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Tabaka W, Meinel D, Schartel B. Sacrifice Few to Save Many: Fire Protective Interlayers in Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Laminates. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:23703-23712. [PMID: 38854578 PMCID: PMC11154947 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The fire protection of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates often relies on flame-retardant coatings, but in some applications, their efficacy may diminish upon direct fire exposure due to rapid pyrolysis. This study introduces an innovative approach by integrating protective interlayers within the laminate structure to enhance the fire resistance. Various materials, including ceramic composite WHIPOX, titanium foil, poly(ether imide) (PEI) foil, basalt fibers, rubber mat, and hemp fibers, were selected as protective interlayers. These interlayers were strategically placed within the laminate layout to form a sacrificial barrier, safeguarding the integrity of the composite. Bench-scale fire resistance tests were conducted, where fire (180 kW/m2) was applied directly to the one side of the specimen by a burner while a compressive load was applied at the same time. Results indicate significant prolongation of time to failure for CFRP laminates with protective interlayers, which is up to 10 times longer. This innovative approach represents a potential advance in fire protection strategies for CFRP laminates, offering improved resilience against fire-induced structural failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Tabaka
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietmar Meinel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Franco-Urquiza EA, Dollinger A, Torres-Arellano M, Piedra S, Alcántara Llanas PI, Rentería-Rodríguez V, Zarate Pérez C. Innovation in Aircraft Cabin Interior Panels Part I: Technical Assessment on Replacing the Honeycomb with Structural Foams and Evaluation of Optimal Curing of Prepreg Fiberglass. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193207. [PMID: 34641022 PMCID: PMC8513094 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sandwich composites are widely used in the manufacture of aircraft cabin interior panels for commercial aircraft, mainly due to the light weight of the composites and their high strength-to-weight ratio. Panels are used for floors, ceilings, kitchen walls, cabinets, seats, and cabin dividers. The honeycomb core of the panels is a very light structure that provides high rigidity, which is considerably increased with fiberglass face sheets. The panels are manufactured using the compression molding process, where the honeycomb core is crushed up to the desired thickness. The crushed core breaks fiberglass face sheets and causes other damage, so the panel must be reworked. Some damage is associated with excessive build-up of resin in localized areas, incomplete curing of the pre-impregnated fiberglass during the manufacturing process, and excessive temperature or residence time during the compression molding. This work evaluates the feasibility of using rigid polyurethane foams as a substitute for the honeycomb core. The thermal and viscoelastic behavior of the cured prepreg fiberglass under different manufacturing conditions is studied. The first part of this work presents the influence of the manufacturing parameters and the feasibility of using rigid foams in manufacturing flat panels oriented to non-structural applications. The conclusion of the article describes the focus of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Adrián Franco-Urquiza
- National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT—CIDESI), Center for Engineering and Industrial Development, Carretera Estatal 200, km 23, Querétaro 76265, Mexico;
- Correspondence:
| | - Annika Dollinger
- Institute of Aviation, Department of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences, FH JOANNEUM GmbH, 8020 Graz, Austria;
| | - Mauricio Torres-Arellano
- Center for Engineering and Industrial Development (CIDESI), Carretera Estatal 200, km 23, Querétaro 76265, Mexico; (M.T.-A.); (P.I.A.L.); (V.R.-R.); (C.Z.P.)
| | - Saúl Piedra
- National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT—CIDESI), Center for Engineering and Industrial Development, Carretera Estatal 200, km 23, Querétaro 76265, Mexico;
| | - Perla Itzel Alcántara Llanas
- Center for Engineering and Industrial Development (CIDESI), Carretera Estatal 200, km 23, Querétaro 76265, Mexico; (M.T.-A.); (P.I.A.L.); (V.R.-R.); (C.Z.P.)
| | - Victoria Rentería-Rodríguez
- Center for Engineering and Industrial Development (CIDESI), Carretera Estatal 200, km 23, Querétaro 76265, Mexico; (M.T.-A.); (P.I.A.L.); (V.R.-R.); (C.Z.P.)
| | - Cecilia Zarate Pérez
- Center for Engineering and Industrial Development (CIDESI), Carretera Estatal 200, km 23, Querétaro 76265, Mexico; (M.T.-A.); (P.I.A.L.); (V.R.-R.); (C.Z.P.)
