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Huang W, Tu C, Tian Q, Wang K, Yang C, Ma C, Xu X, Yan W. Synergistic Effects of 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-Based Derivative and Modified Sepiolite on Flame-Retarded Poly (Ethylene Oxide)-Poly (Butylene Adipate-Co-Terephthalate) Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:45. [PMID: 38201710 PMCID: PMC10781121 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)-based derivative (PN-DOPO) combined with aluminium phosphates-coated sepiolite (Sep@AlPO4) was used to improve the flame retardance, thermal stability and mechanical performances of poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO)/poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) blends. The synergistic effects of PN-DOPO and Sep@AlPO4 on flame-retarded PEO/PBAT composites were systematically discussed. Results indicated that introducing 5 wt% Sep@AlPO4 with 10 wt% PN-DOPO into PEO/PBAT achieved a V-1 rating for the UL-94 test and increased the limiting oxygen index value to 23.7%. Moreover, the peak heat release rate (p-HRR), average HRR and total heat release values of PEO/PBAT/PN10%/Sep5% composites decreased by 35.6%, 11.0% and 23.0% compared with those of PEO/PBAT, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results confirmed that PN-DOPO/Sep@AlPO4 enhanced the initial thermal stability and char yield of PEO/PBAT matrix, and TGA/Fourier transform infrared spectrometry results revealed that the composites exhibited the characteristic absorption peaks of phosphorous-containing groups and an increase in gas-phase volatiles during thermal degradation. The morphological structures of the residues indicated that PN-DOPO and Sep@AlPO4 mixtures produced a more dense and continuous char layer on the composite surface during burning. Rheological behaviour revealed that higher complex viscosity and modulus values of PEO/PBAT/PN-DOPO/Sep@AlPO4 sample could also promote the crosslinking network structure of condensed phases during combustion. Furthermore, the PEO/PBAT/PN-DOPO/Sep@AlPO4 composites exhibited superior elongation at break and flexural performance than the PEO/PBAT system. All results demonstrated that the PEO/PBAT system modified with PN-DOPO/Sep@AlPO4 showed remarkable flame retardance, and improved thermal stability and mechanical properties, indicating its potential application in areas requiring fire safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijiang Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China; (C.T.); (Q.T.); (K.W.); (C.Y.); (C.M.); (X.X.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Chunyun Tu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China; (C.T.); (Q.T.); (K.W.); (C.Y.); (C.M.); (X.X.)
| | - Qin Tian
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China; (C.T.); (Q.T.); (K.W.); (C.Y.); (C.M.); (X.X.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Kui Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China; (C.T.); (Q.T.); (K.W.); (C.Y.); (C.M.); (X.X.)
| | - Chunlin Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China; (C.T.); (Q.T.); (K.W.); (C.Y.); (C.M.); (X.X.)
| | - Chao Ma
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China; (C.T.); (Q.T.); (K.W.); (C.Y.); (C.M.); (X.X.)
| | - Xiaolu Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China; (C.T.); (Q.T.); (K.W.); (C.Y.); (C.M.); (X.X.)
| | - Wei Yan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China; (C.T.); (Q.T.); (K.W.); (C.Y.); (C.M.); (X.X.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550014, China
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Pan F, Jia H, Huang Y, Chen Z, Liang S, Jiang P. Analyzing Temperature Distribution Patterns on the Facing and Backside Surface: Investigating Combustion Performance of Flame-Retardant Particle Boards Using Aluminum Hypophosphite, Intumescent, and Magnesium Hydroxide Flame Retardants. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4479. [PMID: 38231928 PMCID: PMC10707802 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Particle boards are manufactured through a hot pressing process using wood materials (natural polymer materials) and adhesive, which find common usage in indoor decorative finishing materials. Flame-retardant particleboard, crucial for fire safety in such applications, undergoes performance analysis that includes assessing temperature distribution across its facing surface and temperature increase on the backside surface during facade combustion, yielding critical insights into fire scenario development. In this study, a compact flame spread apparatus is utilized to examine the flame retardancy and combustion behavior of particle boards, with a specific emphasis on the application of cost-effective flame retardants, encompassing aluminum hypophosphite (ALHP), an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) comprising ammonium polyphosphate (APP), melamine (MEL), and Dipentaerythritol (DPE), alongside magnesium hydroxide (MDH), and their associated combustion characteristics. The D300°C values, representing the vertical distance from the ignition point (IP) to P300°C (the temperature point at 300 °C farthest from IP), are measured using a compact temperature distribution measurement platform. For MDH/PB, APP + MEL + DPE/PB, and ALHP/PB samples, the respective D300°C values of 145.79 mm, 117.81 mm, and 118.57 mm indicate reductions of 11.11%, 28.17%, and 27.71%, compared to the untreated sample's value of 164.02 mm. The particle boards treated with ALHP, IFR, and MDH demonstrated distinct flame-retardant mechanisms. MDH/PB relied on the thermal decomposition of MDH to produce MgO and H2O for flame retardancy, while APP + MEL + DPE/PB achieved flame retardancy through a cross-linked structure with char expansion, polyphosphate, and pyrophosphate during combustion. On the other hand, ALHP/PB attained flame retardancy by reacting with wood materials and adhesives, forming a stable condensed P-N-C structure. This study serves as a performance reference for the production of cost-effective flame-resistant particleboards and offers a practical method for assessing its fire-resistant properties when used as a decorative finishing material on facades in real fire situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangya Pan
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China; (F.P.); (H.J.); (Y.H.); (Z.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Hongyu Jia
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China; (F.P.); (H.J.); (Y.H.); (Z.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Yuxiang Huang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China; (F.P.); (H.J.); (Y.H.); (Z.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Zhilin Chen
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China; (F.P.); (H.J.); (Y.H.); (Z.C.); (S.L.)
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shanqing Liang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China; (F.P.); (H.J.); (Y.H.); (Z.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Peng Jiang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China; (F.P.); (H.J.); (Y.H.); (Z.C.); (S.L.)
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3
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Xu M, Li B, Li X, Fan Z, Ren D. Study of the Self-Polymerization of Epoxy/Phthalonitrile Copolymers and Their High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Laminates. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3516. [PMID: 37688142 PMCID: PMC10490253 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-polymerization epoxy/phthalonitrile (APPEN) pre-polymers were studied systematically, and then, gelation time and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were employed to investigate their curing behaviors. Taking advantage of orthogonal test analysis, the key factors that affected the co-polymerization of APPEN were defined and the appropriate pre-polymerization conditions were analyzed. A possible curing mechanism of APPEN was proposed. Then, the thermomechanical and mechanical properties of glass-fiber-reinforced APPEN laminates (APPEN/GF) prepared at 180 °C were analyzed to understand the cross-linked and aggregation structures. Fracture surface of the composite laminates was also investigated to reveal the copolymerization degree and the interfacial binding. The results indicated that APPEN/GF composites exhibit outstanding mechanical and thermomechanical properties (flexural strength, 712 MPa, flexural modulus, 38 GPa, and Tg > 185 °C). The thermal stability (T5% > 334 °C and IPDT reached 1482 °C) of APPEN/GF composites was also investigated to further reveal the copolymerization between epoxy resin and aminophthalonitrile, which may be beneficial to the application of epoxy-matrix-based composites in the field of high-performance polymer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhen Xu
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, China
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Bo Li
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Xiongyao Li
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Zexu Fan
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Dengxun Ren
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
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Vothi H, Kim C, Nguyen T, Lee J, Nguyen LAT, Suhr J. Thermal degradation and flame retardancy of nylon 6/aluminum methylmethoxy phosphonate composites. RSC Adv 2023; 13:5219-5227. [PMID: 36777944 PMCID: PMC9910282 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07297a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
An aluminum methylmethoxyphosphonate (AlPo)-based flame retardant (FR) was synthesized. Thermal degradation and flame retardancy of nylon 6 (PA6)/AlPo composites were examined and compared with PA6/commercial aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPi) composites. The PA6/AlPo composite achieved a V-0 rating at 20 wt% loading during the UL-94 test, and it exhibited the formation of a charred layer that protected the polymer from burning and reduced the release of gases during the combustion of PA6. AlPo demonstrated exceptional performance in gaseous and condensed phases in the PA6 matrix, whereas AlPi only worked in the gaseous phase. The differences between the thermal degradation mechanisms and flame retardancies of AlPi and AlPo were investigated via Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and cone calorimetry. A suitable degradation mechanism was proposed to aid the development of flame retardants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Vothi
