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Parcheta-Szwindowska P, Habaj J, Krzemińska I, Datta J. A Comprehensive Review of Reactive Flame Retardants for Polyurethane Materials: Current Development and Future Opportunities in an Environmentally Friendly Direction. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5512. [PMID: 38791552 PMCID: PMC11121908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyurethanes are among the most significant types of polymers in development; these materials are used to produce construction products intended for work in various conditions. Nowadays, it is important to develop methods for fire load reduction by using new kinds of additives or monomers containing elements responsible for materials' fire resistance. Currently, additive antipyrines or reactive flame retardants can be used during polyurethane material processing. The use of additives usually leads to the migration or volatilization of the additive to the surface of the material, which causes the loss of the resistance and aesthetic values of the product. Reactive flame retardants form compounds containing special functional groups that can be chemically bonded with monomers during polymerization, which can prevent volatilization or migration to the surface of the material. In this study, reactive flame retardants are compared. Their impacts on polyurethane flame retardancy, combustion mechanism, and environment are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Parcheta-Szwindowska
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (J.H.); (I.K.); (J.D.)
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Dong M, Xia W, Xu T. Development of a Sustainable Biobased Flame-Retardant Microcapsule and Its Flame-Retarding Mechanism on Asphalt Combustion. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:1425-1438. [PMID: 38173185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
To develop an efficient, sustainable, and eco-friendly biobased flame-retardant microcapsule suitable for the working environments of tunnel asphalt pavement and reveal its flame-retarding mechanism on asphalt combustion, microencapsulated amylopectin (MAMP) was first prepared using an in situ polymerization method. Changes in the basic properties of amylopectin (AMP) and its compatibility with asphalt after microencapsulation were studied. Then, the flame retarding efficiency and improvement effects of MAMP on the flame retardancy of asphalt were investigated. Results show that melamine formaldehyde (MF) resin is evenly coated on the AMP surface without changing the chemical composition of AMP, increasing the thermal stability of AMP and the compatibility between AMP and asphalt. MAMP reacts with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to release a number of incombustible gases to delay asphalt combustion at early stages and subsequently dehydrates to form a stable starch-based charring layer to suppress heat and mass transfer during asphalt combustion, improving the fire safety of asphalt materials. The added 3% MAMP can reduce the total enthalpy value of all exothermic peaks of the 10% APP-modified asphalt by 43.6%. As a carbonization agent, MAMP produces a charring layer with higher heat capacity during asphalt combustion, exerting an excellent inhibition effect on heat release. This study provides a reference for the application of biobased materials in flame-retarded asphalt pavements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Dong
- College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjing Xia
- College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Xu
- College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
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Han S, Li J, Ding Q, Zang J, Lu Y, Zhang L, Hu L. Effects of Processing Conditions on the Properties of Monoammonium Phosphate Microcapsules with Melamine-Formaldehyde Resin Shell. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2991. [PMID: 37514381 PMCID: PMC10385195 DOI: 10.3390/polym15142991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To develop monoammonium phosphate (MAP) as a novel acid source for durable intumescent fire retardants (IFR), MAP microcapsules (MCMAPs) containing MAP as the internal core and melamine-formaldehyde (MF) as the external shell were prepared by in situ polymerization in this study. The influences of synthesis conditions (including reaction temperature, polymerization time, and reaction pH value) on the properties of obtained MCMAPs (MAP content, yield, morphologies, and thermal properties) were then investigated systematically. The morphologies, chemical structures, and thermal properties were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry analyzer (TGA). The results show that MAP was well encapsulated by MF resin. No microcapsules are obtained at <55 °C or with polymerization times <1 h. Optimal preparation conditions of reaction temperature, polymerization time, and reaction pH value are 75 °C, 3 h, and 5.5, respectively. Those results provide process reference and theoretical basis for preparing MCMAPs and could promote the application of MAP microcapsules in wood flame-retardant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenjie Han
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Technology in Environmental Protection of Jiangsu Province, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Jingpeng Li
- Key Laboratory of High Efficient Processing of Bamboo of Zhejiang Province, China National Bamboo Research Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Qingyun Ding
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Jian Zang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Yulian Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Longfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Technology of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - La Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Superior Timber Trees Resource Cultivation, Engineering Research Center of Masson Pine of State Forestry Administration, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, Nanning 530002, China
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Jiang L, Gao M, Xiao L, Wang X, Zhou W. Improving the flame retardancy efficiency and mechanical properties of the intumescent flame retarded low‐density polyethylene by the dual actions of polyurea microencapsulation and aluminum hypophosphite. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Licong Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
| | - Ming Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
| | - Leqin Xiao
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
| | - Xinlong Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
| | - Weiliang Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
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Wang Y, Piao J, Ren J, Feng T, Wang Y, Liu W, Dong H, Chen W, Jiao C, Chen X. Simultaneously improving the hydrophobic property and flame retardancy of aluminum hypophosphite using rare earth based coupling agent for epoxy composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaofei Wang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Junxiu Piao
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyong Ren
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Feng
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Yaxuan Wang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Huixin Dong
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjiao Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanmei Jiao