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3
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Suriani M, Radzi FSM, Ilyas R, Petrů M, Sapuan S, Ruzaidi C. Flammability, Tensile, and Morphological Properties of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Fiber/Pet Yarn-Reinforced Epoxy Fire Retardant Hybrid Polymer Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1282. [PMID: 33920055 PMCID: PMC8070999 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) fiber is a natural fiber that possesses many advantages, such as biodegradability, eco-friendly, and renewable nature. The effect of the OPEFB fiber loading reinforced fire retardant epoxy composites on flammability and tensile properties of the polymer biocomposites were investigated. The tests were carried out with four parameters, which were specimen A (constant), specimen B (20% of fiber), specimen C (35% of fiber), and specimen D (50% of fiber). The PET yarn and magnesium hydroxide were used as the reinforcement material and fire retardant agent, respectively. The results were obtained from several tests, which were the horizontal burning test, tensile test, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The result for the burning test showed that specimen B exhibited better flammability properties, which had the lowest average burning rate (11.47 mm/min). From the tensile strength, specimen A revealed the highest value of 10.79 N/mm2. For the SEM morphological test, increasing defects on the surface ruptured were observed that resulted in decreased tensile properties of the composites. It can be summarized that the flammability and tensile properties of OPEFB fiber reinforced fire retardant epoxy composites were reduced when the fiber volume contents were increased at the optimal loading of 20%, with the values of 11.47 mm/min and 4.29 KPa, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.J. Suriani
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia; (M.J.S.); (C.M.R.)
- Marine Materials Research Group, Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Fathin Sakinah Mohd Radzi
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia; (M.J.S.); (C.M.R.)
| | - R.A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Michal Petrů
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic;
| | - S.M. Sapuan
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - C.M. Ruzaidi
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia; (M.J.S.); (C.M.R.)
- Marine Materials Research Group, Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia
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Przybylak M, Dutkiewicz M, Szubert K, Maciejewski H, Rojewski S. Multifunctional Cotton Fabrics Obtained by Modification with Silanes Containing Esters of Phosphoric Acid as Substituents. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1542. [PMID: 33801113 PMCID: PMC8004133 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel flame retardants for cotton textiles that form a stable layer on textile fiber is of high economical and practical relevance. A novel flame retardant fluorinated phosphoric acid esters modified silicone resins for cotton modification were synthesized. The investigated phosphoric acid esters based compounds were substituted by a fluorinated chain or ring, and alkoxysilyl groups. The presence of alkoxysilyl groups allowed the formation of bonds with cellulose, while derivatives of phosphoric esters reduced the flammability of fabrics. Additionally, the presence of fluoride in their structures affected the hydrophobic properties. Cotton fabrics were modified in a simple one-step process by dip-coating method. The flame retardant properties of modified textiles were examined by performing microcalorimetric analysis, thermogravimetry analysis, and measuring oxygen index. The hydrophobicity was evaluated by measuring the water contact angle. The modified fabrics were characterized by SEM-EDS (Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) analysis and surface morphology. As a result of the tests, multifunctional fabrics were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Przybylak
- Poznan Science and Technology Park, Adam Mickiewicz University Foundation, Rubież 46, 61-612 Poznań, Poland; (M.D.); (H.M.)
| | - Michał Dutkiewicz
- Poznan Science and Technology Park, Adam Mickiewicz University Foundation, Rubież 46, 61-612 Poznań, Poland; (M.D.); (H.M.)
