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Chen W, Li X, Bodjrenou DM, Zhang Y, Zeng H. Butyryl group distribution modulates the structure and properties of butyrylated maize starch focused on amylose contents. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130794. [PMID: 38479661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
In this study, four types of maize starch with different amylose contents (3 %, 25 %, 40 %, and 70 %) were used to prepare butyrylated starches. Based on amylose contents, the influence of butyryl group distribution on the structure, thermal and digestive properties of butyrylated maize starch was investigated. The butyrylation reaction mainly substituted butyryl groups on amylose, and the butyryl groups were most easily substituted for the hydroxyl group at the C6 position. The degree of substitution of butyrylated starch reached its maximum when the amylose content was 40 %, and the degree of substitution did not correlate linearly with the amylose content. The butyrylation reaction increased the surface roughness, decreased the crystallinity, enthalpy value and molecular weight of native starch granules, resulting in a decrease in the degree of internal order of the starch and inducing the rearrangement of the amylose molecular chains in the amorphous region of the starch. The combination of the amylose content and the substitution of butyryl groups on amylose affected the digestibility of starch and ultimately increased its resistance. The Pearson correlation coefficient further confirmed the correlation between the distribution of butyryl groups and the structure and properties of butyrylated starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - David Mahoudjro Bodjrenou
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Hongliang Zeng
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Subtropical Characteristic Fruits, Vegetables and Edible Fungi Processing (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Erdal NB, Hakkarainen M. Degradation of Cellulose Derivatives in Laboratory, Man-Made, and Natural Environments. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:2713-2729. [PMID: 35763720 PMCID: PMC9277587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable polymers complement recyclable materials in battling plastic waste because some products are difficult to recycle and some will end up in the environment either because of their application or due to wear of the products. Natural biopolymers, such as cellulose, are inherently biodegradable, but chemical modification typically required for the obtainment of thermoplastic properties, solubility, or other desired material properties can hinder or even prevent the biodegradation process. This Review summarizes current knowledge on the degradation of common cellulose derivatives in different laboratory, natural, and man-made environments. Depending on the environment, the degradation can be solely biodegradation or a combination of several processes, such as chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis, photodegradation, and oxidation. It is clear that the type of modification and especially the degree of substitution are important factors controlling the degradation process of cellulose derivatives in combination with the degradation environment. The big variation of conditions in different environments is also briefly considered as well as the importance of the proper testing environment, characterization of the degradation process, and confirmation of biodegradability. To ensure full sustainability of the new cellulose derivatives under development, the expected end-of-life scenario, whether material recycling or "biological" recycling, should be included as an important design parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejla B Erdal
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, FibRe - Centre for Lignocellulose-based Thermoplastics, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Teknikringen 58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Minna Hakkarainen
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, FibRe - Centre for Lignocellulose-based Thermoplastics, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Teknikringen 58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Seok JH, Enomoto Y, Iwata T. Synthesis of Paramylon ester–graft–PLA Copolymers and its Two-step Enzymatic Degradation by Proteinase K and β-1,3-Glucanase. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Dias OAT, Konar S, Pakharenko V, Graziano A, Leão AL, Tjong J, Jaffer S, Sain M. Regioselective Protection and Deprotection of Nanocellulose Molecular Design Architecture: Robust Platform for Multifunctional Applications. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4980-4987. [PMID: 34791880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Regioselectively substituted nanocellulose was synthesized by protecting the primary hydroxyl group. Herein, we took advantage of the different reactivities of primary and secondary hydroxyl groups to graft large capping structures. This study mainly focuses on regioselective installation of trityl protecting groups on nanocellulose chains. The elemental analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of regioselectively substituted nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) suggested that the trityl group was successfully grafted in the primary hydroxyl group with a degree of substitution of nearly 1. Hansen solubility parameters were employed, and the binary system composed of an ionic liquid and pyridine as a base was revealed to be the optimum condition for regioselective functionalization of nanocellulose. Interestingly, the dissolution of NFC in the ionic liquid and the subsequent deprotection process of NFC substrates hardly affected the crystalline structure of NFC (3.6% decrease in crystallinity). This method may provide endless possibilities for the design of advanced engineered nanomaterials with multiple functionalities. We envisage that this protection/deprotection approach may lead to a bright future for the fabrication of multifunctional devices based on nanocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otavio Augusto Titton Dias
- Centre for Biocomposites and Biomaterials Processing, John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape, and Design, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B3, Canada
| | - Samir Konar
