1
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He H, Li F, Liu K, Zhan J, Wang X, Lai C, Yang X, Huang B, Pan X. The disinfectant residues promote the leaching of water contaminants from plastic pipe particles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 327:121577. [PMID: 37023886 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection treatment is an indispensable water purification process, but it can leave trace concentrations of disinfectant in the purified water. Disinfectants oxidation can age plastic pipes and release hazardous microplastics and chemicals into drinking water. Lengths of commercially-available unplasticized polyvinyl chloride and polypropylene random copolymer water pipe were ground into particles and exposed to micro-molar concentrations of ClO2, NaClO, trichloroisocyanuric acid, or O3 for up to 75 days. The disinfectants aged the plastic and changed its surface morphology and functional groups. Meanwhile, disinfectants could significantly promote the release of organic matter from plastic pipes into the water. ClO2 generated the highest concentrations of organic matter in the leachates from both plastics. Plasticizers, antioxidants and low molecular weight organic matter were detected in all of the leachates. Leachate samples inhibited the proliferation of CT26 mouse colon cancer and induced oxidative stress in the cells. Even trace concentrations of residual disinfectant can constitute a drinking water risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan He
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Fan Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Kunqian Liu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Juhong Zhan
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou, 215163, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Chaochao Lai
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control in Soils, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Xuejun Pan
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control in Soils, Kunming, 650500, China
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2
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Temperature dependent degradation of phenolic stabilizers and ageing behaviour of PP-R micro-specimen. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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3
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Tian R, Li K, Lin Y, Lu C, Duan X. Characterization Techniques of Polymer Aging: From Beginning to End. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3007-3088. [PMID: 36802560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Polymers have been widely applied in various fields in the daily routines and the manufacturing. Despite the awareness of the aggressive and inevitable aging for the polymers, it still remains a challenge to choose an appropriate characterization strategy for evaluating the aging behaviors. The difficulties lie in the fact that the polymer features from the different aging stages require different characterization methods. In this review, we present an overview of the characterization strategies preferable for the initial, accelerated, and late stages during polymer aging. The optimum strategies have been discussed to characterize the generation of radicals, variation of functional groups, substantial chain scission, formation of low-molecular products, and deterioration in the polymers' macro-performances. In view of the advantages and the limitations of these characterization techniques, their utilization in a strategic approach is considered. In addition, we highlight the structure-property relationship for the aged polymers and provide available guidance for lifetime prediction. This review could allow the readers to be knowledgeable of the features for the polymers in the different aging stages and provide access to choose the optimum characterization techniques. We believe that this review will attract the communities dedicated to materials science and chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kaitao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanjun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Chao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xue Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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4
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Bredács M, Kanatschnig E, Frank A, Oreski G, Pinter G, Gergely S. Identifying active and degraded phenolic antioxidants in aged PE with IR-microscopy. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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5
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Zha S, Lan HQ, Lin N, Meng T. Discussion on degradation and its characterization methods of polyethylene gas pipes after natural and accelerated aging. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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6
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Li Y, Tian R, Wang P, Li K, Lu C. Fluorescence monitoring of the degradation evolution of aliphatic polyesters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8818-8821. [PMID: 35848468 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02150a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To provide lifecycle monitoring for degradable polymers, we have proposed a three-dimensional fluorescence monitoring and quantification method to simultaneously study the thermal and photothermal degradation by combining the intrinsic conjugation and probe-labelled carboxyl of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 10029, China.
| | - Rui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 10029, China.
| | - Peili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 10029, China.
| | - Kaitao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 10029, China.