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Karol Szubert
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Hieronim Maciejewski
- Poznan Science and Technology Park, Adam Mickiewicz University Foundation, Rubież 46, 61-612 Poznań, Poland; (M.D.); (H.M.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Szymon Rojewski
- Institute of Natural Fibres & Medicinal Plants, Wojska Polskiego 71b, 60-630 Poznań, Poland;
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5
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Zhang L, Zhang J, Wang DY. Hierarchical layered double hydroxide nanosheets/phosphorus-containing organosilane functionalized hollow glass microsphere towards high performance epoxy composite: Enhanced interfacial adhesion and bottom-up charring behavior. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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6
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Bahrami M, Abenojar J, Martínez MÁ. Recent Progress in Hybrid Biocomposites: Mechanical Properties, Water Absorption, and Flame Retardancy. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E5145. [PMID: 33203190 PMCID: PMC7696046 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bio-based composites are reinforced polymeric materials in which one of the matrix and reinforcement components or both are from bio-based origins. The biocomposite industry has recently drawn great attention for diverse applications, from household articles to automobiles. This is owing to their low cost, biodegradability, being lightweight, availability, and environmental concerns over synthetic and nonrenewable materials derived from limited resources like fossil fuel. The focus has slowly shifted from traditional biocomposite systems, including thermoplastic polymers reinforced with natural fibers, to more advanced systems called hybrid biocomposites. Hybridization of bio-based fibers/matrices and synthetic ones offers a new strategy to overcome the shortcomings of purely natural fibers or matrices. By incorporating two or more reinforcement types into a single composite, it is possible to not only maintain the advantages of both types but also alleviate some disadvantages of one type of reinforcement by another one. This approach leads to improvement of the mechanical and physical properties of biocomposites for extensive applications. The present review article intends to provide a general overview of selecting the materials to manufacture hybrid biocomposite systems with improved strength properties, water, and burning resistance in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Bahrami
- Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering Department, University Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganes, Spain; (J.A.); (M.Á.M.)
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7
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Fracture toughness of the novel in-situ polytriazolesulfone modified epoxy resin for carbon fiber/epoxy composites. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Flammability, Smoke, Mechanical Behaviours and Morphology of Flame Retarded Natural Fibre/Elium ® Composite. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12172648. [PMID: 31438469 PMCID: PMC6747569 DOI: 10.3390/ma12172648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The work involves fabrication of natural fibre/Elium® composites using resin infusion technique. The jute fabrics were treated using phosphorus-carbon based flame retardant (FR) agent, a phosphonate solution and graphene nano-platelet (GnP), followed by resin infusion, to produce FR and graphene-based composites. The properties of these composites were compared with those of the Control (jute fabric/Elium®). As obtained from the cone calorimeter and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the peak heat release rate reduced significantly after the FR and GnP treatments of fabrics whereas total smoke release and quantity of carbon monoxide increased with the incorporation of FR. The addition of GnP had almost no effect on carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide yield. Dynamic mechanical analysis demonstrated that coating jute fabrics with GnP particles led to an enhanced glass transition temperature by 14%. Scanning electron microscopy showed fibre pull-out locations in the tensile fracture surface of the laminates after incorporation of both fillers, which resulted in reduced tensile properties.
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9
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Bachtiar EV, Kurkowiak K, Yan L, Kasal B, Kolb T. Thermal Stability, Fire Performance, and Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibre Fabric-Reinforced Polymer Composites with Different Fire Retardants. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040699. [PMID: 30995829 PMCID: PMC6523417 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and aluminum hydroxide (ALH) with different mass contents were used as fire retardants (FRs) on plant-based natural flax fabric-reinforced polymer (FFRP) composites. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limited oxygen index (LOI), and the Underwriters Laboratories (UL)-94 horizontal and vertical tests were carried out for evaluating the effectiveness of these FR treatments. Flat-coupon tensile test was performed to evaluate the effects of FR treatment on the mechanical properties of the FFRP composites. For both fire retardants, the results showed that the temperature of the thermal decomposition and the LOI values of the composites increased as the FR content increases. Under the UL-94 vertical test, the FFRP composites with 20% and 30% APP (i.e., by mass content of epoxy polymer matrix) were self-extinguished within 30 and 10 s following the removal of the flame without any burning drops, respectively. However, the mechanical tensile tests showed that the APP treated FFRP composites reduced their elastic modulus and strength up to 24% and 18%, respectively. Scanning electronic microscopic (SEM) for morphology examination showed an effective coating of the flax fibres with the FRs, which improved the flame retardancy of the treated composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Valentine Bachtiar
- Centre for Light and Environmentally-Friendly Structures, Fraunhofer Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut WKI, Bienroder Weg 54E, Braunschweig 38108, Germany.
