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Wang H, Liu Q, Li H, Zhang H, Yan S. Flame-Retardant and Smoke-Suppressant Flexible Polyurethane Foams Based on Phosphorus-Containing Polyester Diols and Expandable Graphite. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051284. [PMID: 36904525 PMCID: PMC10006967 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A liquid-phosphorus-containing polyester diol, PPE, was prepared via condensation polymerization using commercial reactive flame retardant 9,10-dihydro-10-[2,3-di(hydroxycarbonyl)propyl]-10-phospha-phenanthrene-10-oxide, adipic acid, ethylene glycol, and 1,4-butanediol. PPE and/or expandable graphite (EG) were then incorporated into phosphorus-containing flame-retardant polyester-based flexible polyurethane foams (P-FPUFs). The structure and properties of the resultant P-FPUFs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy tensile measurements, limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning tests, cone calorimeter tests, thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Unlike the FPUF prepared using regular polyester polyol (R-FPUF), PPE increased the flexibility and elongation at break of the resultant forms. More importantly, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) of P-FPUF were reduced by 18.6% and 16.3%, respectively, via gas-phase-dominated flame-retardant mechanisms, compared with those of R-FPUF. The addition of EG further reduced the peak smoke production release (PSR) and total smoke production (TSP) of the resultant FPUFs while increasing the LOI and char formation. Interestingly, it was observed that EG noticeably improved the residual quantity of phosphorus in the char residue. When the EG loading was 15 phr, the resulting FPUF (P-FPUF/15EG) attained a high LOI value (29.2%) and exhibited good anti-dripping performance. Meanwhile, the PHRR, THR, and TSP of P-FPUF/15EG were significantly decreased by 82.7%, 40.3%, and 83.4%, respectively, compared with those of P-FPUF. This superior flame-retardant performance can be attributed to the combination of the bi-phase flame-retardant behavior of PPE and condensed-phase flame-retardant characteristics of EG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiang Liu
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (H.L.); (S.Y.)
| | - Hui Li
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (H.L.); (S.Y.)
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2
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Chi J, Zhang Y, Tu F, Sun J, Zhi H, Yang J. The synergistic flame-retardant behaviors of soybean oil phosphate-based polyols and modified ammonium polyphosphate in polyurethane foam. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-023-03447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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3
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Akdogan E, Erdem M. Environmentally-benign rigid polyurethane foam produced from a reactive and phosphorus-functionalized biopolyol: Assessment of physicomechanical and flame-retardant properties. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Chan YY, Schartel B. It Takes Two to Tango: Synergistic Expandable Graphite–Phosphorus Flame Retardant Combinations in Polyurethane Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132562. [PMID: 35808608 PMCID: PMC9269610 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the high flammability and smoke toxicity of polyurethane foams (PUFs) during burning, distinct efficient combinations of flame retardants are demanded to improve the fire safety of PUFs in practical applications. This feature article focuses on one of the most impressive halogen-free combinations in PUFs: expandable graphite (EG) and phosphorus-based flame retardants (P-FRs). The synergistic effect of EG and P-FRs mainly superimposes the two modes of action, charring and maintaining a thermally insulating residue morphology, to bring effective flame retardancy to PUFs. Specific interactions between EG and P-FRs, including the agglutination of the fire residue consisting of expanded-graphite worms, yields an outstanding synergistic effect, making this approach the latest champion to fulfill the demanding requirements for flame-retarded PUFs. Current and future topics such as the increasing use of renewable feedstock are also discussed in this article.
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Preparation of a Novel Organic Phosphonic Acid Intercalated Phosphate Tailings Based Hydrotalcite and Its Application in Enhancing Fire Safety for Epoxy Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040725. [PMID: 35215638 PMCID: PMC8875001 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphate tailings (PTs) are solid waste, which is produced by phosphate flotation. In this work, PTs were used as raw materials for the preparation of diethylenetriamine pentamethronic acid (DTPMP) intercalated trimetal (Ca-Mg-Al) layered double hydroxides (TM-DTPMP LDHs) by co-precipitation method. TM-DTPMP LDHs were characterized by X-ray diffraction, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, differential thermal gravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and applied as a flame retardant to improve the fire safety of epoxy resin (EP). The results showed that the composite materials exhibited obvious layered structure. After intercalation, layer spacing increased from 0.783 to 1.78 Å. When the amount of TM-DTPMP LDH in EP was 8%, the limitted oxygen index of the composite material increased from the original 19.2% to 30.2%. In addition, Cone calorimeter (CC) and Raman spectrum results indicated that with the addition of TM-DTPMP LDHs, the value of heat release rate peak (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) were reduced by more than 43% and 60%, while the value of smoke formation rate (pSPR) and the total smoke production (TSP) decreased nearly 64% and 83%, respectively. The significant reduction in the release of combustion heat and harmful smoke during EP combustion may be attributed to the synergistic flame-retardant effect between hydrotalcite and DTPMP. This work exhibited great potential for the green recycling of PTs and the enhancement of the fire safety of EP.