| | - Chao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 10029, China. .,Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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7
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Khan IA, Lee KH, Lee YS, Kim JO. Degradation analysis of polymeric pipe materials used for water supply systems under various disinfectant conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132669. [PMID: 34710447 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Addition of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) or sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as a disinfectant in municipal water distribution systems is a common practice to deactivate micropollutants, but their impact on the pipe material with long-term exposure has not been discussed in detail. In this study, accelerated aging experiments were conducted for evaluating the oxidation of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), unplasticized polyvinylidene chloride (UPVC), and high-impact polyvinylidene chloride (Hi-PVC) pipes. The pipes were immersed in deionized (DI) water, ClO2, and NaOCl (2 mg/L, 5 mg/L, and 10 mg/L doses) for 1200 h of aging at 40 °C. The variations in the pipes structural, thermal, and mechanical characteristics were systematically investigated by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared radiation (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and a universal testing machine (UTM). The formation of carbonyl groups due to methylene groups (C-C/C-H) oxidation resulted in an increased carbonyl index (CI) of the material exposed to accelerated aging conditions. Moreover, the XPS and ATR-FTIR results elucidated that the oxidation patterns under the exposure conditions followed from ketone/aldehyde formation to carboxylate groups (carboxylic acid/ester). The pipes were more vulnerable to the ClO2 compared to the DI water and NaOCl solution exposure. The increase in crystallinity and the decrease in oxidation induction time (OIT) of the pipe materials confirmed that the loss of stabilizer and changes in the chain alignment resulted in chain secession, loss of ductility, and lower percent elongation at break. Furthermore, results also elucidated that oxidative stability of the HDPE/UPVC was greater than that of the LDPE/Hi-PVC under disinfectant exposure regardless of the concentration and duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiaz Afzal Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kang Hoon Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Oh Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Zefirov VV, Elmanovich IV, Stakhanov AI, Pavlov AA, Stakhanova SV, Kharitonova EP, Gallyamov MO. A New Look at the Chemical Recycling of Polypropylene: Thermal Oxidative Destruction in Aqueous Oxygen-Enriched Medium. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040744. [PMID: 35215656 PMCID: PMC8878291 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recycling of plastic waste, in particular polypropylene, represents one of the most pressing challenges facing humanity. Despite the promise of chemical methods for recycling polypropylene, they usually require a high temperature and are energy-intensive. In this work, we investigated the oxidative thermolysis of polypropylene in aqueous media. This approach rendered it possible to carry out the decomposition of the polymer at a comparatively low temperature (150 °C). It was shown that among the tested, the most promising aqueous medium for the decomposition of polypropylene is water saturated with gaseous oxygen at an elevated pressure (14 bar) and at a temperature of 150 °C. In such an environment, polypropylene was converted mostly to acetic acid (up to 1.3 g/g acetic acid to starting polypropylene mass ratio). Moreover, methanol, formic acid, and propionic acid were also detected as the products. Finally, the applicability of the proposed recycling method to real polypropylene waste was shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim V. Zefirov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St. 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.E.); (A.I.S.); (A.A.P.); (M.O.G.)
- Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-2, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Igor V. Elmanovich
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St. 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.E.); (A.I.S.); (A.A.P.); (M.O.G.)
- Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-2, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Andrey I. Stakhanov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St. 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.E.); (A.I.S.); (A.A.P.); (M.O.G.)
| | - Alexander A. Pavlov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St. 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.E.); (A.I.S.); (A.A.P.); (M.O.G.)
| | - Svetlana V. Stakhanova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Elena P. Kharitonova
- Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-2, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Marat O. Gallyamov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St. 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.E.); (A.I.S.); (A.A.P.); (M.O.G.)
- Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-2, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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9
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Effect of Poly(acrylamide-acrylic acid) on the Fire Resistance and Anti-Aging Properties of Transparent Flame-Retardant Hydrogel Applied in Fireproof Glass. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213668. [PMID: 34771226 PMCID: PMC8587740 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(acrylamide-acrylic acid) (P(AM-co-AA)) was synthesized via the copolymerization of acrylamide and acrylic acid and well characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Afterward, the obtained P(AM-co-AA) was blended with flame retardants to prepare transparent flame-retardant hydrogel applied in the fireproof glass. The influence of poly(acrylamide-acrylic acid) on fire resistance and anti-aging properties of the transparent flame-retardant hydrogels were studied by assorted analysis methods. The optical transparency analysis shows that the light transmittance of the transparent flame-retardant hydrogel gradually decreases with the decreasing mass ratio of acrylamide to acrylic acid in P(AM-co-AA). Heat insulation testing shows that the heat insulation performance of fireproof glass applying the transparent flame-retardant hydrogel firstly decreases and then increases with decreasing mass ratio of acrylamide to acrylic acid in P(AM-co-AA). When the mass ratio of acrylamide to acrylic acid is 1:2, the obtained P(AM-co-AA) endows the resulting flame-retardant hydrogel applied in fireproof glass with the lowest light transmittance of 81.3% and lowest backside temperature of 131.4 °C at 60 min among the samples, which is attributed to the formation of a more dense and expanded char to prevent the heat transfer during combustion, as supported by the digital photos of char residues. The results of TG analysis indicate that P(AM-co-AA) imparts high thermal stability to the resulting hydrogels due to the hydrogen bonds between carboxyl and amide groups. The accelerated aging test shows that the transparent flame-retardant hydrogel containing P(AM-co-AA) is less affected by aging conditions. Especially, when the mass ratio of acrylamide to acrylic acid in P(AM-co-AA) is 4:1, the resulting transparent flame-retardant hydrogel shows a light transmittance of 82.9% and backside temperature of 173.1 °C at 60 min after 7 aging cycles, exhibiting the best comprehensive properties among the samples.