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Xilei Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong People's Republic of China
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Pham ST, Tieu AK, Sencadas V, Joseph P, Arun M, Cortie D. Thermoresponsive Hybrid Colloidal Capsules as an Inorganic Additive for Fire-Resistant Silicone-Based Coatings. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang T. Pham
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Science, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Anh Kiet Tieu
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Vitor Sencadas
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO─Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paul Joseph
- Institute of Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Malavika Arun
- Institute of Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - David Cortie
- Institute of Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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Xu J, Wang T, Ren S, Kang C, Niu L, Fan J, Li C. Research on preparation of nano-Sb 2O 3@Br-VERs core-shell composite particles. PARTICULATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/02726351.2021.1998268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shibo Ren
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chenghu Kang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lei Niu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiliang Fan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chengsi Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
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Li Y, Qi L, Liu Y, Qiao J, Wang M, Liu X, Li S. Recent Advances in Halogen-Free Flame Retardants for Polyolefin Cable Sheath Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142876. [PMID: 35890652 PMCID: PMC9322620 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With the continuous advancements of urbanization, the demand for power cables is increasing to replace overhead lines for energy transmission and distribution. Due to undesirable scenarios, e.g., the short circuit or poor contact, the cables can cause fire. The cable sheath has a significant effect on fire expansion. Thus, it is of great significance to carry out research on flame-retardant modification for cable sheath material to prevent fire accidents. With the continuous environmental concern, polyolefin (PO) is expected to gradually replace polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for cable sheath material. Moreover, the halogen-free flame retardants (FRs), which are the focus of this paper, will replace the ones with halogen gradually. The halogen-free FRs used in PO cable sheath material can be divided into inorganic flame retardant, organic flame retardant, and intumescent flame retardant (IFR). However, most FRs will cause severe damage to the mechanical properties of the PO cable sheath material, mainly reflected in the elongation at break and tensile strength. Therefore, the cooperative modification of PO materials for flame retardancy and mechanical properties has become a research hotspot. For this review, about 240 works from the literature related to FRs used in PO materials were investigated. It is shown that the simultaneous improvement for flame retardancy and mechanical properties mainly focuses on surface treatment technology, nanotechnology, and the cooperative effect of multiple FRs. The principle is mainly to improve the compatibility of FRs with PO polymers and/or increase the efficiency of FRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Leijie Qi
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Yifan Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Junjie Qiao
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Maotao Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xinyue Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Shasha Li
- State Grid Hebei Baoding Electric Power Company Limited, Baoding 071051, China;
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Ding D, Liu Y, Lu Y, Liao Y, Chen Y, Zhang G, Zhang F. Highly effective and durable P-N synergistic flame retardant containing ammonium phosphate and phosphonate for cotton fabrics. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Lin CF, Karlsson O, Kim I, Myronycheva O, Mensah RA, Försth M, Das O, Mantanis GI, Jones D, Sandberg D. Fire Retardancy and Leaching Resistance of Furfurylated Pine Wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) Treated with Guanyl-Urea Phosphate. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091829. [PMID: 35567003 PMCID: PMC9104981 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanyl-urea phosphate (GUP) was introduced into furfurylated wood in order to improve fire retardancy. Modified wood was produced via vacuum-pressure impregnation of the GUP–furfuryl alcohol (FA) aqueous solution, which was then polymerized at elevated temperature. The water leaching resistance of the treated wood was tested according to European standard EN 84, while the leached water was analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and inductively coupled plasma–sector field mass spectrometry (ICP-SFMS). This new type of furfurylated wood was further characterized in the laboratory by evaluating its morphology and elemental composition using optical microscopy and electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX). The chemical functionality was detected using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the fire resistance was tested using cone calorimetry. The dimensional stability was evaluated in wet–dry soaking cycle tests, along with the mechanical properties, such as the Brinell hardness and bending strength. The fire retardancy of the modified furfurylated wood indicated that the flammability of wood can be depressed to some extent by introducing GUP. This was reflected in an observed reduction in heat release rate (HRR2) from 454.8 to 264.9 kW/m2, without a reduction in the material properties. In addition, this leaching-resistant furfurylated wood exhibited higher fire retardancy compared to conventional furfurylated wood. A potential method for producing fire-retardant treated furfurylated wood stable to water exposure has been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Feng Lin
- Wood Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, SE-931 77 Skelleftea, Sweden; (O.K.); (I.K.); (O.M.); (D.J.); (D.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-910-585308
| | - Olov Karlsson
- Wood Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, SE-931 77 Skelleftea, Sweden; (O.K.); (I.K.); (O.M.); (D.J.); (D.S.)
| | - Injeong Kim
- Wood Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, SE-931 77 Skelleftea, Sweden; (O.K.); (I.K.); (O.M.); (D.J.); (D.S.)
| | - Olena Myronycheva
- Wood Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, SE-931 77 Skelleftea, Sweden; (O.K.); (I.K.); (O.M.); (D.J.); (D.S.)
| | - Rhoda Afriyie Mensah
- Structural and Fire Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Lulea, Sweden; (R.A.M.); (M.F.); (O.D.)
| | - Michael Försth
- Structural and Fire Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Lulea, Sweden; (R.A.M.); (M.F.); (O.D.)
| | - Oisik Das
- Structural and Fire Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Lulea, Sweden; (R.A.M.); (M.F.); (O.D.)
| | - George I. Mantanis
- Laboratory of Wood Science and Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Wood Sciences and Design, University of Thessaly, GR-431 00 Karditsa, Greece;
| | - Dennis Jones
- Wood Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, SE-931 77 Skelleftea, Sweden; (O.K.); (I.K.); (O.M.); (D.J.); (D.S.)
