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Truong VX, Ehrmann K, Seifermann M, Levkin PA, Barner-Kowollik C. Wavelength Orthogonal Photodynamic Networks. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104466. [PMID: 35213069 PMCID: PMC9310740 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability of light to remotely control the properties of soft matter materials in a dynamic fashion has fascinated material scientists and photochemists for decades. However, only recently has our ability to map photochemical reactivity in a finely wavelength resolved fashion allowed for different colors of light to independently control the material properties of polymer networks with high precision, driven by monochromatic irradiation enabling orthogonal reaction control. The current concept article highlights the progress in visible light‐induced photochemistry and explores how it has enabled the design of polymer networks with dynamically adjustable properties. We will explore current applications ranging from dynamic hydrogel design to the light‐driven adaptation of 3D printed structures on the macro‐ and micro‐scale. While the alternation of mechanical properties via remote control is largely reality for soft matter materials, we herein propose the next frontiers for adaptive properties, including remote switching between conductive and non‐conductive properties, hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces, fluorescent or non‐fluorescent, and cell adhesive vs. cell repellent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh X Truong
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Katharina Ehrmann
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Maximilian Seifermann
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Pl. 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Pavel A Levkin
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Pl. 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,Institute for Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Volarić J, Szymanski W, Simeth NA, Feringa BL. Molecular photoswitches in aqueous environments. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12377-12449. [PMID: 34590636 PMCID: PMC8591629 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00547a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches enable dynamic control of processes with high spatiotemporal precision, using light as external stimulus, and hence are ideal tools for different research areas spanning from chemical biology to smart materials. Photoswitches are typically organic molecules that feature extended aromatic systems to make them responsive to (visible) light. However, this renders them inherently lipophilic, while water-solubility is of crucial importance to apply photoswitchable organic molecules in biological systems, like in the rapidly emerging field of photopharmacology. Several strategies for solubilizing organic molecules in water are known, but there are not yet clear rules for applying them to photoswitchable molecules. Importantly, rendering photoswitches water-soluble has a serious impact on both their photophysical and biological properties, which must be taken into consideration when designing new systems. Altogether, these aspects pose considerable challenges for successfully applying molecular photoswitches in aqueous systems, and in particular in biologically relevant media. In this review, we focus on fully water-soluble photoswitches, such as those used in biological environments, in both in vitro and in vivo studies. We discuss the design principles and prospects for water-soluble photoswitches to inspire and enable their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Volarić
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nadja A Simeth
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Andrews MC, Peng P, Rajput A, Cozzolino AF. Modulation of the carboxamidine redox potential through photoinduced spiropyran or fulgimide isomerisation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29528073 DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00347a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Carboxamidines functionalized with either a spiropyran or fulgimide photoswitch were prepared on multigram scales. The thermal, electrochemical, and photochemical ring isomerizations of these compounds were studied and the results compared with related systems. The photochemical isomerisations were found to be reversible and could be followed by 1H NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy. The spiropyran/merocyanine couple was thermally active and an activation enthalpy of 116 kJ mol-1 was measured for ring-opening. These measurements yielded an enthalpy difference of 25 kJ mol-1 between the open and closed states which is consistent with DFT calculations. DFT calculations predicted a charge transfer to the carboxamidine group upon ring closure in the fulgimide and a charge transfer from the carboxamidine group upon switching the spiropyran to the merocyanine form. This was confirmed experimentally by monitoring the change in the oxidation potential assigned to the carboxamidine group. The potential of these molecules to therefore act as a new class of photoresponsive ligands that can modulate the ligand field of a complex is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Crawford Andrews
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, MS 41061, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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Ramkumar V, Anandhi S, Kannan P, Gopalakrishnan R. Substitution effect on chalcone based materials for corrosion and photocrosslinking applications. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10884a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxy (–OH) and benzyloxy (–OCH2Ph) substituted chalcone based crystalline materials were synthesized and characterized; these materials exhibited high corrosion inhibitor efficiency and enhanced photo-crosslinking applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Ramkumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Anna University
- Chennai-25
- India
| | - S. Anandhi
- Department of Physics
- Maamallan Institute of Technology
- Chennai
- India
| | - P. Kannan
- Department of Chemistry
- Anna University
- Chennai-25
- India
| | - R. Gopalakrishnan
- Crystal Research Laboratory
- Department of Physics
- Anna University
- Chennai-25
- India
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Nithyanandan S, Kannan P. Photo switchable pendant furyl and thienyl fulgimides containing polypyrroles. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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