1
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Zhu B, Zhao S, Guo J, Song K, He J, Liu S, Zhou X. Enhancing the mechanical properties of polylactic acid (PLA) composite films using Pueraria lobata root microcrystalline cellulose. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135579. [PMID: 39270900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
To enhance the mechanical properties of polylactic acid (PLA) material, the PLA-based composite films are prepared by using Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi root microcrystalline cellulose (PRMCC) treated with 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (KH550) silane coupling agent as the dispersed phase through solvent casting method. The effects of the concentrations of PRMCC and KH550 as well as the KH550 pretreating condition (ethanol concentration) on the tensile properties of PLA-based composite films are investigated. The PLA-based composite film treated with 5 wt% PRMCC and 18 wt% KH550 (pretreated by 90 % EtOH) exhibits the greatest performance. Its elongation at break value is detected to be 4.0 %, 1.6 times as large as that of pure PLA film. The water absorption of the as-prepared PLA-based composite film is reduced from 0.49 % of the unmodified PLA/PRMCC film to 0.12 %. Moreover, the modified PLA-based composite film has a hydrophobic surface and exhibits good thermal stability. Compared with pure PLA film, the modified PLA-based composite film exhibits improved UV shielding performance with acceptable transparency. Furthermore, after adding poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) to the composite system, the elongation at break of the PLA-based composite film is up to 7.2 %. This research can provide theoretical guidance for enhancing the performance of PLA products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borui Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Forest Products and Chemical Industry Engineering, National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Integrative Utilization of Eucommia ulmoides, Jishou University, Zhangjiajie 427000, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Forest Products and Chemical Industry Engineering, National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Integrative Utilization of Eucommia ulmoides, Jishou University, Zhangjiajie 427000, China; Zhangjiajie College, Zhangjiajie 427000, China
| | - Jie Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Forest Products and Chemical Industry Engineering, National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Integrative Utilization of Eucommia ulmoides, Jishou University, Zhangjiajie 427000, China
| | - Ke Song
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Forest Products and Chemical Industry Engineering, National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Integrative Utilization of Eucommia ulmoides, Jishou University, Zhangjiajie 427000, China
| | - Jian He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Forest Products and Chemical Industry Engineering, National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Integrative Utilization of Eucommia ulmoides, Jishou University, Zhangjiajie 427000, China
| | - Shima Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Forest Products and Chemical Industry Engineering, National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Integrative Utilization of Eucommia ulmoides, Jishou University, Zhangjiajie 427000, China
| | - Xianwu Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Forest Products and Chemical Industry Engineering, National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Integrative Utilization of Eucommia ulmoides, Jishou University, Zhangjiajie 427000, China.
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2
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Yang XM, Qiu S, Yusuf A, Sun J, Zhai Z, Zhao J, Yin GZ. Recent advances in flame retardant and mechanical properties of polylactic acid: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125050. [PMID: 37257540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The large-scale application of ecofriendly polymeric materials has become a key focus of scientific research with the trend toward sustainable development. Mechanical properties and fire safety are two critical considerations of biopolymers for large-scale applications. Polylactic acid (PLA) is a flammable, melt-drop carrying, and strong but brittle polymer. Hence, it is essential to achieve both flame retardancy and mechanical enhancement to improve safety and broaden its application. This study reviews the recent research on the flame retardant functionalization and mechanical reinforcement of PLA. It classifies PLA according to the type of the flame retardant strategy employed, such as surface-modified fibers, modified nano/micro fillers, small-molecule and macromolecular flame retardants, flame retardants with fibers or polymers, and chain extension or crosslinking with other flame retardants. The functionalization strategies and main parameters of the modified PLA systems are summarized and analyzed. This study summarizes the latest advances in the fields of flame retardancy and mechanical reinforcement of PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mei Yang
- Zhejiang Ruico Advanced Material Co., Ltd., Huzhou 313018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shuang Qiu
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Abdulmalik Yusuf
- E.T.S. de Ingenieros de Caminos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/Profesor Aranguren 3, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jun Sun
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China.