- Department of Wood Processing and Biomaterials, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Praha 6-Suchdol, CZ-16521 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dick Sandberg
- Wood Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, SE-931 77 Skelleftea, Sweden; (O.K.); (I.K.); (O.M.); (D.J.); (D.S.)
- Department of Wood Processing and Biomaterials, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Praha 6-Suchdol, CZ-16521 Prague, Czech Republic
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Xu J, Yang H, Luo Z, Wu D, Cao G. Synergistic effects of core@double-shell structured magnesium hydroxide microcapsules on flame retardancy and smoke suppression in flexible poly(vinyl chloride). RSC Adv 2022; 12:2914-2927. [PMID: 35425324 PMCID: PMC8979050 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09030e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to develop an effective flame retardant for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), a core@double-shell structured magnesium hydroxide@9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide@melamine formaldehyde resin (MH@DOPO@ MF) encapsulated flame retardant was prepared. Its flame retardancy and smoke suppression effects in flexible PVC were investigated. Results show that the PVC/10 wt% MH@DOPO@MF composite has the best flame retardancy and smoke suppression performance in comparison with pure flexible PVC and the PVC/20 wt% MH composite. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the PVC/10 wt% MH@DOPO@MF composite was ∼30.8%, achieving a V-1 rating in the UL-94 test. MH@DOPO@MF in PVC remarkably increases the yields of the residual char and drastically decreased the heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), smoke production rate (SPR) and total smoke production (TSP). The mechanical property testing showed that MH@DOPO@MF had slight damage on the tensile strength and elongation at break of PVC. This is ascribed to the synergistic flame-retardant effects of MH coordination with DOPO and MF. The present work demonstrates that the core@double-shell structured microcapsule (MH@DOPO@MF) prepared in this efficient manner has good flame retardancy and smoke suppression, and may provide a candidate flame retardant for applying in flexible PVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshui Xu
- Shantou Guangyou-Malion New Materials Research Institute, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology Maoming 525000 China
| | - Haiying Yang
- Shantou Guangyou-Malion New Materials Research Institute, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology Maoming 525000 China
| | - Zibo Luo
- Shantou Guangyou-Malion New Materials Research Institute, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology Maoming 525000 China
| | - Dang Wu
- Shantou Guangyou-Malion New Materials Research Institute, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology Maoming 525000 China
| | - Gengyu Cao
- Shantou Guangyou-Malion New Materials Research Institute, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology Maoming 525000 China
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Jia P, Ma C, Lu J, Yang W, Jiang X, Jiang G, Yin Z, Qiu Y, Qian L, Yu X, Hu Y, Hu W, Wang B. Design of copper salt@graphene nanohybrids to accomplish excellent resilience and superior fire safety for flexible polyurethane foam. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 606:1205-1218. [PMID: 34492459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.08.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) is the most commonly used polyurethane, but its highly flammable characteristics makes it ignite easily and release a lot of heat and toxic gases. Here, the effect of different forms of copper salt modified graphene (rGO@CuO, rGO@Cu2O and rGO@CSOH) on improving the fire protection efficiency and mechanical property of FPUF is explored. Hybrid FPUF is characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimeter, thermogravimetric analysis/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-IR), tension, compression, and falling ball rebound testing. Compared with pure FPUF, the FPUF/rGO@CSOH show a significant decreasement in reducing the heat release of FPUF, the PHRR and THR are reduced by 36.9% and 29.4%, respectively. While the FPUF/rGO@Cu2O demonstrate excellent smoke and toxic gases suppression in FPUF, the PSPR and TSR are reduced by 24.6% and 51.9%, and the COP and COY are also reduced by 51.9% and 55.3%, respectively. After adding the copper salt hybrid, the buffering performance of FPUF did not change. Fortunately, the tensile and compressive strength increase obviously. The flame retardant and smoke suppression mechanism of hybrid FPUF has also been studied. This article gives a effective strategy for the preparation of FPUF with outstanding mechanical property, flame retardant and smoke suppression properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Chao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Jingyi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Wenhao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Xin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Guangyong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Zhenting Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Yong Qiu
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Lijun Qian
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiaoli Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Baiyunobo Rare Earth Resource Researches and Comprehensive Utilization, Baotou Research Institute of Rare Earths, Baotou 014030, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Weizhao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.
| | - Bibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.