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10
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Khalid HU, Ismail MC, Nosbi N. Degradation Monitoring of HDPE Material in CO 2-Saturated NaCl Environment through Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Technique. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:2823. [PMID: 34070568 PMCID: PMC8198556 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Extensive damage due to saturated seawater and CO2 exposure under high temperature and pressure in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) has been studied by Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The degradation of square-shaped HDPE samples having 1 mm thickness was investigated at 70 bars with 60, 75, and 90 °C separately for three weeks in an autoclave chamber. A clear indication of aging was observed in terms of chain scission by the formation of the methyl group (1262 cm-1), and the appearance of degradation products, including the alcohol and hydroxyl groups. The decline in glass transition temperature (Tg), melting point (Tm), and crystallinity (Xc) result from branching and formation of degradation products in the aged samples. TGA results reveal that the degradation shifts the characteristic temperatures (T5% and T10%) to lower values compared to virgin HDPE. FESEM images show clear surface cracks and rough patches after 3 weeks. The Xc value increased due to chain mobility at higher temperatures (90 °C). The impedance is relatively high 1011 ohms.cm-2 for a virgin sample, but it drops down to 109 and 106 after degradation. Impedance and dielectric loss were correlated, and the significance of dielectric loss was observed at lower frequencies. These characterizations will contribute to more efficient and detailed evaluation criteria for degradation monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Usman Khalid
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Perak 32610, Malaysia; (M.C.I.); (N.N.)
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11
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Qi G, Yan H, Qi D, Li H, Kong L, Ding H. Investigations of polyethylene of raised temperature resistance service performance using autoclave test under sour medium conditions. E-POLYMERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2021-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The chapter deals with the performance evaluation of the polyethylene of raised temperature resistance (PE-RT) and polyethylene (PE) using autoclave test under sour oil and gas medium conditions. The analyses of performance changes showed that PE-RT has good media resistance at 60°C. As the temperature increases, its mechanical properties decrease, accompanied by an increase in weight. Comparative analyses showed that no matter what temperature conditions are, PE-RT media resistance is better than PE80. The better media resistance of PE-RT depends on its higher degree of branching. Short branches are distributed between the crystals to form a connection between the crystals, thereby improving its heat resistance and stress under high-temperature conditions. PE-RT forms an excellent three-dimensional network structure through copolymerization, ensuring that it has better media resistance than PE80. However, the mechanical performance will be attenuated due to the high service temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoquan Qi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi’an 710129 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Performance and Structural Safety for Petroleum Tubular Goods and Equipment Materials, CNPC Tubular Goods Research Institute , Xi’an 710077 , China
| | - Hongxia Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi’an 710129 , China
| | - Dongtao Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Performance and Structural Safety for Petroleum Tubular Goods and Equipment Materials, CNPC Tubular Goods Research Institute , Xi’an 710077 , China
| | - Houbu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Performance and Structural Safety for Petroleum Tubular Goods and Equipment Materials, CNPC Tubular Goods Research Institute , Xi’an 710077 , China
| | - Lushi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Performance and Structural Safety for Petroleum Tubular Goods and Equipment Materials, CNPC Tubular Goods Research Institute , Xi’an 710077 , China
| | - Han Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi’an 710129 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Performance and Structural Safety for Petroleum Tubular Goods and Equipment Materials, CNPC Tubular Goods Research Institute , Xi’an 710077 , China
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12
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Plastic Bottle Cap Recycling—Characterization of Recyclate Composition and Opportunities for Design for Circularity. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su122410378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In line with efforts to create a circular economy of plastics, recent EU legislation is strengthening plastic bottle recycling by ambitious separate collection targets and mandatory recycled content obligations. Furthermore, explicit design requirements on the caps of bottles and composite beverage packaging have been introduced. These caps are typically made of polyethylene or polypropylene and often contain additives such as slip agents and anti-statics. Commercially available bottle cap recyclates (BCRs) as well as specifically formulated model compounds were analyzed in terms of composition by means of infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and high-performance liquid chromatography. Their composition was found to be heterogeneous due to polyolefin cross-contamination, directly reflecting the diversity of cap materials present in the market. Slip agent legacy additives originating from the initial use phase were found and quantified in both commercial and model cap recyclates. This highlights the opportunity for redesigning plastic bottle caps not only in response to regulatory requirements, but to pursue a more comprehensive strategy of product design for circularity. By including considerations of polymer resin and additive choice in cap manufacturing, more homogeneous waste streams could be derived from plastic bottle cap recycling, enabling recycling into more demanding and valuable applications.