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6
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Wen N, Zeng W, Yang Y, Yang Z, Li H, Li X, Li Q, Ding H, Lei Z. Preparation of the Intrinsic Flame-Retardant Curing Agent of Inorganic Epoxy Resin Containing Nitrogen and Phosphorus. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-021-02153-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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7
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Sarika PR, Nancarrow P, Khansaheb A, Ibrahim T. Progress in Bio‐Based Phenolic Foams: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.202100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. R. Sarika
- American University of Sharjah Department of Chemical Engineering P.O. Box 26666 Sharjah United Arab Emirates
| | - Paul Nancarrow
- American University of Sharjah Department of Chemical Engineering P.O. Box 26666 Sharjah United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdulrahman Khansaheb
- Khansaheb Industries Airport Road, Rashidiya, P.O. Box 13 Dubai United Arab Emirates
| | - Taleb Ibrahim
- American University of Sharjah Department of Chemical Engineering P.O. Box 26666 Sharjah United Arab Emirates
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8
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Tang G, Liu M, Deng D, Zhao R, Liu X, Yang Y, Yang S, Liu X. Phosphorus-containing soybean oil-derived polyols for flame-retardant and smoke-suppressant rigid polyurethane foams. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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9
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Prociak A, Kurańska M, Uram K, Wójtowicz M. Bio-Polyurethane Foams Modified with a Mixture of Bio-Polyols of Different Chemical Structures. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152469. [PMID: 34372072 PMCID: PMC8347397 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams prepared using different contents of a mixture of two bio-polyols (20–40 php). The bio-polyols were obtained through epoxidation and a ring opening reaction. Different chemical structures of the bio-polyols resulted from the use of 1-hexanol and 1,6-hexanediol as opening agents. The bio-polyols were characterized by hydroxyl values of 104 and 250 mgKOH/g and viscosities of 643 and 5128 mPa·s, respectively. Next, the influence of the bio-polyols on the foaming process of PUR systems as well as the foam properties was evaluated. The bio-foams modified with different contents of the bio-polyols were next compared with a reference foam obtained using a polyether petrochemical polyol. The effect of the apparent density reduction as a result of replacing the petrochemical polyol was minimized by decreasing the water content in the formulation. It was found that the modification of the recipe by changing the content of water, acting as a chemical foaming agent, did not affect the foaming process. However, the introduction of the bio-polyols mixture limited the reactivity of the systems by reducing the maximum temperature of the foaming process. The bio-materials with comparable apparent densities to that of the reference material were characterized by similar values of the thermal conductivity coefficient and a decrease in their mechanical strengths. A deterioration of mechanical properties was caused by the plasticization of the polyurethane matrices with the bio-polyols containing dangling chains. However, all materials were dimensionally stable at room temperature.