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Luo X, Dong Y, Gu C, Zhang X, Ma H. Processing Technologies for Bee Products: An Overview of Recent Developments and Perspectives. Front Nutr 2021; 8:727181. [PMID: 34805239 PMCID: PMC8595947 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.727181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased demand for a more balanced, healthy, and safe diet has accelerated studies on natural bee products (including honey, bee bread, bee collected pollen royal jelly, propolis, beeswax, and bee venom) over the past decade. Advanced food processing techniques, such as ultrasonication and microwave and infrared (IR) irradiation, either has gained popularity as alternatives or combined with conventional processing techniques for diverse applications in apiculture products at laboratory or industrial scale. The processing techniques used for each bee products have comprehensively summarized in this review, including drying (traditional drying, infrared drying, microwave-assisted traditional drying or vacuum drying, and low temperature high velocity-assisted fluidized bed drying), storage, extraction, isolation, and identification; the assessment methods related to the quality control of bee products are also fully mentioned. The different processing techniques applied in bee products aim to provide more healthy active ingredients largely and effectively. Furthermore, improved the product quality with a shorter processing time and reduced operational cost are achieved using conventional or emerging processing techniques. This review will increase the positive ratings of the combined new processing techniques according to the needs of the bee products. The importance of the models for process optimization on a large scale is also emphasized in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Luo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yating Dong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chen Gu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xueli Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Haile Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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14
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Jin X, Cui S, Sun S, Sun J, Zhang S. The Preparation and Characterization of Polylactic Acid Composites with Chitin-Based Intumescent Flame Retardants. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3513. [PMID: 34685273 PMCID: PMC8536992 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a novel intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system was fabricated by the introduction of chitin as a green charring agent, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as the acid source, and melamine (MEL) as the gas source. The obtained chitin-based IFR was then incorporated into a polylactic acid (PLA) matrix using melt compounding. The fire resistance of PLA/chitin composites was investigated via the limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 vertical burning, and cone calorimeter (CONE) tests. The results demonstrated that the combination of 10%APP, 5%chitin and 5%MEL could result in a 26.0% LOI, a V-0 rating after UL and a 51.2% reduction in the peak heat release rate during the CONE test. Based on the mechanism analysis from both the morphology and the chemical structure of the char, it was suggested that chitin was a promising candidate as a charring agent for chitin reacted with APP and MEL with the formation of an intumescent layer on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Jin
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (X.J.); (S.C.)
| | - Suping Cui
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (X.J.); (S.C.)
| | - Shibing Sun
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (X.J.); (S.C.)
| | - Jun Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (J.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (J.S.); (S.Z.)
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15
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Jia P, Cheng W, Lu J, Yin Z, Xu Z, Cheng L, Qiu Y, Qian L, Hu Y, Hu W, Wang B. Applications of GO/OA‐POSS Layer‐by‐Layer self‐assembly nanocoating on flame retardancy and smoke suppression of flexible polyurethane foam. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Wenhua Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Jingyi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Zhenting Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Zhoumei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Liang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Yong Qiu
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardancys for Polymers Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Lijun Qian
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardancys for Polymers Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Weizhao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Bibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
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16
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Ilyas RA, Sapuan SM, Asyraf MRM, Dayana DAZN, Amelia JJN, Rani MSA, Norrrahim MNF, Nurazzi NM, Aisyah HA, Sharma S, Ishak MR, Rafidah M, Razman MR. Polymer Composites Filled with Metal Derivatives: A Review of Flame Retardants. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1701. [PMID: 34070960 PMCID: PMC8196982 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer composites filled with metal derivatives have been widely used in recent years, particularly as flame retardants, due to their superior characteristics, including high thermal behavior, low environmental degradation, and good fire resistance. The hybridization of metal and polymer composites produces various favorable properties, making them ideal materials for various advanced applications. The fire resistance performance of polymer composites can be enhanced by increasing the combustion capability of composite materials through the inclusion of metallic fireproof materials to protect the composites. The final properties of the metal-filled thermoplastic composites depend on several factors, including pore shape and distribution and morphology of metal particles. For example, fire safety equipment uses polyester thermoplastic and antimony sources with halogenated additives. The use of metals as additives in composites has captured the attention of researchers worldwide due to safety concern in consideration of people's life and public properties. This review establishes the state-of-art flame resistance properties of metals/polymer composites for numerous industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (D.A.Z.N.D.); (J.J.N.A.)
| | - M. R. M. Asyraf
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.R.M.A.); (M.R.I.)
| | - D. A. Z. N. Dayana
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (D.A.Z.N.D.); (J.J.N.A.)
| | - J. J. N. Amelia
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (D.A.Z.N.D.); (J.J.N.A.)
| | - M. S. A. Rani
- Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Centre for Tropicalisation, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim
- Research Center for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - N. M. Nurazzi
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - H. A. Aisyah
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Main Campus, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala 144603, India; or
| | - M. R. Ishak
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.R.M.A.); (M.R.I.)