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13
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Khalid HU, Ismail MC, Nosbi N. Permeation Damage of Polymer Liner in Oil and Gas Pipelines: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102307. [PMID: 33050120 PMCID: PMC7601364 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-metallic pipe (NMP) materials are used as an internal lining and standalone pipes in the oil and gas industry, constituting an emerging corrosion strategy. The NMP materials are inherently susceptible to gradual damage due to creep, fatigue, permeation, processing defects, and installation blunder. In the presence of acid gases (CO2, H2S), and hydrocarbons under high pressure and temperature, the main damage is due to permeation. The monitoring of possible damage due to permeation is not well defined, which leads to uncertainty in asset integrity management. Assessment of permeation damage is currently performed through mechanical, thermal, chemical, and structural properties, employing Tensile Test, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)/Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), to evaluate the change in tensile strength, elongation, weight loss or gain, crystallinity, chemical properties, and molecular structure. Coupons are commonly used to analyze the degradation of polymers. They are point sensors and did not give real-time information. Polymers are dielectric materials, and this dielectric property can be studied using Impedance Analyzer and Dielectric Spectroscopy. This review presents a brief status report on the failure of polymer liners in pipelines due to the exposure of acid gases, hydrocarbons, and other contaminants. Permeation, liner failures, the importance of monitoring, and new exclusive (dielectric) property are briefly discussed. An inclusive perspective is provided, showing the challenges associated with the monitoring of the polymer liner material in the pipeline as it relates to the life-time prediction requirement.
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14
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Chen G, Yang Y, Zhou C, Zhou Z, Yan D. Thermal‐oxidative aging performance and life prediction of polyethylene pipe under cyclic and constant internal pressure. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Chen
- School of Mechanical and Automotive EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong 510641 People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Mechanical and Automotive EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong 510641 People's Republic of China
| | - Chilou Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Automotive EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong 510641 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihang Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Automotive EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong 510641 People's Republic of China
| | - Dapeng Yan
- School of Mechanical and Automotive EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong 510641 People's Republic of China
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15
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Sago T. Local chemical environment in hexane-methylethylketone solutions as a model of polyethylene degradation investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Chabira SF, Benhorma HA, Hiver JM, Godard O, Ponçot M, Royaud I, Dahoun A, Sebaa M. Impact of the Structural Changes on the Fracture Behavior of Naturally Weathered Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Films. J MACROMOL SCI B 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2019.1565126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salem Fouad Chabira
- Engineering Process Department, Mechanics Laboratory (lme)-RFME, Amar Telidji University, Laghouat, Algérie
| | - Hadj Aissa Benhorma
- Engineering Process Department, Mechanics Laboratory (lme)-RFME, Amar Telidji University, Laghouat, Algérie
| | - Jean Marie Hiver
- Institut Jean Lamour, Département, Université De Lorraine, Parc De Saurupt, Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Godard
- Institut Jean Lamour, Département, Université De Lorraine, Parc De Saurupt, Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Marc Ponçot
- Institut Jean Lamour, Département, Université De Lorraine, Parc De Saurupt, Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Royaud
- Institut Jean Lamour, Département, Université De Lorraine, Parc De Saurupt, Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Abdesselam Dahoun
- Institut Jean Lamour, Département, Université De Lorraine, Parc De Saurupt, Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Mohamed Sebaa
- Engineering Process Department, Mechanics Laboratory (lme)-RFME, Amar Telidji University, Laghouat, Algérie
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17
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Biver T, Bianchi S, Carosi MR, Ceccarini A, Corti A, Manco E, Castelvetro V. Selective determination of poly(styrene) and polyolefin microplastics in sandy beach sediments by gel permeation chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 136:269-275. [PMID: 30509807 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics generated by plastics waste degradation are ubiquitous in marine and freshwater basins, posing serious environmental concerns. Raman and FTIR spectroscopies, along with techniques such as pyrolysis-GC/MS, are typically used for their identification. We present a procedure based on gel permeation chromatography (GPC) coupled with fluorescence detection for semi-quantitative selective determination of the most common microplastics found in marine shoreline sediments: poly(styrene) (PS) and partially degraded polyolefins (LDPEox). By operating the detector at either 260/280 or 370/420 nm excitation/emission wavelengths PS can be distinguished from LDPEox upon GPC separation. Semi-quantitative determination of microplastics contents is also possible: dichloromethane extracts of PS and LDPEox yield linear plots of fluorescence peak area vs concentration (0-5.0 mg/mL range) and were used as reference materials for quantification of the microplastics content in sand samples collected in the winter berm and dune sectors of a Tuscany beach in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarita Biver
