane solutions at 100 °C assisted by ethylenediamine, 1,4-diaminobutane and monoaminoethanol was studied. When diamines were introduced into the PHB solution in DMF in the amount of 1 mol of the reagent to 5 or 10 mol of PHB monomers, a rapid decrease in the molecular weight of the polymer was observed. The initial value of the weight average molecular weight (Mw) 840 kDa had decreased by 20-30 times within the first 10-20 min of the experiment, followed by its gradual decrease to several thousand Da. When a similar molar quantity of aminoethanol was added, the molecular weight decreased slower. PHB had been degrading much slower in the dioxane solution than in DMF. By varying the number of reagents, it was possible to reach stabilization of the Mw at 1000-3000 Da when using diamines and 8000-20,000 Da using aminoethanol. 1H NMR analysis of the oligomers revealed of amino and amido groups forming in their structure. From the opposite end of the polymer chain, residues of 3-hydroxybutyric, crotonic and isocrotonic acids were formed during degradation. Differential scanning calorimetry indicated that after oligomerization there was a decrease in the melting point from 178 °C to 140-170 °C depending on the decrease in the molecular weight. The method proposed can be used for obtaining aminated PHB oligomers.
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Mai J, Chan CM, Colwell J, Pratt S, Laycock B. Characterisation of end groups of hydroxy-functionalised scl-PHAs prepared by transesterification using ethylene glycol. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Seyed Khabbaz H, Garmabi H. Modification of polylactide by reactive blending with polyhydroxybutyrate oligomers formed by thermal recycling through E1cB-elimination pathway. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Guennec A, Brelle L, Balnois E, Linossier I, Renard E, Langlois V, Faÿ F, Chen GQ, Simon-Colin C, Vallée-Réhel K. Antifouling properties of amphiphilic poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate): an environmentally-friendly coating. BIOFOULING 2021; 37:894-910. [PMID: 34579623 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1981298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of biofouling is a major problem for marine industries. The conception of antifouling and fouling release coatings, with controlled physical-chemical properties is a promising strategy. Among them, amphiphilic systems, such as those composed of a hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane matrix and a hydrophilic polyethyleneglycol additive are the most efficient and up to date. Despite their effectiveness, these systems are questioned due to the petrochemical origin of PDMS. The aim of this project was to substitute the PDMS matrix with a biopolymer, poly(3-hydroxybuyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) and to improve its anti-adhesion properties through the elaboration of an amphiphilic system, via the addition of PEG or PHBHHx-b-PEG copolymer. The results, including the physico-chemical properties of PHBHV based coatings and static adhesion tests on a marine bacterium, Bacillus 4J6 and a diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum are compared with those of PDMS and PEG-modified PDMS coatings. Real antiadhesion activity was obtained for the PHBHV/PHBHHx-b-PEG system for a promising eco-friendly strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Guennec
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et de Chimie Marines, EA 3884, Université Bretagne Sud, Lorient Cedex, France
| | - L Brelle
- CNRS, ICMPE, UMR 7182, Université Paris Est Créteil, Thiais, France
| | - E Balnois
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et de Chimie Marines, EA 3884, Université de Brest, Quimper, France
| | - I Linossier
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et de Chimie Marines, EA 3884, Université Bretagne Sud, Lorient Cedex, France
| | - E Renard
- CNRS, ICMPE, UMR 7182, Université Paris Est Créteil, Thiais, France
| | - V Langlois
- CNRS, ICMPE, UMR 7182, Université Paris Est Créteil, Thiais, France
| | - F Faÿ
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et de Chimie Marines, EA 3884, Université Bretagne Sud, Lorient Cedex, France
| | - G Q Chen
- Center of Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Science, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - C Simon-Colin
- LM2E, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Brest, Plouzané, France
| | - K Vallée-Réhel
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et de Chimie Marines, EA 3884, Université Bretagne Sud, Lorient Cedex, France
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Fouilloux H, Thomas CM. Production and Polymerization of Biobased Acrylates and Analogs. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2000530. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Fouilloux
- PSL University Chimie ParisTech CNRS Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris Paris 75005 France
| | - Christophe M. Thomas
- PSL University Chimie ParisTech CNRS Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris Paris 75005 France
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Song X, Wang C, Shen Y, Liu F, Yu S, Ge X. Methanolysis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) catalyzed by ferric chloride. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyan Song
- College of Chemical Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao China
| | - Chan Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao China
| | - Yong Shen
- College of Chemical Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao China
| | - Fusheng Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao China
| | - Shitao Yu
- College of Chemical Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao China
| | - Xiaoping Ge
- College of Chemical Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao China
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Mangeon C, Renard E, Thevenieau F, Langlois V. Networks based on biodegradable polyesters: An overview of the chemical ways of crosslinking. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 80:760-770. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Effects of ( R )-3-hydroxyhexanoate units on thermal hydrolysis of poly(( R )-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-( R )-3-hydroxyhexanoate)s. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Changes in diad sequence distribution by preferential chain scission during the thermal hydrolysis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate). Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2016.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Yang X, Clénet J, Xu H, Odelius K, Hakkarainen M. Two Step Extrusion Process: From Thermal Recycling of PHB to Plasticized PLA by Reactive Extrusion Grafting of PHB Degradation Products onto PLA Chains. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yang
- Department of Fibre and Polymer
Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jocelyn Clénet
- Department of Fibre and Polymer
Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Huan Xu
- Department of Fibre and Polymer
Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Odelius
- Department of Fibre and Polymer
Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Minna Hakkarainen
- Department of Fibre and Polymer
Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lorenzini C, Renard E, Bensemhoun J, Babinot J, Versace DL, Langlois V. High glass transition temperature bio-based copolyesters from poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) and isosorbide. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Current application of controlled degradation processes in polymer modification and functionalization. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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Lemechko P, Renard E, Guezennec J, Simon-Colin C, Langlois V. Synthesis of dextran-graft-PHBHV amphiphilic copolymer using click chemistry approach. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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