- Center for Composite Materials & Concurrent Design, Research & Business Foundation, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea +84339949314.,University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam.,Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Chowon Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea +821077087847
| | - TanBinh Nguyen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea +821077087847
| | - Jinwoo Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea +821077087847
| | - Lan-Anh T. Nguyen
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan UniversitySuwon16419Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwan Suhr
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea +821077087847.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
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5
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Chen X, Wang C, Liu S, Zhang A, Liu W, Qian L. Hierarchical hybrid glass fibers modified by hyperbranched polyphosphoramide and graphene oxide sheets to improve flame retardancy and suppress candlewick effect of poly(lactic acid)/glass fibers composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosui Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science South‐Central University for Nationalities Wuhan China
| | - Can Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science South‐Central University for Nationalities Wuhan China
| | - Shuzheng Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science South‐Central University for Nationalities Wuhan China
| | - Aiqing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science South‐Central University for Nationalities Wuhan China
| | - Wei Liu
- Sichuan Fire Research Institute of Ministry of Public Security Chengdu China
| | - Lijun Qian
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
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6
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Molecular Design of Reactive Flame Retardant for Preparing Biobased Flame Retardant Polyamide 56. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Xiang Y, Gao Y, Xu G, He M, Qin S, Yu J. Thermal degradation behavior and flame retardant properties of PET/DiDOPO conjugated flame retardant composites*. Front Chem 2022; 10:1018998. [PMID: 36277341 PMCID: PMC9586204 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1018998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PET/DIDOPO conjugated flame retardant composites were prepared by melt blending of styrene bridged DOPO (DIDOPO) into polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The flame retardancy, rheological behavior, and thermal degradation behavior of the composite were characterized by vertical combustion test (UL-94), limit oxygen index test (LOI), rotational rheometer, and thermogravimetry (TG). The results showed that the flame retardant composite with V-0 grade was obtained when the amount of DIDOPO is 12.5wt%, and the corresponding LOI value was 56.87% higher than that of PET. The thermogravimetry-fourier infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) test results showed that DIDOPO could promote the degradation of PET/DIDOPO materials, and release phosphorus-containing free radicals to quench the flame, therefore slowing down the combustion process, and mainly playing the key flame retardant role in gas-phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushu Xiang
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
| | - Yun Gao
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
| | - Guomin Xu
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
| | - Min He
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
| | - Shuhao Qin
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Shuhao Qin, ; Jie Yu,
| | - Jie Yu
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Shuhao Qin, ; Jie Yu,
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8
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Gao J, He W, Xiang Y, Long L, Qin S. Terminal group effects of DOPO-conjugated flame retardant on polyamide 6: Thermal stability, flame retardancy and mechanical performances. Front Chem 2022; 10:1002569. [PMID: 36247660 PMCID: PMC9554147 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1002569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two DOPO-conjugated flame retardants with or without amino terminal groups (DOPO-NH2 and DIDOPO, respectively) were synthesized and incorporated into polyamide 6 (PA6). Results demonstrated the DOPO-NH2 endowed superior thermal, flame retardant and mechanical performances to PA6 composites. With the same loading of 15 wt%, DOPO-NH2 can catalyze the PA6 matrix more effectively and result in more residues at high temperature. The PA6 composites containing DOPO-NH2 exhibited higher LOI (28.0%) compared to 25.0% for the sample containing DIDOPO, and the lower heat release capacity and peak heat release rate. Furthermore, the overall mechanical properties of PA6 composites containing DOPO-NH2 outperformed the samples containing DIDOPO, even superior to that for PA6. Such a significant difference can be mainly attributed to the existence of amino-terminal group, which can interact with carboxyl group in PA6 as confirmed by dynamic mechanical analysis, improving the compatibility between the flame retardant and PA6 matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, Huanggang Normal University, Huangzhou, China