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Wang H, Jiang P, Zhang P, Zhao H, Zhao M, Deng J, Cao Z. Synthesis of polyols containing nitrogen‐phosphorus from vegetable oil derivatives for polyurethane film applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Pingping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Pingbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Huihang Zhao
- Department for Engineering Technology Hebei Jingu Renewable Resources Development Co., Ltd. Shijiazhuang China
| | - Minzhong Zhao
- Department for Engineering Technology Hebei Jingu Renewable Resources Development Co., Ltd. Shijiazhuang China
| | - Jianneng Deng
- Research Center for Engineering Technology Jiangsu Baichuan High‐tech New Materials Co., Ltd. Nantong China
| | - Zhiliang Cao
- Research Center for Engineering Technology Jiangsu Baichuan High‐tech New Materials Co., Ltd. Nantong China
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11
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Vincent T, Vincent C, Dumazert L, Otazaghine B, Sonnier R, Guibal E. Fire behavior of innovative alginate foams. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 250:116910. [PMID: 33049885 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A new biosourced composite foam (AF, associating foamed alginate matrix and orange peel filler) is successfully tested for fire-retardant properties. This material having similar thermal insulating properties and density than fire-retardant polyurethane foam (FR-PUF, a commercial product) shows promising enhanced properties for flame retardancy, as assessed by different methods such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) and a newly designed apparatus called RAPACES for investigating large-scale samples. All these methods confirm the promising properties of this alternative material in terms of fire protection (pHRR, THR, EHC, time-to-ignition, flame duration or production of residue), especially for heat flux not exceeding 50 kW m-2. At higher heat flux (i.e., 75 kW m-2), flame retardant properties tend to decrease but maintain at a higher level than FR-PUF. The investigation of the effect of AF thickness shows that the critical thickness (CT) is close to 1.5-1.7 cm: heat diffusion and material combustion are limited to the CT layer that protects the underlying layers from combustion. A multiplicity of factors can explain this behavior, such as: (a) negligible heat conduction, (b) low heat of combustion, (c) charring formation, and (d) water release. Water being released from underlying layers, dilutes the gases emitted during the combustion of superficial layers and promotes the flame extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Vincent
- IMT - Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, F-30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - Chloë Vincent
- IMT - Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, F-30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - Loïc Dumazert
- IMT - Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, F-30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - Belkacem Otazaghine
- IMT - Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, F-30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- IMT - Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, F-30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - Eric Guibal
- IMT - Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, F-30319 Alès Cedex, France.
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A Pathway toward a New Era of Open-Cell Polyurethane Foams-Influence of Bio-Polyols Derived from Used Cooking Oil on Foams Properties. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13225161. [PMID: 33207702 PMCID: PMC7698128 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to create greener polyurethane (PUR) foams, modified used cooking oils (UCO) were applied as starting resources for the synthesis of bio-polyols. The bio-polyols were produced using transesterification of UCO with diethylene glycol (UCO_DEG) and triethanolamine (UCO_TEA). Next, open-cell PUR foams were synthesized by replacing 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% of the petrochemical polyol with the bio-polyol UCO_DEG or UCO_TEA. It was observed that an increasing bio-polyol content (up to 60%) led to an increase of the closed cell content. However, a further increase in the bio-polyol content up to 100% resulted in foam cell opening. The bio-foams obtained in the experiment had an apparent density of 13–18 kg/m3. The coefficient of thermal conductivity was determined at three different average temperatures: 10, 0 and −10 °C. The PUR bio-foams modified with bio-polyol UCO_TEA had lower values of thermal conductivity, regardless of the average temperature (35.99–39.57 mW/m·K) than the foams modified with bio-polyol UCO_DEG (36.95–43.78 mW/m·K). The compressive strength of most of the bio-foams was characterized by a higher value than the compressive strength of the reference material (without bio-polyol). Finally, it was observed that the bio-materials exhibited dimensional stability at 70 °C.
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Acuña P, Lin X, Calvo MS, Shao Z, Pérez N, Villafañe F, Rodríguez-Pérez MÁ, Wang DY. Synergistic effect of expandable graphite and phenylphosphonic-aniline salt on flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foam. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Biodegradable, Flame-Retardant, and Bio-Based Rigid Polyurethane/Polyisocyanurate Foams for Thermal Insulation Application. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11111816. [PMID: 31694273 PMCID: PMC6918136 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This article raised the issue of studies on the use of new bio-polyol based on white mustard seed oil and 2,2’-thiodiethanol (3-thiapentane-1,5-diol) for the synthesis of rigid polyurethane/polyisocyanurate (RPU/PIR) foams. For this purpose, new formulations of polyurethane materials were prepared. Formulations contained bio-polyol content from 0 to 0.4 chemical equivalents of hydroxyl groups. An industrial flame retardant, tri(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (Antiblaze TCMP), was added to half of the formulations. Basic foaming process parameters and functional properties, such as apparent density, compressive strength, brittleness, absorbability and water absorption, aging resistance, thermal conductivity coefficient λ, structure of materials, and flammability were examined. The susceptibility of the foams to biodegradation in soil was also examined. The increase in the bio-polyol content caused a slight increase in processing times. Also, it was noted that the use of bio-polyol had a positive effect on the functional properties of obtained RPU/PIR foams. Foams modified by bio-polyol based on mustard seed oil showed lower apparent density, brittleness, compressive strength, and absorbability and water absorption, as well as thermal conductivity, compared to the reference (unmodified) foams. Furthermore, the obtained materials were more resistant to aging and more susceptible to biodegradation.