| | - Katarzyna Kurkowiak
- Department of Organic and Wood-Based Construction Materials, Technical University of Braunschweig, Hopfengarten 20, 38102 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Libo Yan
- Centre for Light and Environmentally-Friendly Structures, Fraunhofer Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut WKI, Bienroder Weg 54E, Braunschweig 38108, Germany.
- Department of Organic and Wood-Based Construction Materials, Technical University of Braunschweig, Hopfengarten 20, 38102 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Bohumil Kasal
- Centre for Light and Environmentally-Friendly Structures, Fraunhofer Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut WKI, Bienroder Weg 54E, Braunschweig 38108, Germany.
- Department of Organic and Wood-Based Construction Materials, Technical University of Braunschweig, Hopfengarten 20, 38102 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Torsten Kolb
- Centre for Light and Environmentally-Friendly Structures, Fraunhofer Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut WKI, Bienroder Weg 54E, Braunschweig 38108, Germany.
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Peng C, Gao C, Yuan Y, Wu Z, zhou D. Synthesis and application of a benzoxazine-type phosphorus-containing monomer on epoxy/benzoxazine copolymer: Thermal stability and compatibility with liquid oxygen. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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11
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12
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Synthesis and flame retardant efficacy of hexakis(3-(triethoxysilyl)propyloxy)cyclotriphosphazene/silica coatings for cotton fabrics. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Hajj R, El Hage R, Sonnier R, Otazaghine B, Gallard B, Rouif S, Nakhl M, Lopez-Cuesta JM. Grafting of phosphorus flame retardants on flax fabrics: Comparison between two routes. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Synthesis of a novel reactive flame retardant containing phosphaphenanthrene and piperidine groups and its application in epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Chen N, Zheng P, Zeng Q, Lin Q, Rao J. Characterization and Performance of Soy-Based Adhesives Cured with Epoxy Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E514. [PMID: 30965816 PMCID: PMC6418706 DOI: 10.3390/polym9100514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Soy-based adhesives have attracted much attention recently because they are environmentally safe, low cost, and readily available. To improve the gluability and water resistance of soy-based adhesives, we prepared an enzyme-treated soy-based adhesive modified with an epoxy resin. We investigated the wet shear strength of plywood bonded with the modified adhesive using the boiling-water test. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance analysis were used to characterize the reaction between epoxy groups and ⁻NH₂ groups in the modified soy-based adhesives. FTIR analysis confirmed the cross-linking structure in the cured adhesives. Viscosity and the solid content of soy-based adhesives gradually increased with the increasing amount of epoxy resin, but had little effect on its operability. Wet shear strength of plywood samples increased as the amount of epoxy resin was increased, whereas the inverse trend was observed regarding the water absorption of cured adhesives. Compared to an unmodified adhesive, the addition of 30% of epoxy resin increased the wet shear strength of plywood samples by 58.3% (0.95 MPa), meeting the requirement of the Chinese National Standard for exterior plywood. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis showed the improved thermostability of the cured adhesives after curing at 160 °C. These results suggest that epoxy resin could effectively improve the performance of enzyme-treated soy-based adhesives, which might provide a new option for the preparation of soy-based adhesives with high gluability and water resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nairong Chen
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Peitao Zheng
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Qinzhi Zeng
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Qiaojia Lin
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Jiuping Rao
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Branda F, Malucelli G, Durante M, Piccolo A, Mazzei P, Costantini A, Silvestri B, Pennetta M, Bifulco A. Silica Treatments: A Fire Retardant Strategy for Hemp Fabric/Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:E313. [PMID: 30974587 PMCID: PMC6431956 DOI: 10.3390/polym8080313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, for the first time, inexpensive waterglass solutions are exploited as a new, simple and ecofriendly chemical approach for promoting the formation of a silica-based coating on hemp fabrics, able to act as a thermal shield and to protect the latter from heat sources. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis confirm the formation of ⁻C⁻O⁻Si⁻ covalent bonds between the coating and the cellulosic substrate. The proposed waterglass treatment, which is resistant to washing, seems to be very effective for improving the fire behavior of hemp fabric/epoxy composites, also in combination with ammonium polyphosphate. In particular, the exploitation of hemp surface treatment and Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) addition to epoxy favors a remarkable decrease of the Heat Release Rate (HRR), Total Heat Release (THR), Total Smoke Release (TSR) and Specific Extinction Area (SEA) (respectively by 83%, 35%, 45% and 44%) as compared to untreated hemp/epoxy composites, favoring the formation of a very stable char, as also assessed by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Because of the low interfacial adhesion between the fabrics and the epoxy matrix, the obtained composites show low strength and stiffness; however, the energy absorbed by the material is higher when using treated hemp. The presence of APP in the epoxy matrix does not affect the mechanical behavior of the composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Branda
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Naples 80125, Italy.