| | - Wentao He
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, Huanggang Normal University, Huangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wentao He,
| | - Yushu Xiang
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guizhou, China
| | - Lijuan Long
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guizhou, China
| | - Shuhao Qin
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guizhou, China
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Klitsch J, Pfaendner R, Fasel C, Schönberger F. Mode of Action of Zn-DOPOx and Melamine Polyphosphate as Flame Retardants in Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polyamide 66. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183709. [PMID: 36145861 PMCID: PMC9503550 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the flame retardant effect of the Zn salt of 10-hydroxy-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (Zn-DOPOx), melamine polyphosphate (MPP) and their mixture was investigated towards the mode of action in glass fiber-reinforced polyamide 66 (PA 66 GF). The flammability was evaluated using UL 94 V and cone calorimetry. Influence on char formation was analyzed by SEM. Thermal decomposition of Zn-DOPOx and MPP was studied by TGA and ATR-FTIR. The release of gaseous PA 66 decomposition products was investigated using TGA-DTA-FTIR. Combining Zn-DOPOx and MPP leads to an improvement in flame retardancy, most pronounced for equal parts of weight. Mode of action changes significantly for Zn-DOPOx:MPP (1:1) compared to the sole components and a strong interaction between Zn-DOPOx and MPP is revealed, resulting in a more open char structure. Fuel dilution as well as less exothermic decomposition are essential for the mode of action of the combination. Through low HRR values and high CO/CO2 ratio during cone calorimetry measurements, a significant increase in gas phase activity was proven. Therefore, it is concluded that Zn-DOPOx:MPP (1:1) leads to a significant increase in flame retardancy through a combination of mode of actions in the gas and condensed phase resulting from the change in thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Klitsch
- Division Plastics, Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Rudolf Pfaendner
- Division Plastics, Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Claudia Fasel
- Department of Material Science, Technical University Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Frank Schönberger
- Division Plastics, Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6151-705-8705
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Zakharyan EM, Maksimov AL. Pyrolysis of Polyamide-Containing Materials. Process Features and Composition of Reaction Products. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427222070011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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11
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Synergistic Effects of DOPO-Based Derivative and Organo-Montmorillonite on Flame Retardancy, Thermal Stability and Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122372. [PMID: 35745948 PMCID: PMC9227306 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP), as a general thermoplastic polymer, is broadly used in different fields. However, the high flammability, melt dripping and poor mechanical properties of PP are a constraint to the expansion of its applications. In this paper, PP composites containing a combination of a phenethyl-bridged DOPO derivative (PN-DOPO) and organic montmorillonite (OMMT) were prepared via melt blending. The synergistic effects of PN-DOPO and OMMT on the flame retardancy, thermal stability and mechanical properties of PP composites were investigated systematically. The results showed that 20 wt% addition of PN-DOPO with OMMT improved the flame retardancy of PP composites. In particular, the introduction of 17 wt% PN-DOPO and 3 wt% OMMT increased the LOI values of the PP matrix from 17.2% to 23.6%, and the sample reached the V-0 level and reduced the heat release rate and total heat release. TGA indicated that OMMT could improve the thermal stability of the PP/PN-DOPO blends and promote the char residues of PP systems. Rheological behaviour showed a higher storage modulus, loss modulus and complex viscosity of PP/PN-DOPO/OMMT composites, suggesting a more effective network structure. In addition, the tensile strength, flexural properties and impact strength of the PP/PN-DOPO/OMMT composites actually increased for a good dispersion effect. Combined with the char layer analysis, the introduction of OMMT promoted more continuous and compact structural layers containing an aluminium-silicon barrier and phosphorus-containing carbonaceous char in the condensed phase. OMMT can improve the flame retardancy, thermal stability and mechanical properties of PP, and, thus, PN-DOPO/OMMT blends can serve as an efficient synergistic system for flame-retarded PP composites.
