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Zhang Q, Wang Y, Gao M, Li Y, Zhao L, Yao Y, Chen H, Wang L, Sun H. Organophosphite Antioxidants and Novel Organophosphate Esters in Dust from China: Large-Scale Distribution and Heterogeneous Phototransformation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4187-4198. [PMID: 36848063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A large-scale survey was conducted by measuring five organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs) and three novel organophosphate esters (NOPEs) in 139 dust samples across China. The median summed concentrations of OPAs and NOPEs in outdoor dust were 33.8 ng/g (range: 0.12-53,400 ng/g) and 7990 ng/g (2390-27,600 ng/g), respectively. The dust concentrations of OPAs associated with the increasing economic development and population density from western to eastern China, whereas the NOPE concentration in Northeast China (median, 11,900 ng/g; range, 4360-16,400 ng/g) was the highest. Geographically, the distribution of NOPEs was significantly associated with annual sunshine duration and precipitation at each sampling site. Results of laboratory experiments further revealed that the simulated sunlight irradiation promoted the heterogeneous phototransformation of OPAs in dust, and this process was accelerated with the existence of reactive oxygen species and enhanced relative humidity. Importantly, during this phototransformation, the hydroxylated, hydrolyzed, dealkylated, and methylated products, e.g., bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) methyl phosphate, were identified by nontargeted analysis, part of which were estimated to be more toxic than their parent compounds. The heterogeneous phototransformation pathway of OPAs was suggested accordingly. For the first time, the large-scale distribution of OPAs and NOPEs and the phototransformation of these "new chemicals" in dust were revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Meng Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yongcheng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Lupu (Luchian) AM, Zaharescu T, Râpă M, Mariș M, Iovu H. Availability of PLA/SIS blends for packaging and medical applications.Part II: Contribution of stabilizer agents. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Sun X, Zhuang J, Ma X, Tang Y, Ali MM, Lu Z, Zheng X, Du Z. Structure elucidation and risk assessment of degradation products in gamma irradiated rubber closures. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Celiz MD, Morehouse KM, Ridge CD, Chen F, deJager LS, Begley TH. Extraction and analysis of an organophosphate salt nucleating agent from irradiated polypropylene resin. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1009-1020. [PMID: 35302911 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2037727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well-established that irradiation of produce can reduce food-borne pathogens and spoilage organisms, data on the effect of irradiation on polymer additives in food packaging materials are limited, particularly for those additives used in packaging leafy greens or in current food packaging materials. We investigated the effects of irradiating a nucleating agent, aluminium, hydroxybis[2,4,8,10-tetrakis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-hydroxy-12H-dibenzo [d,g][1,3,2]dioxaphosphocin 6-oxidato]- (CAS Reg. No. 151841-65-5), at doses of 1-20 kGy in polypropylene. That nucleating agent was then extracted using accelerated solvent extraction and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection (LC-PDA), and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) spectroscopy. We found this nucleating agent was not significantly affected by radiation treatment up to 20 kGy. Therefore, this nucleating agent could potentially be useful in food packaging materials that will be irradiated at doses of 20 kGy or less. Establishing which additives are stable under anticipated irradiation doses will help support safety evaluation of food packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Dawn Celiz
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Kim M Morehouse
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Clark D Ridge
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Fu Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Lowri S deJager
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Timothy H Begley
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
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Migration testing of metallized polypropylene films treated with ionizing radiation. Food Packag Shelf Life 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2021.100799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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El-Boraey HA, AboYehia SM, El-Gammal OA. Influence of high energy γ-irradiation on some binuclear transition metal complexes of pentadentate ligand: Spectral, thermal, modelling, X-ray diffraction, morphological and solid electrical conductivity. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 182:110121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wang Y, Wu J, Liu B, Xia Y, Lin Q. Migration of polymer additives and radiolysis products from irradiated PET/PE films into a food simulant. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Lu S, Wu J, Xia Y, Hu C. Effect of ionising irradiation on silver release from polyolefin/silver nanocomposite films into food simulants. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:681-690. [PMID: 33625955 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1878284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Two types of nanocomposite films, polyethylene/silver (PE/Ag) and polypropylene/silver (PP/Ag), were prepared and characterised. Assessment of silver released under the effect of ionising irradiation was performed on the nanocomposite films. The release experiment was carried out by immersing the nanocomposite films in water, 3% acetic acid or 95% ethanol as food simulants and measuring the Ag release from nanocomposite films treated with and without gamma or electron beam irradiation at a dose of 10 kGy. In general, irradiation treatment increased the Ag release regardless of the type of polymer and food simulant. One reason could be radiation-induced metal oxidation at the surface which in turn promoted ion release into food simulants. The oxidising radicals produced by radiation in solution could be another factor speeding up metal oxidation and subsequent ion release. When comparisons were made between the two types of irradiation, greater Ag release into water and 3% acetic acid was observed after electron beam irradiation, while gamma irradiation was likely to induce greater Ag release into 95% ethanol. Such phenomena reveal the influence of different types of radiation on the solutions which in turn affect the Ag release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Lu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Food Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjie Wu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yining Xia
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changying Hu
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Wang Y, Gao X, Liu B, Lin Q, Xia Y. Identification of chemicals in a polyvinyl chloride/polyethylene multilayer film by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and their migration into solution. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1625:461274. [PMID: 32709326 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) method was employed for chemical identification in a commercial polyvinyl chloride/polyethylene (PVC/PE) multilayer film. Over 30 chemicals from different layers (PE layer, PVC layer, and adhesive layer) of the film were identified and were classified into 6 groups, including antioxidants, plasticizers, slip agents, antistatic agents, adhesive components, etc. Special attention was placed on the analysis of some non-intentionally added substances and oligomers in adhesive. Based on the identification results, six additives (all from PE layer) were selected and their migration behaviors were investigated via one-sided contact migration test. The migration test was performed by exposing the PE side of the film to different simulating solutions (water, 40% ethanol, and 95% ethanol) at 40°C, as well as recording the migration level as a function of time. No obvious migration was found into water for all additives, while the migration into 40% and 95% ethanol followed Fickian diffusion behavior, and could be described by Fick's diffusion equation. Diffusion coefficients derived from the equation were in a range of 10-13 to 10-10 cm2/s and were dependent on the type of additive and solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yini Wang
- Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics, Packaging Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519070, China; Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xia Gao
- Beijing Center for Physical & Chemical Analysis, Beijing 100089, China
| | | | - Qinbao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics, Packaging Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519070, China.
| | - Yining Xia
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Celiz MD, Morehouse KM, deJager LS, Begley TH. Concentration changes of polymer additives and radiolysis products in polyethylene resins irradiated at doses applicable to fresh produce. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.108520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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