| | - M. Rafidah
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - M. R. Razman
- Research Centre for Sustainability Science and Governance (SGK), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
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17
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Lin CF, Karlsson O, Martinka J, Rantuch P, Garskaite E, Mantanis GI, Jones D, Sandberg D. Approaching Highly Leaching-Resistant Fire-Retardant Wood by In Situ Polymerization with Melamine Formaldehyde Resin. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:12733-12745. [PMID: 34056425 PMCID: PMC8154219 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the work was to improve the leaching resistance of fire-retardant (FR) modified wood by the incorporation of a thermoset resin. Here, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood was impregnated with melamine formaldehyde (MF) resin and hydrophilic FRs guanyl-urea phosphate/boric acid by a vacuum-pressure treatment. Resistance to leaching of FR-modified wood was evaluated, after conducting an accelerated aging test according to European standard EN 84. Inductively coupled plasma analysis showed that the incorporation of MF resin significantly reduced the leachability of FRs. Scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry revealed that the mechanism of water resistance was by doping the FRs into MF resin microspheres. Fourier transform infrared spectra showed the chemical functionality changes of FR-modified wood such as the formation of methylene bridges by drying the modified wood specimens. An increase in the thermal stability of FR-modified wood was confirmed by thermal gravimetric analysis. Excellent fire performance of FR-modified wood after leaching was affirmed by the limiting oxygen index and cone calorimeter tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-feng Lin
- Wood
Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Forskargatan 1, SE-931 77 Skellefteå, Sweden
| | - Olov Karlsson
- Wood
Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Forskargatan 1, SE-931 77 Skellefteå, Sweden
| | - Jozef Martinka
- Faculty
of Materials Science and Technology, Slovak
University of Technology, Vazovova 5, SK-811 07 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Rantuch
- Faculty
of Materials Science and Technology, Slovak
University of Technology, Vazovova 5, SK-811 07 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Edita Garskaite
- Wood
Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Forskargatan 1, SE-931 77 Skellefteå, Sweden
| | - George I. Mantanis
- Lab
of Wood Science and Technology, University
of Thessaly, Griva 11, GR-43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Dennis Jones
- Wood
Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Forskargatan 1, SE-931 77 Skellefteå, Sweden
- Department
of Wood Processing and Biomaterials, Faculty of Forestry and Wood
Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences
Prague, Kamýcḱ
1176, Praha 6 - Suchdol CZ-16521, Czech Republic
| | - Dick Sandberg
- Wood
Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Forskargatan 1, SE-931 77 Skellefteå, Sweden
- Department
of Wood Processing and Biomaterials, Faculty of Forestry and Wood
Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences
Prague, Kamýcḱ
1176, Praha 6 - Suchdol CZ-16521, Czech Republic
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18
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Chen Z, Li Y, Ni L, Jiang J, Yu Y, Chen Q. Preparation of the organic–inorganic double‐shell microencapsulated aluminum hypophosphite and its improved flame retardancy and mechanical properties of epoxy resin composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiquan Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control, College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Yang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control, College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Lei Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control, College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Juncheng Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control, College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
- School of Environmental & Safety Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Yuan Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control, College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control, College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
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19
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High‐efficiency
ammonium polyphosphate intumescent encapsulated polypropylene flame retardant. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Ülkü G, Köken N, Akar A, Kızılcan N, Yaman D. Tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) microcapsules for the preparation of flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foam. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2020.1850781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Görkem Ülkü
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science Engineering and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Köken
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science Engineering and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Akar
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilgün Kızılcan
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science Engineering and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilşah Yaman
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science Engineering and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
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21
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Peng H, Zhao W, Wang Y. Aluminum phosphate modified brucite and its flame retardant and smoke suppression performance on
ethylene‐vinyl
acetate resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Analysis and Testing center Shandong University of Technology Zibo China
| | - Wei Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Space Manufacturing Technology Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Yiliang Wang
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing China
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe Germany
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22
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Yin S, Ren X, Lian P, Zhu Y, Mei Y. Synergistic Effects of Black Phosphorus/Boron Nitride Nanosheets on Enhancing the Flame-Retardant Properties of Waterborne Polyurethane and Its Flame-Retardant Mechanism. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12071487. [PMID: 32635235 PMCID: PMC7408627 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We applied black phosphorene (BP) and hexagonal boron nitride (BN) nanosheets as flame retardants to waterborne polyurethane to fabricate a novel black phosphorus/boron nitride/waterborne polyurethane composite material. The results demonstrated that the limiting oxygen index of the flame-retarded waterborne polyurethane composite increased from 21.7% for pure waterborne polyurethane to 33.8%. The peak heat release rate and total heat release of the waterborne polyurethane composite were significantly reduced by 50.94% and 23.92%, respectively, at a flame-retardant content of only 0.4 wt%. The superior refractory performances of waterborne polyurethane composite are attributed to the synergistic effect of BP and BN in the gas phase and condensed phase. This study shows that black phosphorus-based nanocomposites have great potential to improve the fire resistance of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihao Yin
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (S.Y.); (P.L.); (Y.Z.)
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Phosphorus Chemical Engineering of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Saving in Phosphorus Chemical Engineering and New Phosphorus Materials, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xinlin Ren
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (S.Y.); (P.L.); (Y.Z.)
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Phosphorus Chemical Engineering of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Saving in Phosphorus Chemical Engineering and New Phosphorus Materials, Kunming 650500, China
- Correspondence: (X.R.); (Y.M.); Tel.: +86-138-8855-1958 (Y.M.)
| | - Peichao Lian
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (S.Y.); (P.L.); (Y.Z.)
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Phosphorus Chemical Engineering of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Saving in Phosphorus Chemical Engineering and New Phosphorus Materials, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yuanzhi Zhu
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (S.Y.); (P.L.); (Y.Z.)
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Phosphorus Chemical Engineering of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Saving in Phosphorus Chemical Engineering and New Phosphorus Materials, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yi Mei
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (S.Y.); (P.L.); (Y.Z.)
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Phosphorus Chemical Engineering of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Saving in Phosphorus Chemical Engineering and New Phosphorus Materials, Kunming 650500, China
- Correspondence: (X.R.); (Y.M.); Tel.: +86-138-8855-1958 (Y.M.)