| | - Zhongjie Zhai
- Zhejiang Ruico Advanced Material Co., Ltd., Huzhou 313018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Junhuan Zhao
- Zhejiang Ruico Advanced Material Co., Ltd., Huzhou 313018, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Guang-Zhong Yin
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Ctra. Pozuelo-Majadahonda Km 1.800, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Fabrication of highly efficient phenylphosphorylated chitosan bio-based flame retardants for flammable PLA biomaterial. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 287:119317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Niu W, Guo Y, Huang W, Song L, Xiao Z, Xie Y, Wang Y. Aliphatic chains grafted cellulose nanocrystals with core-corona structures for efficient toughening of PLA composites. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 285:119200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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5
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Suo Y, Gao W, Chen Z, Yu Y, Chen T, Li C, Zhang Q, Jiang J. Surface modification of cellulose nanocrystal and its applications in flame retardant epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Suo
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Wei Gao
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Yuan Yu
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Tingting Chen
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Changxin Li
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Qingwu Zhang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Juncheng Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
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6
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Azman Mohammad Taib MN, Hamidon TS, Garba ZN, Trache D, Uyama H, Hussin MH. Recent progress in cellulose-based composites towards flame retardancy applications. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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7
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Xue Y, Yang F, Li J, Zuo X, Pan B, Li M, Quinto L, Mehta J, Stiefel L, Kimmey C, Eshed Y, Zussman E, Simon M, Rafailovich M. Synthesis of an Effective Flame-Retardant Hydrogel for Skin Protection Using Xanthan Gum and Resorcinol Bis(diphenyl phosphate)-Coated Starch. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4535-4543. [PMID: 34609837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report on the production of a flame-resistant xanthan gum (XG)-based hydrogel formulation, which could be directly applied onto the skin for protection against burning projectiles. The hydrogel cream represents an efficient use of XG and starch, both of which are biodegradable, reusable natural materials and are also GRAS-certified. The flame-retardant agent resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP) was shown to be nontoxic to cells in vitro when adsorbed directly onto the starch delivery vehicle. Three hydrogel formulations were studied, the pure XG hydrogel, commercial FireIce hydrogel, and RDP-XG/RDP-starch hydrogel. After application of a direct flame for 150 s, the RDP-XG/RDP-starch hydrogel produced a thick char layer, which was easily removed, showing undamaged chicken skin and tissue underneath. In contrast, complete burning of skin and tissue was observed on untreated control samples and those covered with FireIce and pure XG hydrogels. The thermal protective performance test was also performed, where the heat transfer was measured as a function of time for all three hydrogels. The RDP-XG/RDP-starch hydrogel was able to prolong the protection time before obtaining a second-degree burn for 103 s, which is double that for FireIce and triple that for the pure XG hydrogel. The model proposed involves endothermic reactions, producing char and burning "cold", as opposed to simply relying on the adsorbed water in the hydrogel for burn protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xue
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States.,ThINC Facility at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Juyi Li
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Xianghao Zuo
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Bole Pan
- Columbia College, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Mingkang Li
- The School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Lisa Quinto
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Jalaj Mehta
- Hauppauge High School, Hauppauge, New York 11788, United States
| | - Lauren Stiefel
- Yeshiva University High School for Girls, Holliswood, New York 11423, United States
| | - Conor Kimmey
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Yuval Eshed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Eyal Zussman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Marcia Simon
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Miriam Rafailovich
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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8
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Xu Y, Qiu Y, Yan C, Liu L, Xu M, Xu B, Li B. A novel and multifunctional flame retardant nucleating agent towards superior fire safety and crystallization properties for biodegradable poly (lactic acid). ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2021.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Jin X, Cui S, Sun S, Sun J, Zhang S. The Preparation and Characterization of Polylactic Acid Composites with Chitin-Based Intumescent Flame Retardants. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3513. [PMID: 34685273 PMCID: PMC8536992 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a novel intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system was fabricated by the introduction of chitin as a green charring agent, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as the acid source, and melamine (MEL) as the gas source. The obtained chitin-based IFR was then incorporated into a polylactic acid (PLA) matrix using melt compounding. The fire resistance of PLA/chitin composites was investigated via the limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 vertical burning, and cone calorimeter (CONE) tests. The results demonstrated that the combination of 10%APP, 5%chitin and 5%MEL could result in a 26.0% LOI, a V-0 rating after UL and a 51.2% reduction in the peak heat release rate during the CONE test. Based on the mechanism analysis from both the morphology and the chemical structure of the char, it was suggested that chitin was a promising candidate as a charring agent for chitin reacted with APP and MEL with the formation of an intumescent layer on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Jin
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (X.J.); (S.C.)
| | - Suping Cui
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (X.J.); (S.C.)
| | - Shibing Sun
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (X.J.); (S.C.)
| | - Jun Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (J.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (J.S.); (S.Z.)