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Han X, Guo Y, Cai H, Li X, Ding J, Zhao X, Zhou H, Guo W, Huang W, Zhao T. Synergistic effects of a half‐cage and cage structure phosphorus and nitrogen‐containing
POSS
with tetrabutyl titanate on flame retardancy of vinyl epoxy resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Ying Guo
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Huanhuan Cai
- Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute Luoyang Henan Province China
| | - Xiang Li
- Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute Luoyang Henan Province China
| | - Jiangnan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Heng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Wantao Guo
- Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute Luoyang Henan Province China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
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Feng H, Li D, Cheng B, Song T, Yang R. A cross-linked charring strategy for mitigating the hazards of smoke and heat of aluminum diethylphosphonate/polyamide 6 by caged octaphenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127420. [PMID: 34736179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum diethylphosphonate (ADP) is a highly efficient phosphorus-based flame retardant, widely used in polyamide 6 (PA6). However, ADP/PA6 releases large amounts of heat and smoke under high heat flux, which commonly means serious hazards to life and property. Octaphenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (OPS) is an organic-inorganic hybrid silicon compound, playing flame retardant role in condensed phase. In this work, combustion behaviors of OPS/ADP/PA6 were investigated by limited oxygen index (LOI), UL94 and cone calorimeter (CONE) tests. The LOI and UL94 rating results did not change obviously, while the CONE data and smoke density data showed the synergistic effect of OPS and ADP in PA6. For 2.5%OPS/7.5%ADP/PA6, the peak values of heat, smoke and CO release rate (pk-HRR, pk-RSR, Ds, max with/without pilot flame and pk-COP) decreased by 60.2%, 82.1%, 45.9%/38.3% and 80.4% respectively, compared with 10%ADP/PA6. Moreover, 2.5%OPS/7.5%ADP/PA6 produced 337.5% more residue than 10%ADP/PA6. TGA, TG-IR, SEM-EDS, XPS and py-GC/MS were used to further explore the synergistic mechanism of OPS and ADP. It was verified that the cross-linked charring strategy apparently has weakened the hazards of smoke and heat of PA6. This work proposed a possible technical approach to solve both fire risk and heat/smoke hazards of PA6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisheng Feng
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South, Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, 100081 Beijing, PR China; School of Fire Protection Engineering, China People's Police University, 220 Xichang Road, Anci District, 065000 Langfang, PR China
| | - Dinghua Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South, Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, 100081 Beijing, PR China.
| | - Bo Cheng
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South, Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, 100081 Beijing, PR China
| | - Tinglu Song
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South, Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, 100081 Beijing, PR China
| | - Rongjie Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South, Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, 100081 Beijing, PR China.
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14
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Gui Y, Li Y, Wu X, Feng X, Huang G, Deng J, Wang C, Pan K. Recycling extrusion of poly(ether‐
block
‐amide) thermoplastic elastomer (
Pebax
®): the influence of chemical and crystal change on mechanical properties. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gui
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Yucai Li
- De Zhou Xin Hua Run Technology Co. Ltd Dezhou China
| | - Xin Wu
- De Zhou Xin Hua Run Technology Co. Ltd Dezhou China
| | - Xinxing Feng
- Institute of Quartermaster Engineering and Technology of System Engineering Research Institute PLA Academy of Military Sciences Beijing China
| | - Guotao Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Jianping Deng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Cao Wang
- De Zhou Xin Hua Run Technology Co. Ltd Dezhou China
| | - Kai Pan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
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15
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Ding Y, Su Y, Huang J, Wang T, Li MY, Li W. Flame Retardancy Behaviors of Flexible Polyurethane Foam Based on Reactive Dihydroxy P-N-containing Flame Retardants. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:16410-16418. [PMID: 34235312 PMCID: PMC8246474 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Green and environment-friendly high-efficiency flame retardants (FRs) are crucial to polymer FR modification. Here, a green FR 2-((bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane 2-oxide (HAMPP) was synthesized. The HAMPP was incorporated with a cyclic phosphorus structure, which will readily carbonize to inhibit or prevent further combustion. Moreover, the HAMPP contains dihydroxy reactive groups that can be used as a monomer in the polymerization reaction to obtain the main chain containing phosphorus polymer. Research studies on FRs were based on flexible polyurethane foam (PU-HAMPPs). The limiting oxygen index value of PU foam with 10% HAMPP could reach 23.7%, passing a UL-94 V-0 rating together. With the addition of HAMPP, the peak heat release rate of PU foam decreased significantly, the decomposition temperature increased, the heat release capacity reduced by 31%, and the char yield increased by 42%. The chemical composition and morphology of the char residual have been studied and analyzed thoroughly. We find that HAMPP forms a molten viscous protective layer uniformly on the material surface and releases some incombustible gases. These indicated that the FR exploited both condensed-phase and gas-phase flame retardancy mechanisms. Besides, the addition of FRs improved the mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Ding