- Centre for Biocomposites and Biomaterials Processing, John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape, and Design, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B3, Canada.,Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S3G8, Canada
| | - Viktoriya Pakharenko
- Centre for Biocomposites and Biomaterials Processing, John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape, and Design, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B3, Canada
| | - Antimo Graziano
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Alcides Lopes Leão
- College of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo 18610307, Brazil
| | - Jimi Tjong
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S3G8, Canada
| | - Shaffiq Jaffer
- TOTAL American Services Inc., Hopkinton, Massachusetts 01748, United States
| | - Mohini Sain
- Centre for Biocomposites and Biomaterials Processing, John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape, and Design, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B3, Canada.,Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S3G8, Canada
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Sasamoto K, Himiyama T, Moriyoshi K, Ohmoto T, Uegaki K, Nishiya Y, Nakamura T. Crystal structure of acetylxylan esterase from Caldanaerobacter subterraneus subsp. tengcongensis. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2021; 77:399-406. [PMID: 34726178 PMCID: PMC8561816 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x21009675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The acetylxylan esterases (AXEs) classified into carbohydrate esterase family 4 (CE4) are metalloenzymes that catalyze the deacetylation of acetylated carbohydrates. AXE from Caldanaerobacter subterraneus subsp. tengcongensis (TTE0866), which belongs to CE4, is composed of three parts: a signal sequence (residues 1-22), an N-terminal region (NTR; residues 23-135) and a catalytic domain (residues 136-324). TTE0866 catalyzes the deacetylation of highly substituted cellulose acetate and is expected to be useful for industrial applications in the reuse of resources. In this study, the crystal structure of TTE0866 (residues 23-324) was successfully determined. The crystal diffracted to 1.9 Å resolution and belonged to space group I212121. The catalytic domain (residues 136-321) exhibited a (β/α)7-barrel topology. However, electron density was not observed for the NTR (residues 23-135). The crystal packing revealed the presence of an intermolecular space without observable electron density, indicating that the NTR occupies this space without a defined conformation or was truncated during the crystallization process. Although the active-site conformation of TTE0866 was found to be highly similar to those of other CE4 enzymes, the orientation of its Trp264 side chain near the active site was clearly distinct. The unique orientation of the Trp264 side chain formed a different-shaped cavity within TTE0866, which may contribute to its reactivity towards highly substituted cellulose acetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Sasamoto
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Setsunan University, 17-8 Ikeda-Nakamachi, Neyagawa, Osaka 572-8508, Japan
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Tomoki Himiyama
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Moriyoshi
- Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 1-6-50 Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka 536-8553, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohmoto
- Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 1-6-50 Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka 536-8553, Japan
| | - Koichi Uegaki
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
- Agricultural Technology and Innovation Research Institute, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nishiya
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Setsunan University, 17-8 Ikeda-Nakamachi, Neyagawa, Osaka 572-8508, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nakamura
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
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Cho SH, Jung S, Rinklebe J, Kwon EE. CO 2-assisted catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose acetate using Ni-based catalysts. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 275:116667. [PMID: 33581634 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose acetate (CA) is one of widely used polymers for chemical and medical applications due to its versatile physico-chemical functionalities. Although its recycle is available after a deacetylation process, the recycle process releases a huge amount of wastewater. Thus, this study investigated a direct disposal process of CA with its valorization to syngas (H2 and CO) through pyrolysis. To construct more environmentally benign process, CO2 was used as a co-feedstock with CA to simultaneously convert them into syngas. Pyrolysis of CA in N2 was performed as a reference study to examine the effectiveness of CO2 on valorization of CA. Acetic acid and methyl acetate were main volatile pyrolysates (VPs) from CA pyrolysis, and the further thermal cracking of VPs resulted in syngas and CH4 formations under both N2 and CO2 conditions. To expedite syngas formations, multi-stage pyrolysis (two-stage pyrolysis) and catalytic pyrolysis were employed. With the increased thermal energy through two-stage pyrolysis, four times more production of syngas was shown, comparing to the result of a single-stage pyrolysis. With Ni catalysts, the syngas formation was the two orders of magnitude higher than the single-stage pyrolysis, and the significant enhancement of CO formation was shown in the presence of CO2 due to combined effects of CO2 and the Ni-based catalysts. This CO enhancement resulted from catalytically expedited gas phase reactions between CO2 and VPs evolved from CA. In addition, the CO2 contributed to the suppression of coke deposition on the catalyst, thereby suggesting more technical and environmental benefits of CO2 as a reactive co-feedstock of pyrolysis in reference to N2. Therefore, this study proved the direct and versatile technical platform to convert CA and CO2 into syngas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Heon Cho
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyup Jung
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water and Waste Management, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Wuppertal, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285, Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea.