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10
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Chen Y, Wu X, Li M, Qian L, Zhou H. Construction of crosslinking network structures by adding
ZnO
and
ADR
in intumescent flame retardant
PLA
composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Chen
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- China Light Industry Advanced Flame Retardant Engineering Technology Research Center Beijing China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing China
| | - Xingde Wu
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- China Light Industry Advanced Flame Retardant Engineering Technology Research Center Beijing China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing China
| | - Mengqi Li
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- China Light Industry Advanced Flame Retardant Engineering Technology Research Center Beijing China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing China
| | - Lijun Qian
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- China Light Industry Advanced Flame Retardant Engineering Technology Research Center Beijing China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing China
| | - Hongfu Zhou
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
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11
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Zuo X, Xue Y, Wang L, Zhou Y, Yin Y, Chuang YC, Chang CC, Yin R, Rafailovich MH, Guo Y. Engineering Styrenic Blends with Poly(lactic acid). Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianghao Zuo
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Yuan Xue
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- ThINC Facility, Advanced Energy Center, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Likun Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Yuchen Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Yifan Yin
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Ya-Chen Chuang
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- ThINC Facility, Advanced Energy Center, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Chung-Chueh Chang
- ThINC Facility, Advanced Energy Center, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Ruilin Yin
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Miriam H. Rafailovich
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Yichen Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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12
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Zhu S, Gong W, Luo J, Meng X, Xin Z, Wu J, Jiang Z. Flame Retardancy and Mechanism of Novel Phosphorus-Silicon Flame Retardant Based on Polysilsesquioxane. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11081304. [PMID: 31382664 PMCID: PMC6722730 DOI: 10.3390/polym11081304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel phosphorus-silicon flame retardant (P5PSQ) was prepared by bonding phosphate to silicon-based polysilsesquioxane (PSQ) and used as flame retardant of poly (lactic acid) (PLA). The results show that PLA with 10 wt % P5PSQ has a limiting oxygen index (LOI) 24.1%, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) of PLA decrease 21.8% and 25.2% compared to neat PLA in cone calorimetric test, indicating that P5PSQ shows better flame retardancy in comparison to PSQ. Furthermore, the study for the morphology and composition of carbon residue after the combustion of PLA and the gas release of PLA during combustion illustrate that P5PSQ has flame retardancy in condensed phase and gas phase simultaneously. In condensed phase, phosphorus from phosphate promotes the formation of more stable and better carbon layer containing Si and P, which inhibits the transfer of heat and oxygen in the combustion. In gas phase, the phosphate in P5PSQ emits phosphorus-containing compound that can restrain the release of C–O containing products, which may have effective flame retardancy for PLA in gas phase to a certain extent. In one word, P5PSQ is denoted as a good phosphorus-silicon synergistic flame-retardant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering and Production Engineering Department, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Weiguang Gong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering and Production Engineering Department, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ji Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering and Production Engineering Department, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xin Meng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering and Production Engineering Department, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Zhong Xin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering and Production Engineering Department, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering and Production Engineering Department, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zewen Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering and Production Engineering Department, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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13
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Wu N, Yu J, Lang W, Ma X, Yang Y. Flame Retardancy and Toughness of Poly(Lactic Acid)/GNR/SiAHP Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1129. [PMID: 31277216 PMCID: PMC6681415 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel flame-retardant and toughened bio-based poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/glycidyl methacrylate-grafted natural rubber (GNR) composite was fabricated by sequentially dynamical vulcanizing and reactive melt-blending. The surface modification of aluminum hypophosphite (AHP) enhanced the interfacial compatibility between the modified aluminum hypophosphite by silane (SiAHP) and PLA/GNR matrix and the charring ability of the PLA/GNR/SiAHP composites to a certain extent, and the toughness and flame retardancy of the PLA/GNR/SiAHP composites were slightly higher than those of PLA/GNR/AHP composites, respectively. The notched impact strength and elongation of the PLA composite with 20 wt. %GNR and 18 wt.% SiAHP were 13.1 kJ/m2 and 72%, approximately 385% and 17 fold higher than those of PLA, respectively, and its limiting oxygen index increased to 26.5% and a UL-94 V-0 rating was achieved. Notedly, the very serious melt-dripping characteristics of PLA during combustion was completely suppressed. The peak heat release rate and total heat release values of the PLA/GNR/SiAHP composites dramatically reduced, and the char yield obviously increased with an increasing SiAHP content in the cone calorimeter test. The good flame retardancy of the PLA/GNR/SiAHP composites was suggested to be the result of a synergistic effect involving gaseous and condensed phase flame-retardant mechanisms. The high-performance flame-retardant PLA/GNR/SiAHP composites have great potential application as replacements for petroleum-based polymers in the automotive interior and building fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningjing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Jihang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Wenchao Lang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiaobing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