- College
of Chemistry and Material Science, Fujian
Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
- Key
Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yumiao Su
- Key
Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiajing Huang
- College
of Chemistry and Material Science, Fujian
Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
- Key
Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Min-Yu Li
- College
of Chemistry and Materials, Ningde Normal
University, Ningde 352100, China
| | - Wenmu Li
- Key
Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
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16
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Liu BW, Long JW, Chen L, Xiao XX, Lin XB, Wang YZ. Semi-aromatic polyamides containing fluorenyl pendent toward excellent thermal stability, mechanical properties and dielectric performance. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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17
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Han X, Zhang X, Guo Y, Liu X, Zhao X, Zhou H, Zhang S, Zhao T. Synergistic Effects of Ladder and Cage Structured Phosphorus-Containing POSS with Tetrabutyl Titanate on Flame Retardancy of Vinyl Epoxy Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091363. [PMID: 33921920 PMCID: PMC8122454 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cage and ladder structured phosphorus-containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (DOPO-POSS) have been synthesized through the hydrolytic condensation of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)-vinyl triethoxysilane (VTES). The unique ladder and cage–ladder structured components in DOPO-POSS endowed it with good solubility in vinyl epoxy resin (VE), and it was used with tetrabutyl titanate (TBT) to construct a phosphorus-silicon-titanium synergy system for the flame retardation of VE. Thermal stabilities, mechanical properties, and flame retardancy of the resultant VE composites were investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), three-point bending tests, limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurement, and cone calorimetry. The experimental results showed that with the addition of only 4 wt% DOPO-POSS and 0.5 wt% TBT, the limiting oxygen index value (LOI) increased from 19.5 of pure VE to 24.2. With the addition of DOPO-POSS and TBT, the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), smoke production rate (SPR), and total smoke production (TSP) were decreased significantly compared to VE-0. In addition, the VE composites showed improved thermal stabilities and mechanical properties comparable to that of the VE-0. The investigations on pyrolysis volatiles of cured VE further revealed that DOPO-POSS and TBT exerted flame retardant effects in gas phase. The results of char residue of the VE composites by SEM and XPS showed that TBT and DOPO-POSS can accelerate the char formation during the combustion, forming an interior char layer with the honeycomb cavity structure and dense exterior char layer, making the char strong with the formation of Si-O-Ti and Ti-O-P structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (T.Z.)
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Ying Guo
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (T.Z.)
| | - Xianyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (T.Z.)
| | - Xiaojuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (T.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Heng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (T.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Songli Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Tong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (T.Z.)
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18
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Effects of innovative aromatic phosphorus containing flame-retardant polyols on rigid polyurethane foams. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01571-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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19
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Weinert M, Döring M. N‐phosphorylated Iminophosphoranes based on 9,
10‐Dihydro
‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide and their flame‐retardant behavior in epoxy resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weinert
- Division Energetic Materials Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology, ICT 76327 Pfinztal Germany
| | - Manfred Döring
- Division Plastics Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF 64289 Darmstadt Germany
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20
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Pan Y, Luo Z, Wang B. Cross-Linking Modification of Ammonium Polyphosphate via Ionic Exchange and Self-Assembly for Enhancing the Fire Safety Properties of Polypropylene. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112761. [PMID: 33238514 PMCID: PMC7700432 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) was prepared as a novel mono-component intumescent flame retardant (IFR) via the ionic exchange between ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and piperazine sulfonate, which is synthesized by self-assembly using 1-(2-aminoethyl) piperazine (AEP) and p-aminobenzene sulfonic acid (ASC) as raw materials. This all-in-one IFR integrating three functional elements (carbon, acid, and gas source) showed more efficient flame retardancy and excellent smoke suppression as well as better mechanical properties than the conventional APP. The incorporation of 22.5 wt.% MAPP into polypropylene (PP) eliminated the melt dripping phenomenon and passed the UL-94 V-0 rating. The results of the cone calorimetry test (CCT) revealed that the release of heat, smoke, and CO is significantly decreased, demonstrating that this novel IFR endows PP with excellent fire safety more effectively. For PP/MAPP composites, a possible IFR mechanism was proposed based on the analysis of the pyrolysis gas and char residues.