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Carosi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessio Ceccarini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Corti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Enrico Manco
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Valter Castelvetro
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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Hamzah M, Khenfouch M, Rjeb A, Sayouri S, Houssaini DS, Darhouri M, Srinivasu VV. Surface chemistry changes and microstructure evaluation of low density nanocluster polyethylene under natural weathering: A spectroscopic investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/984/1/012010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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19
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20
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Steffen R, Setyamukti H, Wallner G, Geretschläger K, Röder B. Kinetics of degradation-induced polymer luminescence: Polyamide under dry heat exposure. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Li C, Sun P, Guo S, Zhang Z, Wang J. Relationship between bridged groups and antioxidant activity for aliphatic diamine bridged hindered phenol in polyolefins. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cuiqin Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Northeast Petroleum University; Daqing Heilongjiang 163318 China
| | - Peng Sun
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Northeast Petroleum University; Daqing Heilongjiang 163318 China
| | - Suyue Guo
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Northeast Petroleum University; Daqing Heilongjiang 163318 China
| | - Zhiqiu Zhang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Northeast Petroleum University; Daqing Heilongjiang 163318 China
| | - Jun Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Northeast Petroleum University; Daqing Heilongjiang 163318 China
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22
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Wang J, Wang Y, Song L, Wang H, Wang J, Li C. Synthesis and antioxidant capacity of a C12-naphthylamine antioxidant in polyethylene. Polym Bull (Berl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-017-1917-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Discoloration Effects of High-Dose γ-Irradiation and Long-Term Thermal Aging of (U)HMW-PE. INT J POLYM SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/1362491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two polyethylene types with ultra-high (UHMW-PE) and high molecular weight (HMW-PE) used as neutron radiation shielding materials in casks for radioactive waste were irradiated with doses up to 600 kGy using a 60Co gamma source. Subsequently, thermal aging at 125°C was applied for up to one year. Degradation effects in the materials were characterized using colorimetry, UV-Vis spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and DSC. Both materials exhibited a yellowing upon irradiation. The discoloration of UHMW-PE disappeared again after thermal aging. Therefore, the yellowing is assumed to originate from annealable color centers in the form of free radicals that are trapped in the crystalline regions of the polymer and recombine at elevated temperatures. For the antioxidant-containing HMW-PE, yellowing was observed after both irradiation and thermal aging. The color change was correlated mainly to decomposition products of the antioxidant in addition to trapped radicals as in UHMW-PE. Additionally, black spots appeared after thermal aging of HMW-PE.
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Steffen R, Wallner G, Rekstad J, Röder B. General characteristics of photoluminescence from dry heat aged polymeric materials. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Czochara R, Kusio J, Symonowicz M, Litwinienko G. Fullerene C60 Derivatives as High-Temperature Inhibitors of Oxidative Degradation of Saturated Hydrocarbons. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b02564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Czochara
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Kusio
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Symonowicz
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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Maringer L, Himmelsbach M, Nadlinger M, Wallner G, Buchberger W. Structure elucidation of photoluminescent degradation products from polyolefins and evaluation of stabilizer formulations. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Grabmayer K, Beißmann S, Wallner GM, Nitsche D, Schnetzinger K, Buchberger W, Schobermayr H, Lang RW. Characterization of the influence of specimen thickness on the aging behavior of a polypropylene based model compound. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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