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Yadav N, Hakkarainen M. Degradable or not? Cellulose acetate as a model for complicated interplay between structure, environment and degradation. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:128731. [PMID: 33127118 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Degradable and/or biobased plastics are advocated as possible solution to plastic waste problem. Although mechanical and chemical recycling or energy recovery are in many cases a preferred option to regain the material value, for some applications composting is ideal. However, to more generally ensure complete degradation of plastics within a relatively short time-frame in all-natural environments would be extremely challenging, if not impossible. It is also important to keep in mind that it is the chemical structure and composition in combination with degradation environment that determines whether the plastic will degrade and within what timeframe. Biobased materials can be as stable as the petroleum-based counterparts and face the same waste-management problems. One interesting group of biobased materials are the modified biopolymer-based plastics, such as cellulose acetate (CA). How different modifications affect the inherent degradability of biopolymers is still poorly understood, which is reflected in the contradictory literature. This mirrors the complex interplay between structure-environment-degradability, where structural changes such as degree of substitution in the case of CA and changes in selected degradation environment can lead to totally different end-results and conclusions. Understanding these interactions is a fascinating scientific question. The deposition of CA based products as common surface litter makes it also question of societal and environmental interest. The purpose of this review is to summarize the existing knowledge on degradation of CA and in larger perspective highlight the complicated nature of plastic and bioplastic degradation in natural environments and the interplay between different environmental parameters and material modifications on this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Yadav
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology & Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), Teknikringen 58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Minna Hakkarainen
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology & Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), Teknikringen 58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Buchanan C, Guzman-Morales E, Wang B. Regioselectively substituted cellulose benzoate propionates for compensation film in optical displays. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 252:117146. [PMID: 33183604 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose benzoate propionates (CBzP) were prepared via a staged addition of Pr2O followed by Bz2O to cellulose dissolved in tributylmethylammonium dimethyl phosphate (TBMADMP) providing regioselectively substituted cellulose esters in which the benzoate was preferentially installed at C2 and C3. By systematically varying the DSPr, DSBz, and DSOH (DS = degree of substitution), we synthesized CBzP that could potentially be utilized as a unique compensation film in optical displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Buchanan
- Eastman Chemical Company, B150, Kingsport, TN, 37662, United States.
| | | | - Bin Wang
- Eastman Chemical Company, B150, Kingsport, TN, 37662, United States
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Wsoo MA, Shahir S, Mohd Bohari SP, Nayan NHM, Razak SIA. A review on the properties of electrospun cellulose acetate and its application in drug delivery systems: A new perspective. Carbohydr Res 2020; 491:107978. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.107978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Watabe Y, Suzuki Y, Koike S, Shimamoto S, Kobayashi Y. Cellulose acetate, a new candidate feed supplement for ruminant animals: In vitro evaluations. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:10929-10938. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Functionalized cellulose beads with three dimensional porous structure for rapid adsorption of active constituents from Pyrola incarnata. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 181:560-569. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.11.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Enzymic degradation of hydroxyethyl cellulose and analysis of the substitution pattern along the polysaccharide chain. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 169:92-100. [PMID: 28504183 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic degradation behavior of hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) samples with different molar substitutions (MS) values was investigated. The changes in the molecular structure of HEC treated with enzymatic approach in comparison to the native HEC were studied through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques and kinetics of degradation was studied by viscometry. The cleavage of HEC chains could be observed from FTIR and kinetics results. Moreover, reduce in molecular weight (Mw) of polymer and liberated glucose concentration was investigated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis during enzymatic degradation. And all these results indicated that HEC with lower MS is more susceptible to degrade and provided a better understanding of the mechanism operating during enzymatic hydrolysis of HEC by cellulases. Furthermore, by complete degradation and quantification of liberated glucose, the substitution index (SI) and the distribution of substituents along the HEC chain were investigated. The results suggested that the HEC samples differed in hydroxyethyl molar substitutions (MS) and possible distribution of the hydroxyethyl groups. Impressively, our efforts established a facile analytical method for the elucidation of the distribution of substituents along the HEC chain.
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Kono H. Cationic flocculants derived from native cellulose: Preparation, biodegradability, and removal of dyes in aqueous solution. RESOURCE-EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reffit.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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