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21
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Hajibeygi M, Habibnejad N, Shabanian M, Khonakdar HA. Fabrication and study of thermal and combustion resistance of
DOPO
‐functionalized polyamide reinforced with organo‐modified Mg(
OH
)
2
nanoparticles. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Meisam Shabanian
- Faculty of Chemistry and Petrochemical Engineering Standard Research Institute (SRI) Karaj Iran
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22
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Huang W, Yan W, He W, Wang K, Long L, He M, Qin S, Yu J. Synergistic flame‐retardant effect of
DOPO
‐based derivative and organo‐montmorillonite on glass‐fiber‐reinforced polyamide
6 T. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weijiang Huang
- School of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringGuiyang University Guiyang People's Republic of China
- R & D department, National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yan
- School of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringGuiyang University Guiyang People's Republic of China
- R & D department, National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao He
- R & D department, National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic MaterialsHuanggang Normal University Huangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Kui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringGuiyang University Guiyang People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Long
- R & D department, National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang People's Republic of China
| | - Min He
- College of Material and MetallurgyGuizhou University Guiyang People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhao Qin
- R & D department, National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yu
- R & D department, National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang People's Republic of China
- College of Material and MetallurgyGuizhou University Guiyang People's Republic of China
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23
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Yan W, Wang K, Huang W, Wang M, Wang T, Tu C, Tian Q. Synergistic effects of phenethyl-bridged DOPO derivative with Al(OH)3 on flame retardancy for epoxy resins. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2019.1695269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yan
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Kui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Weijiang Huang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Mei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chunyun Tu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qin Tian
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
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24
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25
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Liang T, Cai J, Liu S, Lai H, Zhao J. Chain Extension and Synergistic Flame-Retardant Effect of Aromatic Schiff Base Diepoxide on Polyamide 6/Aluminum Diethylphosphinate Composites. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12142217. [PMID: 31295824 PMCID: PMC6678687 DOI: 10.3390/ma12142217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A way to suppress the deterioration in mechanical properties of polyamide 6 (PA6) is required, especially with high loading of flame retardants in the matrix. In this study, a novel aromatic Schiff base diepoxide (DES) was synthesized. It exhibited an efficient chain extension effect on PA6 and a synergistic flame-retardant effect with aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPi) for PA6. The PA6 composite with 16 wt.% AlPi only passed UL-94 V-0 rating at 1.6 mm thickness, while the combination of 1.5 wt.% DES with 13 wt.% AlPi induced PA6 to achieve a UL-94 V-0 rating at 0.8 mm thickness. The tensile, flexural, and Izod notched impact strengths were increased by 16.2%, 16.5%, and 24.9%, respectively, compared with those of V-0 flame-retarded PA6 composites with 16 wt.% AlPi. The flame-retarded mechanism of PA6/AlPi/DES was investigated by cone calorimetry and infrared characterization of the char residues and pyrolysis products. These results showed that DES had a synergistic effect with AlPi in condensed-phase flame retardation by promoting the production of aluminum phosphorus oxides and polyphosphates in the char residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Shenzhen Halcyon New Materials Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Jianan Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shumei Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hualin Lai
- Shenzhen Halcyon New Materials Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518116, China.
| | - Jianqing Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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26
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Zhou Y, He W, Wang N, Xu D, Chen X, He M, Guo J. Thermoplastic polyurethane/polytetrafluoroethylene/bridged dopo derivative composites: Flammability, thermal stability, and mechanical properties. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang 550014 China
| | - Weidi He
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang 550014 China
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Dinghong Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang 550014 China
| | - Xiaolang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Min He
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Jianbing Guo
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang 550014 China
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
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27
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Halogen-free flame retardants for application in thermoplastics based on condensation polymers. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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28
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Mandlekar N, Cayla A, Rault F, Giraud S, Salaün F, Guan J. Valorization of Industrial Lignin as Biobased Carbon Source in Fire Retardant System for Polyamide 11 Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11010180. [PMID: 30960166 PMCID: PMC6401932 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, two different types of industrial lignin (i.e., lignosulphonate lignin (LL) and kraft lignin (DL)) were exploited as charring agents with phosphorus-based flame retardants for polyamide 11 (PA11). The effect of lignins on the thermal stability and fire behavior of PA11 combined with phosphinate additives (namely, aluminum phosphinate (AlP) and zinc phosphinate (ZnP)) has been studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), UL 94 vertical flame spread, and cone calorimetry tests. Various blends of flame retarded PA11 were prepared by melt process using a twin-screw extruder. Thermogravimetric analyses showed that the LL containing ternary blends are able to provide higher thermal stability, as well as a developed char residue. The decomposition of the phosphinates led to the formation of phosphate compounds in the condensed phase, which promotes the formation of a stable char. Flammability tests showed that LL/ZnP ternary blends were able to achieve self-extinction and V-1 classification; the other formulations showed a strong melt dripping and higher burning. In addition to this, cone calorimetry results showed that the most enhanced behavior was found when 10 wt % of LL and AlP were combined, which strongly reduced PHRR (-74%) and THR (-22%), due to the interaction between LL and AlP, which not only promotes char formation but also confers the stability to char in the condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Mandlekar