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, Alessandria 15121, Italy.
| | - Massimo Durante
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Naples 80125, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Piccolo
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca sulla Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per l'Ambiente, l'Agroalimentare e di Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Via Università 100, Naples 80055, Italy.
| | - Pierluigi Mazzei
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca sulla Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per l'Ambiente, l'Agroalimentare e di Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Via Università 100, Naples 80055, Italy.
| | - Aniello Costantini
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Naples 80125, Italy.
| | - Brigida Silvestri
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Naples 80125, Italy.
| | - Miriam Pennetta
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Naples 80125, Italy.
| | - Aurelio Bifulco
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Naples 80125, Italy.
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17
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Bocz K, Simon D, Bárány T, Marosi G. Key Role of Reinforcing Structures in the Flame Retardant Performance of Self-Reinforced Polypropylene Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8080289. [PMID: 30974565 PMCID: PMC6432323 DOI: 10.3390/polym8080289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The flame retardant synergism between highly stretched polymer fibres and intumescent flame retardant systems was investigated in self-reinforced polypropylene composites. It was found that the structure of reinforcement, such as degree of molecular orientation, fibre alignment and weave type, has a particular effect on the fire performance of the intumescent system. As little as 7.2 wt % additive content, one third of the amount needed in non-reinforced polypropylene matrix, was sufficient to reach a UL-94 V-0 rating. The best result was found in self-reinforced polypropylene composites reinforced with unidirectional fibres. In addition to the fire retardant performance, the mechanical properties were also evaluated. The maximum was found at optimal consolidation temperature, while the flame retardant additive in the matrix did not influence the mechanical performance up to the investigated 13 wt % concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Bocz
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest H-1111, Hungary.
| | - Dániel Simon
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest H-1111, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Bárány
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest H-1111, Hungary.
- Research Group for Composite Science and Technology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest H-1111, Hungary.
| | - György Marosi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest H-1111, Hungary.
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18
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Molaba TP, Chapple S, John MJ. Aging studies on flame retardant treated lignocellulosic fibers. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tshepiso Princess Molaba
- CSIR Materials Science and Manufacturing Polymers and Composites Competence Area; Port Elizabeth 6000 South Africa
- Department of Textile Science Faculty of Science; Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University; Port Elizabeth 6000 South Africa
| | - Steve Chapple
- CSIR Materials Science and Manufacturing Polymers and Composites Competence Area; Port Elizabeth 6000 South Africa
- Department of Textile Science Faculty of Science; Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University; Port Elizabeth 6000 South Africa
| | - Maya Jacob John
- CSIR Materials Science and Manufacturing Polymers and Composites Competence Area; Port Elizabeth 6000 South Africa
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science; Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University; Port Elizabeth 6000 South Africa
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19
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Lee SE, Jeong E, Lee MY, Lee MK, Lee YS. Improvement of the mechanical and thermal properties of polyethersulfone-modified epoxy composites. J IND ENG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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