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Liu Q, Feng D, Zhao W, Xie D, Mei Y. A green, effective, and synergistic flame retardant for poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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2
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Zhang Y, Yu C, Feng X. Simultaneously Improving Flame Retardant Performance, Thermal Stability and Conductivity of Copolymers of Polyethylene‐octene by Addition of a Ternary Composite Flame Retardant System. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering Xijing University, Xi'an 710123 Shaanxi Province China
| | - Chunming Yu
- School of Automobile and Transportation Wuxi Institute of Technology Wuxi 214121, Jiangsu Province China
| | - Xi Feng
- School of Mechanical Engineering Xijing University, Xi'an 710123 Shaanxi Province China
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3
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Shi X, Wei B, Han Y, Du X, He G. Epoxy/melamine polyphosphate modified silicon carbide composites: Thermal conductivity and flame retardancy analyses. E-POLYMERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2022-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Silicon carbide (SiC) was modified by melamine polyphosphate (MPP)-modified silicone to form SiC-MPP, then incorporated into epoxy resin (EP) for developing thermally resistant composites, which showed thermal conductivity and flame retardancy performance. The EP/SiC-MPP composites were prepared by blending and cured under 60°C for 2 h and 150°C for 8 h. The grafting degree of SiC-MPP was analyzed using Fourier transform Infrared, scanning electron microscope, and thermogravimetric measurements. The flame retardancy of the EP/SiC-MPP composites was studied by UL-94 vertical combustion and cone calorimetry test. The results showed that for EP/SiC-MPP containing 20 wt%, the UL-94 was case V1. Also compared to pure epoxy, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) of composites was reduced from 800 to 304 kW·m−2. The thermal conductivity of EP/SiC-M20 composites was 0.53 W·m−1·K−1, almost 2.5-fold higher than pure epoxy (0.21 W·m−1·K−1). The as-prepared EP/SiC-MPP composites exhibited enhanced flame retardancy and thermal conductivity. Based on analyses performed, these composites took credit-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pingdingshan University , Pingdingshan , 467099 , China
| | - Baoting Wei
- School of Experimental Technology, Henan Chemical Technician College , Kaifeng , 475000 , China
| | - Yongjun Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pingdingshan University , Pingdingshan , 467099 , China
| | - Xiangxiang Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pingdingshan University , Pingdingshan , 467099 , China
| | - Guoxu He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pingdingshan University , Pingdingshan , 467099 , China
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4
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Wang K, Wu K, Qu Z, Wu Y, Jiao E, Zheng X, Shi J. Flame-Retardant and Alarm-Sensitive composite films by covalent modification of MWCNT with dopamine. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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An Effective Expanded Graphite Coating on Polystyrene Bead for Improving Flame Retardancy. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14216729. [PMID: 34772254 PMCID: PMC8587118 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although foamed plastic insulation is widely used in construction in the Korean market, it is vulnerable to fire. To improve the flame retardancy, the method of flame-retardant coating with the EG in water-soluble state on the surface of expanded polystyrene (EPS) beads has been widely used. However, polystyrene beads coated with a water-soluble flame retardant easily separate the coated flame retardant in manufacturing. In this study is devised a flame-retardant coating and two steps of coating process for adhering the flame-retardant coating film evenly to the surface of the polystyrene bead without exfoliation. It was analyzed whether a flame-retardant EPS (FR-EPS) with excellent flame retardancy could be manufactured using polystyrene beads coated in this way. Ten FR-EPS samples satisfied the HF-1 and V-0 levels in horizontal and vertical burning tests, respectively. The THR of eight FR-EPS samples for ten minutes did not exceed 8 MJ∙m−2 and the maximum HRR did not exceed 200 kW∙m−2 for more than ten consecutive seconds. FR-EPS passed the building material standard of semi-nonflammability in Korean regulations, in contrast to commercial EPS, which have not passed the semi-nonflammability standard. It was also analyzed how effective the designed coating is in this study, comparing it with composites that were planned to improve the flame resistance of polystyrene, as reported in the literature. Flame Retardancy Index (FRI) values of FR-EPS proved the “excellent” level and had higher values compared with other polystyrene composites. These results demonstrated that the coated EPS containing a water-soluble flame retardant manufactured from EG and two steps of application with the coating solution achieved fire safety standard regulations.
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Moradkhani G, Fasihi M, Brison L, Laoutid F, Vahabi H, Saeb MR. Flame retardancy effect of phosphorus graphite nanoplatelets on ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer: Physical blending versus chemical modification. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ghane Moradkhani
- School of Chemical Engineering Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Fasihi
- School of Chemical Engineering Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Loic Brison
- Polymeric and Composite Materials Unit Materia Nova Research Center Mons Belgium
| | - Fouad Laoutid
- Polymeric and Composite Materials Unit Materia Nova Research Center Mons Belgium
| | - Henri Vahabi
- CentraleSupélec, LMOPS Université de Lorraine Metz France
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Seidi F, Movahedifar E, Naderi G, Akbari V, Ducos F, Shamsi R, Vahabi H, Saeb MR. Flame Retardant Polypropylenes: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12081701. [PMID: 32751298 PMCID: PMC7464193 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) is a commodity plastic known for high rigidity and crystallinity, which is suitable for a wide range of applications. However, high flammability of PP has always been noticed by users as a constraint; therefore, a variety of additives has been examined to make PP flame-retardant. In this work, research papers on the flame retardancy of PP have been comprehensively reviewed, classified in terms of flame retardancy, and evaluated based on the universal dimensionless criterion of Flame Retardancy Index (FRI). The classification of additives of well-known families, i.e., phosphorus-based, nitrogen-based, mineral, carbon-based, bio-based, and hybrid flame retardants composed of two or more additives, was reflected in FRI mirror calculated from cone calorimetry data, whatever heat flux and sample thickness in a given series of samples. PP composites were categorized in terms of flame retardancy performance as Poor, Good, or Excellent cases. It also attempted to correlate other criteria like UL-94 and limiting oxygen index (LOI) with FRI values, giving a broad view of flame retardancy performance of PP composites. The collected data and the conclusions presented in this survey should help researchers working in the field to select the best additives among possibilities for making the PP sufficiently flame-retardant for advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Seidi
- Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology and Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
| | - Elnaz Movahedifar
- Department of Polymer Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran 14965/115, Iran; (E.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Ghasem Naderi
- Department of Polymer Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran 14965/115, Iran; (E.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Vahideh Akbari
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France;
| | - Franck Ducos
- Université de Lorraine, IUT de Moselle Est, IUTSGM, 57600 Forbach, France;
| | - Ramin Shamsi
- Research and Development Center, Marun Petrochemical Company, Mahshahr 63531 69311, Iran;
| | - Henri Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France;
- Correspondence: (H.V.); or (M.R.S.); Tel.: +33-(0)38-793-9186 (H.V.); +98-912-826-4307 (M.R.S.); Fax: +33-(0)38-793-9101 (H.V.)