- Politecnico di Torino, Dept. of Applied Science and Technology, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Aurélie Cayla
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - François Rault
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Stéphane Giraud
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Fabien Salaün
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Jinping Guan
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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29
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Yang B, Li X, Wang L, Zhang Y, Cui J, Guo J, Tian L. An efficient flame retardant for epoxy resin: Preparation and pyrolytic behaviour. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008318815730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Using 4,4-diaminodiphenyl methane as a curing agent, three kinds of monomers, 4,4′-dihydroxybenzophenone, diphenyl chlorophosphite and 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate (NCO), were introduced into a thermosetting resin (DGEBA). The flame retardancy properties of the composites were studied, and the results were compared with those of 5 wt% bis(bis(4-((diphenoxyphosphoryl)oxy)phenyl)methyl) 1,4-phenylenedicarbamate (DHPP-OH-NCO), 10 wt% DHPP-OH-NCO and 15 wt% DHPP-OH-NCO curing agents. The results showed that 15 wt% DHPP-OH-NCO had an improved flame retardancy, the limited oxygen index reached 33.5% and the vertical burning test (UL94) achieved a V-0 level. A cone calorimeter experiment showed that the addition of the flame retardant significantly reduced the amount of generated smoke and heat. Macroscopic digital images, scanning electron microscopy images and thermogravimetric analysis results further revealed that the epoxy resin (EP) with DHPP-OH-NCO exhibited greater char yields. The flame retardancy mechanism of the flame retardant was preliminarily shown by pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. The combined test results demonstrate that a high-efficiency phosphorous-containing flame retardant for EPs was successfully developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoping Yang
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lurong Wang
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yabin Zhang
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinfeng Cui
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junhong Guo
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li Tian
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
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30
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Peng C, Gao C, Yuan Y, Wu Z, zhou D. Synthesis and application of a benzoxazine-type phosphorus-containing monomer on epoxy/benzoxazine copolymer: Thermal stability and compatibility with liquid oxygen. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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31
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Wen Y, Cheng Z, Li W, Li Z, Liao D, Hu X, Pan N, Wang D, Hull TR. A novel oligomer containing DOPO and ferrocene groups: Synthesis, characterization, and its application in fire retardant epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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32
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Synergistic Flame-retardant Effect of Epoxy Resin Combined with Phenethyl-bridged DOPO Derivative and Graphene Nanosheets. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-019-2175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Xu M, Lei Y, Ren D, Chen L, Li K, Liu X. Thermal Stability of Allyl-Functional Phthalonitriles-Containing Benzoxazine/Bismaleimide Copolymers and Their Improved Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E596. [PMID: 30966630 PMCID: PMC6403837 DOI: 10.3390/polym10060596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Copolymerization is the typical method to obtain the high-performance resin composites, due to its universality and regulation performance. It can be employed among various resin matrices with active groups to obtain the desired structures, and subsequently, the outstanding properties. In this work, the copolymerization between the allyl-functional phthalonitrile-containing benzoxazine resin (DABA-Ph) and 4,4'-bis(Maleimidodiphenyl)methane (BMI) were monitored. The interactions among the active groups including allyl moieties, maleimide, benzoxazine rings and nitrile groups were investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic rheological analysis (DRA) were used to study the curing behaviors and the processing properties. The possible curing processes were proposed and confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Then, glass fiber-reinforced DABA-Ph/BMI composites were designed, and their thermal-mechanical properties were studied. Results indicated that all the composites exhibited outstanding flexural strength, flexural modulus, and high glass-transition temperatures (Tg > 450 °C). The thermal stability of the composites was studied by thermogravimetry (TGA) and evaluated by the integral program decomposition temperature (IPDT). it is believed that the excellent thermal mechanical properties and outstanding Tg as well as good thermal stability would enable the reinforced copolymer-based laminates to be applied in wider fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhen Xu
- Research Branch of Advanced Functional Materials, School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.
| | - Yangxue Lei
- Research Branch of Advanced Functional Materials, School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.
| | - Dengxun Ren
- Research Branch of Advanced Functional Materials, School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.
| | - Lin Chen
- Research Branch of Advanced Functional Materials, School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.
| | - Kui Li
- Research Branch of Advanced Functional Materials, School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- Research Branch of Advanced Functional Materials, School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.
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