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23
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Cheng J, Niu S, Ma D, Zhou Y, Zhang F, Qu W, Wang D, Li S, Zhang X, Chen X. Effects of ammonium polyphosphate microencapsulated on flame retardant and mechanical properties of the rigid polyurethane foam. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaji Cheng
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Marine Environment Corrosion and Safety Protection Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center for Advanced Coating Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Shaoshuai Niu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Dan Ma
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Yue Zhou
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Feng Zhang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Wenjuan Qu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Marine Environment Corrosion and Safety Protection Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center for Advanced Coating Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Dong Wang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Marine Environment Corrosion and Safety Protection Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center for Advanced Coating Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Shaoxiang Li
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Marine Environment Corrosion and Safety Protection Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center for Advanced Coating Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Xinlong Zhang
- Shangdong Inter City Rail Transit Technology Co., Ltd Jining China
| | - Xianqun Chen
- Shangdong Inter City Rail Transit Technology Co., Ltd Jining China
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24
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Improved flame retardancy of epoxy resin composites modified with a low additive content of silica-microencapsulated phosphazene flame retardant. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Kazanci B, Cellat K, Paksoy H. Preparation, characterization, and thermal properties of novel fire-resistant microencapsulated phase change materials based on paraffin and a polystyrene shell. RSC Adv 2020; 10:24134-24144. [PMID: 35517357 PMCID: PMC9055106 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04093b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Paraffin and paraffin mixtures that are preferred as phase change materials in many thermal energy storage applications are highly flammable. Microencapsulation of paraffin in a polymeric shell can decrease flammability, however, breaking of the shell under fire conditions can still cause a high risk. In the current paper, microencapsulated paraffin with a polystyrene shell is prepared and halogen-free flame retardants (ortho-phosphoric acid and pentaerythritol) were applied with the novel approach of direct incorporation during the microencapsulation process. Thermal energy storage and fire retardancy properties were characterized before and after fire-retardant addition. The fire behavior of samples in concrete blocks was determined with standardized methods in order to assess their suitability in building applications. ortho-Phosphoric acid as a flame retardant in microencapsulated phase change material was tested for the first time in this study. The results support that the improved flame retardancy and thermal energy storage properties were achieved with the incorporation of a flame retardant on microcapsules for energy storing concrete samples. Flame retardancy properties of paraffin-based microcapsules were enhanced using halogen-free fire retardants. The reducing on the heat of combustion, and improving on noncombustibility properties and microencapsulation ratio were achieved.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Berk Kazanci
- Department of Chemistry
- Çukurova University
- Adana
- Turkey
| | - Kemal Cellat
- Department of Chemistry
- Çukurova University
- Adana
- Turkey
- Sen Research Group
| | - Halime Paksoy
- Department of Chemistry
- Çukurova University
- Adana
- Turkey
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26
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Wu C, Wang X, Zhang J, Cheng J, Shi L. Microencapsulation and Surface Functionalization of Ammonium Polyphosphate via In-Situ Polymerization and Thiol–Ene Photograted Reaction for Application in Flame-Retardant Natural Rubber. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b02464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Leng Y, Xu M, Sun Y, Han R, Li B. Simultaneous enhancement of thermal conductivity and flame retardancy for epoxy resin thermosets through self‐assemble of ammonium polyphosphate surface with graphitic carbon nitride. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Leng
- College of Material Science and TechnologyNortheast Forestry University Harbin China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of ScienceNortheast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Miao‐Jun Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of ScienceNortheast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Yue Sun
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of ScienceNortheast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Run‐Xu Han
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of ScienceNortheast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Material Science and TechnologyNortheast Forestry University Harbin China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of ScienceNortheast Forestry University Harbin China
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28
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Zhu M, Zhang Y, Sheng H, Wang B, Hu Y. Effect carbon black microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate on the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of polyurethane composites. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2019.1625384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- Hefei Genius Advanced Material Co., Ltd., Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of china, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Haibo Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of china, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Bibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of china, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of china, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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29
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Marques DV, Barcelos RL, Parma GOC, Girotto E, Júnior AC, Pereira NC, Magnago RF. Recycled polyethylene terephthalate and aluminum anodizing sludge-based boards with flame resistance. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 92:1-14. [PMID: 31160018 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to utilize polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and aluminum anodizing sludge (AAS) to produce fire-resistant polyurethane (PU) boards of different densities. Boards with 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% PET waste as a replacement for the PU raw material were prepared with the addition of 20% aluminum sludge. The products were checked by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to show that the addition of residues modified the morphology of the alveoli and reduced the compressive strength of the rigid foams. The boards showed combustion deceleration up to flame extinction in the flammability test (UL94) because of the presence of the AAS. The influence of the fillers on the combustion of the specimens without and with 50% PET was observed through SEM images of the preserved and burnt regions of the materials. A reduction in the direct production costs of all the sheets was measured and reached close to 70% in the case of the board with the highest amount of added residues. Therefore, as a way to save natural resources and become more sustainable, it is suggested that the civil construction industry consider the addition of these residues as part of its formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Valdevino Marques
- Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel O Cremona Parma
- Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Brazil
| | - Edivandro Girotto
- Laboratory of Liquid Crystals, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Américo Cruz Júnior
- Central Microscopy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Rachel Faverzani Magnago
- Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Brazil.