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14
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Wu N, Fu G, Yang Y, Xia M, Yun H, Wang Q. Fire safety enhancement of a highly efficient flame retardant poly(phenylphosphoryl phenylenediamine) in biodegradable poly(lactic acid). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 363:1-9. [PMID: 30300772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Flame-retarded poly(lactic acid) (PLA) biodegradable materials are viewed as promising as sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based commodity polymers. A new highly efficient flame retardant, poly(phenylphosphoryl phenylenediamine) (PPDA), was synthesized by the condensation of phenylphosphoryl dichloride with p-phenylenediamine and its structure was confirmed by 1H nulear magnetic resonance and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. When 3 wt% PPDA was incorporated into PLA, the limited oxygen index increased from 20.0% of neat PLA to 25.5% and its UL-94 vertical burning testing achieved V-0 rating. Moreover, the total heat release and peak heat release rate values of PLA/3 wt% PPDA material were decreased from 109.1 MJ/m2 and 643.7 kW/m2 of PLA to 98.3 MJ/m2 and 570.0 kW/m2, respectively, and the fire performance index increased from 0.081 of PLA to 0.132 m2 s/kW. The high fire safety of PPDA in PLA is mainly attributed to the combined effects of the phosphorous-containing radical inhibition and inert gases and the barrier action of the formed char layer. The addition of less than 3 wt% PPDA has little influence on the tensile and impact properties of PLA. The flame retardant PLA blends have great application potential in electrical casing, automobile interiors and three-dimensional printing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningjing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao City, 266042, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guoliang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao City, 266042, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao City, 266042, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingfeng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao City, 266042, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Yun
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao City, 266042, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao City, 266042, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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15
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Song Y, Zong X, Wang N, Yan N, Shan X, Li J. Preparation of γ-Divinyl-3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane Modified Lignin and Its Application in Flame Retardant Poly(lactic acid). MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1505. [PMID: 30135388 PMCID: PMC6164032 DOI: 10.3390/ma11091505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lignin can be a candidate as a charring agent applied in halogen-free flame retardant polymers, and incorporation of silicon and nitrogen elements in lignin can benefit to enhancing its thermal stability and charring ability. In the present work, wheat straw alkali lignin (Lig) was modified to incorporate silicon and nitrogen elements by γ-divinyl-3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, and the modified lignin (CLig) was combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as intumescent flame retardant to be applied in poly(Lactic acid) (PLA). The flame retardancy, combustion behavior and thermal stability of PLA composites were studied by the limited oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning testing (UL-94), cone calorimetry testing (CCT) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. The results showed a significant synergistic effect between CLig and APP in flame retarded PLA (PLA/APP/CLig) occured, and the PLA/APP/CLig had better flame retardancy. CCT data analysis revealed that CLig and APP largely reduced the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release rate (THR) of PLA, indicating their effectiveness in decreasing the combustion of PLA. TGA results exhibited that APP and CLig improved the thermal stability of PLA at high temperature. The analysis of morphology and structure of residual char indicated that a continuous, compact and intumescent char layer on the material surface formed during firing, and had higher graphitization degree. Mechanical properties data showed that PLA/APP/CLig had higher tensile strength as well as elongation at break.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Song
- Faculty of Materials Science & Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymer Materials, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xu Zong
- Faculty of Materials Science & Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Nan Wang
- Faculty of Materials Science & Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ning Yan
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada.
| | - Xueying Shan
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jinchun Li
- Faculty of Materials Science & Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymer Materials, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China.
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16
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Li L, Li H, Yan B, Yu S, Ge X. Preparation and properties of porous gels from poly(
l
‐lactic acid) and poly(
d
‐lactic acid) with ionic liquids as solvents and porogens. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical EngineeringCollege of Marine Science and Biological EngineeringQingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao, 266042 China
| | - Huaxiao Li
- College of Chemical EngineeringQingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao, 266042 China
| | - Bin Yan
- College of Chemical EngineeringQingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao, 266042 China
| | - Shitao Yu
- College of Chemical EngineeringQingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao, 266042 China
| | - Xiaoping Ge
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical EngineeringCollege of Marine Science and Biological EngineeringQingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao, 266042 China
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