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France;
- Correspondence: (H.V.); or (M.R.S.); Tel.: +33-(0)38-793-9186 (H.V.); +98-912-826-4307 (M.R.S.); Fax: +33-(0)38-793-9101 (H.V.)
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Movahedifar E, Vahabi H, Saeb MR, Thomas S. Flame Retardant Epoxy Composites on the Road of Innovation: An Analysis with Flame Retardancy Index for Future Development. Molecules 2019; 24:E3964. [PMID: 31683861 PMCID: PMC6866146 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, epoxy composites are elements of engineering materials and systems. Although they are known as versatile materials, epoxy resins suffer from high flammability. In this sense, flame retardancy analysis has been recognized as an undeniable requirement for developing future generations of epoxy-based systems. A considerable proportion of the literature on epoxy composites has been devoted to the use of phosphorus-based additives. Nevertheless, innovative flame retardants have coincidentally been under investigation to meet market requirements. This review paper attempts to give an overview of the research on flame retardant epoxy composites by classification of literature in terms of phosphorus (P), non-phosphorus (NP), and combinations of P/NP additives. A comprehensive set of data on cone calorimetry measurements applied on P-, NP-, and P/NP-incorporated epoxy systems was collected and treated. The performance of epoxy composites was qualitatively discussed as Poor, Good, and Excellent cases identified and distinguished by the use of the universal Flame Retardancy Index (FRI). Moreover, evaluations were rechecked by considering the UL-94 test data in four groups as V0, V1, V2, and nonrated (NR). The dimensionless FRI allowed for comparison between flame retardancy performances of epoxy composites. The results of this survey can pave the way for future innovations in developing flame-retardant additives for epoxy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Movahedifar
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology-Mahshahr Campus, Mahshahr 424, Iran.
| | - Henri Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France.
- Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photoniques et Systèmes, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 57070 Metz, France.
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Departments of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 16765-654, Iran.
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Chemical Sciences, MG University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India.
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Vahabi H, Laoutid F, Movahedifar E, Khalili R, Rahmati N, Vagner C, Cochez M, Brison L, Ducos F, Ganjali MR, Saeb MR. Description of complementary actions of mineral and organic additives in thermoplastic polymer composites by
Flame Retardancy Index. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henri Vahabi
- CentraleSupélec, LMOPSUniversité de Lorraine Metz France
- Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photoniques et Systèmes, CentraleSupélecUniversité Paris‐Saclay Metz France
| | - Fouad Laoutid
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite MaterialsMateria Nova Research Center Mons Belgium
| | - Elnaz Movahedifar
- Department of Polymer EngineeringAmirkabir University of Technology–Mahshahr Campus Mahshahr Iran
| | - Reza Khalili
- CentraleSupélec, LMOPSUniversité de Lorraine Metz France
- Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photoniques et Systèmes, CentraleSupélecUniversité Paris‐Saclay Metz France
| | - Negar Rahmati
- Department of Resin and AdditivesInstitute for Color Science and Technology Tehran Iran
- Advanced Materials GroupIranian Color Society (ICS) Tehran Iran
| | - Christelle Vagner
- CentraleSupélec, LMOPSUniversité de Lorraine Metz France
- Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photoniques et Systèmes, CentraleSupélecUniversité Paris‐Saclay Metz France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, MADIREL Marseille France
| | - Marianne Cochez
- CentraleSupélec, LMOPSUniversité de Lorraine Metz France
- Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photoniques et Systèmes, CentraleSupélecUniversité Paris‐Saclay Metz France
| | - Loic Brison
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite MaterialsMateria Nova Research Center Mons Belgium
| | - Franck Ducos
- Department SGMUniversité de Lorraine, IUT de Moselle Est Forbach France
| | - Mohammad Reza Ganjali
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of ScienceUniversity of Tehran Tehran Iran
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular‐Cellular Sciences InstituteTehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- CentraleSupélec, LMOPSUniversité de Lorraine Metz France
- Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photoniques et Systèmes, CentraleSupélecUniversité Paris‐Saclay Metz France
- Department of Resin and AdditivesInstitute for Color Science and Technology Tehran Iran
- Advanced Materials GroupIranian Color Society (ICS) Tehran Iran
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of ScienceUniversity of Tehran Tehran Iran
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Hou S, Zhang YJ, Jiang P. Synergistic effects of synthetic phosphonium sulfonates with expandable graphite on flame retardancy for EVA rubber blends. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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