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30
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Liu H, Li S, Zhang Z, Li B, Xu M. An efficient and convenient strategy toward fire safety and water resistance of polypropylene composites through design and synthesis of a novel mono‐component intumescent flame retardant. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Liu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of ScienceNortheast Forestry University Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Li
- Institute of Petrochemistry, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences Harbin 150001 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of ScienceNortheast Forestry University Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of ScienceNortheast Forestry University Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
| | - Miaojun Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of ScienceNortheast Forestry University Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
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31
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Hobbs CE. Recent Advances in Bio-Based Flame Retardant Additives for Synthetic Polymeric Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E224. [PMID: 30960208 PMCID: PMC6419264 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It would be difficult to imagine how modern life across the globe would operate in the absence of synthetic polymers. Although these materials (mostly in the form of plastics) have revolutionized our daily lives, there are consequences to their use, one of these being their high levels of flammability. For this reason, research into the development of flame retardant (FR) additives for these materials is of tremendous importance. However, many of the FRs prepared are problematic due to their negative impacts on human health and the environment. Furthermore, their preparations are neither green nor sustainable since they require typical organic synthetic processes that rely on fossil fuels. Because of this, the need to develop more sustainable and non-toxic options is vital. Many research groups have turned their attention to preparing new bio-based FR additives for synthetic polymers. This review explores some of the recent examples made in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Hobbs
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA.
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32
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Sheng H, Zhang Y, Ma C, Yang L, Qiu S, Wang B, Hu Y. Influence of zinc stannate and graphene hybrids on reducing the toxic gases and fire hazards during epoxy resin combustion. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 People's Republic of China
- USTC-City U Joint Advanced Research Centre, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety; Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China; 166 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 People's Republic of China
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering; Capital University of Economics and Business; Beijing 100070 People's Republic of China
| | - Shuilai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 People's Republic of China
| | - Bibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 People's Republic of China
- USTC-City U Joint Advanced Research Centre, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety; Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China; 166 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 People's Republic of China
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33
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Hoang DT, Schorr D, Landry V, Blanchet P, Vanslambrouck S, Dagenais C. Preparation and characterisation of flame retardant encapsulated with functionalised silica-based shell. J Microencapsul 2018; 35:428-438. [PMID: 30189763 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2018.1521477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Intumescent fire retardant (IFR) coatings are nowadays considered as the most effective flame retardant (FR) treatment. Nevertheless, the principal compound in an IFR system, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), is highly sensitive to moisture and IFR coating effectiveness decreases quickly. The main objective of this study is to encapsulate APP in a hybrid silica-based membrane by sol-gel process using alkoxysilane tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) precursor. The morphology and structure of APP and microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) were assessed by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results revealed that APP was well encapsulated inside the polysiloxane shells. The thermal degradation of APP and MAPP was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis. At 800 °C, the MAPP had higher char residue (70.49 wt%) than APP (3.06 wt%). The hydrophobicity of MAPP increased significantly with the water contact angles up to 98°, in comparison to 20° for APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan-Trang Hoang
- a NSERC Industrial Research Chair on Ecoresponsible Wood Construction, Department of Wood and Forest Sciences , Université Laval , Quebec , QC , Canada
| | | | - Véronic Landry
- a NSERC Industrial Research Chair on Ecoresponsible Wood Construction, Department of Wood and Forest Sciences , Université Laval , Quebec , QC , Canada
| | - Pierre Blanchet
- a NSERC Industrial Research Chair on Ecoresponsible Wood Construction, Department of Wood and Forest Sciences , Université Laval , Quebec , QC , Canada
| | - Stéphanie Vanslambrouck
- a NSERC Industrial Research Chair on Ecoresponsible Wood Construction, Department of Wood and Forest Sciences , Université Laval , Quebec , QC , Canada
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34
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Zhang B, Jiang Y. Improving the Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression of Poly(Lactic Acid) with a SiO2@ammonium Molybdate Core-Shell Nanotubes. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/03602559.2018.1493124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab.of Industrial Textile Materials & Manufacturing Technology, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yujie Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab.of Industrial Textile Materials & Manufacturing Technology, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
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35
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Zhu P, Gu Z, Hong S, Lian H. Preparation and characterization of microencapsulated LDHs with melamine-formaldehyde resin and its flame retardant application in epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Technology; Nanjing Forestry University; Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Zhongji Gu
- College of Materials Science and Technology; Nanjing Forestry University; Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Shu Hong
- College of Materials Science and Technology; Nanjing Forestry University; Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Hailan Lian
- College of Materials Science and Technology; Nanjing Forestry University; Nanjing 210037 China
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36
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Vinyl polysiloxane microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate and its application in flame retardant polypropylene. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-018-1505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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37
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Baginska M, Sottos NR, White SR. Core-Shell Microcapsules Containing Flame Retardant Tris(2-chloroethyl phosphate) for Lithium-Ion Battery Applications. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:1609-1613. [PMID: 30023809 PMCID: PMC6044703 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardant tris(2-chloroethyl phosphate) (TCP) is successfully encapsulated in core-shell poly(urea-formaldehyde) microcapsules by in situ polymerization. The microcapsules are electrochemically stable in lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery electrolytes and thermally stable to ca. 200 °C. Thermal triggering of these microcapsules at higher temperatures ruptures the shell wall, releasing the liquid core (flame retardant), and NMR spectroscopy confirms the presence of the flame retardant in the electrolyte solution. Li-ion pouch cell experiments demonstrate that microencapsulation of TCP and its incorporation into the battery electrolyte provide latent fire retardants that improve battery safety while maintaining inherent battery performance and cycling capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Baginska