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15
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Chang BP, Thakur S, Mohanty AK, Misra M. Novel sustainable biobased flame retardant from functionalized vegetable oil for enhanced flame retardancy of engineering plastic. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15971. [PMID: 31685842 PMCID: PMC6828712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The flame retardancy of an engineering plastic, poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), with a biobased flame retardant (FR) made from phosphorylated linseed oil (PLO) and phosphorylated downstream corn oil (PCO) was studied. Different phosphorus moieties were incorporated into the vegetable oil backbone through a ring-opening reaction. The chemical structure of the phosphorylated oil was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear resonance magnetic (NMR) spectroscopy. It was found that the incorporation of only 7.5 wt% of PLO was sufficient to change the UL-94 fire class of PBT from non-rating to V-0. The flame-retardancy mechanism of the PBT/PLO blends was evaluated from TGA-FTIR analysis. The combined effects of the gas phase mechanism and the dripping tendency of the blends aided to retard the flame propagation effectively. As the synthesized PLO and PCO contained high free fatty acids, the acid-ester exchange reaction occurred in the blends to form oligomers during the ignition. As a result, the blend dripped immediately and the drips carried all the heat to prevent fire. This work suggests that this sustainable biobased FR could be a desirable alternative to halogen-based FRs for PBT and other engineering polymers to develop more environmentally friendly FR products for various future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Peng Chang
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Suman Thakur
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Amar K Mohanty
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
- School of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Manjusri Misra
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
- School of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Jung D, Raffan-Montoya F, Ramachandran R, Zhang Y, Islamoglu T, Marin G, Qian EA, Dziedzic RM, Farha OK, Stoliarov SI, Spokoyny AM. Cross-linked porous polyurethane materials featuring dodecaborate clusters as inorganic polyol equivalents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:8852-8855. [PMID: 31187812 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03350e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the discovery that a perhydroxylated dodecaborate cluster ([B12(OH)12]2-) can act as an inorganic polyol, serving as a molecular cross-linker in the synthesis of polyurethane-based materials. We further demonstrate how the inherent robustness of the utilized boron cluster can effectively enhance the thermal stability of the produced polyurethane materials incorporating [B12(OH)12]2- building blocks compared to analogous polymers made from carbon-based polyols. Ultimately, this approach provides a potential route to tune the chemical and physical properties of soft materials through incorporation of polyhedral boron-rich clusters into the polymer network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahee Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Paciorek-Sadowska J, Borowicz M, Czupryński B, Isbrandt M. Effect of Evening Primrose Oil-Based Polyol on the Properties of Rigid Polyurethane⁻Polyisocyanurate Foams for Thermal Insulation. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1334. [PMID: 30961260 PMCID: PMC6401691 DOI: 10.3390/polym10121334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The article presents the results of research on the synthesis of a new biopolyol based on evening primrose oil, and its use in the production of rigid polyurethane⁻polyisocyanurate foams intended for thermal insulation. The obtained biopolyol was subjected to analytical, physicochemical, and spectroscopic tests (Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ¹H NMR, 13C NMR) to confirm its suitability for the synthesis of polyurethane materials. Then, it was used for the partial replacement of the petrochemical polyol in the polyurethane formulation. Obtained rigid polyurethane⁻polyisocyanurate foams are characterized by a lower apparent density, brittleness, water absorption, and thermal conductivity coefficient λ. In addition, foams modified by biopolyols had a higher content of closed cells and higher aging resistance. The results of the conducted research showed that the use of the biopolyol based on evening primrose oil may be an alternative to petrochemical polyols. The research presented herein is perfectly consistent with the trends of sustainable development and the philosophy of green chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Paciorek-Sadowska
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polyurethanes, Technical Institute, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Technical Science, Kazimierz Wielki University, J. K. Chodkiewicza Street 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Marcin Borowicz
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polyurethanes, Technical Institute, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Technical Science, Kazimierz Wielki University, J. K. Chodkiewicza Street 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Bogusław Czupryński
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polyurethanes, Technical Institute, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Technical Science, Kazimierz Wielki University, J. K. Chodkiewicza Street 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Marek Isbrandt
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polyurethanes, Technical Institute, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Technical Science, Kazimierz Wielki University, J. K. Chodkiewicza Street 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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