- Department
of Aerospace Engineering, University of
Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 306 Talbot Laboratory, 104 S. Wright Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nancy R. Sottos
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Materials Science and Engineering Building, 1304 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Scott R. White
- Department
of Aerospace Engineering, University of
Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 306 Talbot Laboratory, 104 S. Wright Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- E-mail:
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38
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Sharma B, Chhibber R, Mehta R. Seawater ageing of glass fiber reinforced epoxy nanocomposites based on silylated clays. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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39
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Qu L, Zhang C, Li P, Dai X, Xu T, Sui Y, Gu J, Dou Y. Improved thermal properties of epoxy resin modified with polymethyl methacrylate-microencapsulated phosphorus-nitrogen-containing flame retardant. RSC Adv 2018; 8:29816-29829. [PMID: 35547319 PMCID: PMC9085426 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05911j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxy resin (EP) composites with improved thermal resistance were fabricated. To solve the problem of low thermal resistance derived from phosphazene flame-retardant additives, we designed a system based on flame-retardant microcapsules P(H), with hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene as the core and polymethyl methacrylate as the shell. The core–shell structure was characterized and confirmed. The thermal resistance of the cured EP composites containing 1 wt% P(H) microcapsules was improved because of the increased glass transition temperatures. The P(2.75H)/EP composites can reach a limited oxygen index of 30.5% and V-1 rating in UL-94 tests. Heat and gas release rates were reduced during combustion tests. Residual images implied that the P(H) microcapsules may promote the formation of a flame-retardant char layer. Pyrolysis analysis demonstrated that the P(H) microcapsules can decompose in two procedures to produce flame-retardant gas components. Therefore, the flame-retardant mechanism involved the flame inhibition effect in the gas phase, and the charring effect in the condensed phase. Epoxy resin composites with improved thermal resistance and flame retardancy were fabricated based on P(H) microcapsules.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Qu
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130025
| | - Chunling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130025
| | - Peihong Li
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130025
| | - Xueyan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130025
| | - Tianlu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130025
| | - Yanlong Sui
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130025
| | - Jinjia Gu
- Jiangsu Oseaguard Building Materials & Technology Development Co., Ltd
- Nanjing 210000
- P. R. China
| | - Yanli Dou
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130025
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40
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Guan Q, Yuan L, Wu S, Gu A, Liang G. Enhanced thermal and dielectric properties of hybrid organic/inorganic shell microcapsule/thermosetting resin nanocomposites. POLYM INT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingbao Guan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Soochow University; Suzhou PR China
| | - Li Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Soochow University; Suzhou PR China
| | - Shenmei Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Soochow University; Suzhou PR China
| | - Aijuan Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Soochow University; Suzhou PR China
| | - Guozheng Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Soochow University; Suzhou PR China
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41
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Durable flame retardant finishing of cotton fabrics with halogen-free organophosphonate by UV photoinitiated thiol-ene click chemistry. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 172:275-283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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42
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Application of Flame-Retardant Double-Layered Shell Microcapsules to Nonwoven Polyester. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8070267. [PMID: 30974546 PMCID: PMC6432294 DOI: 10.3390/polym8070267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A microencapsulated flame retardant was used in order to produce a flame retardant nonwoven substrate. Melamine-formaldehyde polymer-shell microcapsules, containing Afflamit® PLF 280 (resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate)) as the core substance, were coated by an outer thermoplastic wall (polystyrene (PS) or poly(methyl methacrylate)), before being applied to a core/sheet-type bi-component PET/co-PET spunbond nonwoven substrate using impregnation. The outer wall of the microcapsules was heated to the softening temperature of the thermoplastic shell in order to be bonded onto the textile fibres. The thermal stability of the microcapsules was examined using thermogravimetric analysis. The textile samples were observed with a scanning electron microscope, and the flame retardancy performance was evaluated using the NF P92-504 standard. The results show that the composition of the outer polymeric shell affected the thermal stability of the microcapsules, since the particles with a PS shell are more stable. Furthermore, the microcapsules were more located at the nonwoven surface without affecting the thickness of the samples. Based on the results of the NF P92-504 test, the flame spread rate was relatively low for all of the tested formulations. Only the formulation with a low content of PS was classified M2 while the others were M3.
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44
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Zhang Y, Wang B, Sheng H, Yuan B, Yu B, Tang G, Jie G, Feng H, Tao Y, Hu Y. Enhanced fire-retardancy of poly(ethylene vinyl acetate) electrical cable coatings containing microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate as intumescent flame retardant. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15314c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need to improve and maintain the protection function of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) cable materials from ageing degradation to avoid fire hazards and extend their service lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- People's Republic of China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety
| | - Bibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- People's Republic of China
| | - Bihe Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Tang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering
- Anhui University of Technology
- Ma'anshan
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ganxin Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Adaptability for Industrial Products
- China National Electric Apparatus Research Institute Co., Ltd
- Guangzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Adaptability for Industrial Products
- China National Electric Apparatus Research Institute Co., Ltd
- Guangzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Youji Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Adaptability for Industrial Products
- China National Electric Apparatus Research Institute Co., Ltd
- Guangzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- People's Republic of China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety
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45
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Cao T, Yuan L, Gu A, Liang G. Fabrication and origin of new flame retarding bismaleimide resin system with low dielectric constant and loss based on microencapsulated hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene in low phosphorus content. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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46
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Cavallaro G, Lazzara G, Milioto S, Parisi F, Sparacino V. Thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of beeswax-halloysite nanocomposites for consolidating waterlogged archaeological woods. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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