1
|
McLean P, Marshall J, García-Bilbao A, Beal D, Katsumiti A, Carrière M, Boyles MSP. A comparison of dermal toxicity models; assessing suitability for safe(r)-by-design decision-making and for screening nanomaterial hazards. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 97:105792. [PMID: 38364873 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The objective of Safe-by-Design (SbD) is to support the development of safer products and production processes, and enable safe use throughout a materials' life cycle; an intervention at an early stage of innovation can greatly benefit industry by reducing costs associated with the development of products later found to elicit harmful effects. Early hazard screening can support this process, and is needed for all of the expected nanomaterial exposure routes, including inhalation, ingestion and dermal. In this study, we compare in vitro and ex vivo cell models that represent dermal exposures (including HaCaT cells, primary keratinocytes, and reconstructed human epidermis (RhE)), and when possible consider these in the context of regulatory accepted OECD TG for in vitro dermal irritation. Various benchmark nanomaterials were used to assess markers of cell stress in each cell model. In addition, we evaluated different dosing strategies that have been used when applying the OECD TG for dermal irritation in assessment of nanomaterials, and how inconsistencies in the approach used can have considerable impact of the conclusions made. Although we could not demonstrate alignment of all models used, there was an indication that the simpler in vitro cell model aligned more closely with RhE tissue than ex vivo primary keratinocytes, supporting the use of HaCaT cells for screening of dermal toxicity of nanomaterials and in early-stage SbD decision-making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Polly McLean
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Jessica Marshall
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Amaia García-Bilbao
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48170 Zamudio, Spain
| | - David Beal
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, SyMMES-CIBEST, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Alberto Katsumiti
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48170 Zamudio, Spain
| | - Marie Carrière
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, SyMMES-CIBEST, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Matthew S P Boyles
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK; Centre for Biomedicine and Global Health, School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wohlleben W, Bossa N, Mitrano DM, Scott K. Everything falls apart: How solids degrade and release nanomaterials, composite fragments, and microplastics. NANOIMPACT 2024; 34:100510. [PMID: 38759729 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2024.100510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
To ensure the safe use of materials, one must assess the identity and quantity of exposure. Solid materials, such as plastics, metals, coatings and cements, degrade to some extent during their life cycle, and releases can occur during manufacturing, use and end-of-life. Releases (e.g., what is released, how does release happen, and how much material is released) depend on the composition and internal (nano)structures of the material as well as the applied stresses during the lifecycle. We consider, in some depth, releases from mechanical, weathering and thermal stresses and specifically address the use cases of fused-filament 3D printing, dermal contact, food contact and textile washing. Solid materials can release embedded nanomaterials, composite fragments, or micro- and nanoplastics, as well as volatile organics, ions and dissolved organics. The identity of the release is often a heterogenous mixture and requires adapted strategies for sampling and analysis, with suitable quality control measures. Control materials enhance robustness by enabling comparative testing, but reference materials are not always available as yet. The quantity of releases is typically described by time-dependent rates that are modulated by the nature and intensity of the applied stress, the chemical identity of the polymer or other solid matrix, and the chemical identity and compatibility of embedded engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) or other additives. Standardization of methods and the documentation of metadata, including all the above descriptors of the tested material, applied stresses, sampling and analytics, are identified as important needs to advance the field and to generate robust, comparable assessments. In this regard, there are strong methodological synergies between the study of all solid materials, including the study of micro- and nanoplastics. From an outlook perspective, we review the hazard of the released entities, and show how this informs risk assessment. We also address the transfer of methods to related issues such as tyre wear, advanced materials and advanced manufacturing, biodegradable polymers, and non-solid matrices. As the consideration of released entities will become more routine in industry via lifecycle assessment in Safe-and-Sustainable-by-Design practices, release assessments will require careful design of the study with quality controls, the use of agreed-on test materials and standardized methods where these exist and the adoption of clearly defined data reporting practices that enable data reuse, meta-analyses, and comparative studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendel Wohlleben
- BASF SE, Dept. of Analytical and Materials Science, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Nathan Bossa
- TEMAS Solutions GmbH, Lätterweg 5, 5212 Hausen, Switzerland; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Denise M Mitrano
- Environmental Systems Science Department, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Keana Scott
- Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, MS-8372, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kong U, Mohammad Rawi NF, Tay GS. The Potential Applications of Reinforced Bioplastics in Various Industries: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102399. [PMID: 37242974 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of bioplastics has been an evolution for plastic industry since conventional plastics have been claimed to cause several environmental issues. Apart from its biodegradability, one of the advantages can be identified of using bioplastic is that they are produced by renewal resources as the raw materials for synthesis. Nevertheless, bioplastics can be classified into two types, which are biodegradable and non-biodegradable, depending on the type of plastic that is produced. Although some of the bioplastics are non-biodegradable, the usage of biomass in synthesising the bioplastics helps in preserving non-renewable resources, which are petrochemical, in producing conventional plastics. However, the mechanical strength of bioplastic still has room for improvement as compared to conventional plastics, which is believed to limit its application. Ideally, bioplastics need to be reinforced for improving their performance and properties to serve their application. Before 21st century, synthetic reinforcement has been used to reinforce conventional plastic to achieve its desire properties to serve its application, such as glass fiber. Owing to several issues, the trend has been diversified to utilise natural resources as reinforcements. There are several industries that have started to use reinforced bioplastic, and this article focuses on the advantages of using reinforced bioplastic in various industries and its limitations. Therefore, this article aims to study the trend of reinforced bioplastic applications and the potential applications of reinforced bioplastics in various industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uwei Kong
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Fazita Mohammad Rawi
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia
- Green Biopolymer, Coatings & Packaging Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Guan Seng Tay
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia
- Green Biopolymer, Coatings & Packaging Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Perera KY, Hopkins M, Jaiswal AK, Jaiswal S. Nanoclays-containing bio-based packaging materials: properties, applications, safety, and regulatory issues. JOURNAL OF NANOSTRUCTURE IN CHEMISTRY 2023; 14:1-23. [PMID: 36747507 PMCID: PMC9893189 DOI: 10.1007/s40097-023-00525-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Food packaging is an important concept for consumer satisfaction and the increased shelf life of food products. The introduction of novel food packaging materials has become an emerging trend in recent years, which could be mainly due to environmental pollution caused by plastic packaging and to reduce food waste. Recently, numerous studies have been carried out on nanoclays or nanolayered silicate to be used in packaging material development as reinforcing filler composites. Different types of nanoclays have been used as food packaging materials, while montmorillonite (MMT), halloysite, bentonite (BT), Cloisite, and organically modified nanoclays have become of great interest. The incorporation of nanoclays into the packaging matrix improves the mechanical and barrier properties and at the same time prolongs the biodegradation of the packaging material. The purpose of this article is to examine the development of nanoclay-based food packaging materials. The review article highlights the current state of research on bio-based polymers with nanoclay for food packaging. In addition, the report analyses the mechanical, barrier, and antibacterial characteristics of nanoclay-based food packaging materials. Finally, it discusses the migration of nanoclays, toxicity levels, and the legislation associated with the application of nanoclays. Graphical abstract
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalpani Y. Perera
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin-City Campus, Central Quad, Grangegorman, Dublin, D07 ADY7 Ireland
- Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin-City Campus, Grangegorman, Dublin, D07 H6K8 Ireland
| | - Maille Hopkins
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin-City Campus, Central Quad, Grangegorman, Dublin, D07 ADY7 Ireland
| | - Amit K. Jaiswal
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin-City Campus, Central Quad, Grangegorman, Dublin, D07 ADY7 Ireland
- Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin-City Campus, Grangegorman, Dublin, D07 H6K8 Ireland
| | - Swarna Jaiswal
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin-City Campus, Central Quad, Grangegorman, Dublin, D07 ADY7 Ireland
- Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin-City Campus, Grangegorman, Dublin, D07 H6K8 Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Goyal N, Jerold F. Biocosmetics: technological advances and future outlook. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:25148-25169. [PMID: 34825334 PMCID: PMC8616574 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17567-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The paper provides an overview of biocosmetics, which has tremendous potential for growth and is attracting huge business opportunities. It emphasizes the immediate need to replace conventional fossil-based ingredients in cosmetics with natural, safe, and effective ingredients. It assembles recent technologies viable in the production/extraction of the bioactive ingredient, product development, and formulation processes, its rapid and smooth delivery to the target site, and fosters bio-based cosmetic packaging. It further explores industries that can be a trailblazer in supplying raw material for extraction of bio-based ingredients for cosmetics, creating biodegradable packaging, or weaving innovation in fashion clothing. Lastly, the paper discusses what it takes to become the first generation of a circular economy and supports the implementation of strict regulatory guidelines for any cosmetic sold globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nishu Goyal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007, India.
| | - Frankline Jerold
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Valorization of starch nanoparticles on microstructural and physical properties of
PLA
‐starch nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
7
|
Irwan Zubairi S, Afiqa Ab Kadir I, Nurzahim Z, Lazim A. Evaluation of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) rapid indicator film on deterioration degree of Refined, Bleached and Deodorised Malaysian Tenera Palm Olein oil (RBDPO) during long-term repetitive deep-fat frying. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
|
8
|
Karakuş S, Insel MA, Kahyaoğlu İM, Albayrak İ, Ustun-Alkan F. Characterization, optimization, and evaluation of preservative efficacy of carboxymethyl cellulose/hydromagnesite stromatolite bio-nanocomposite. CELLULOSE (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 29:3871-3887. [PMID: 35342231 PMCID: PMC8938648 DOI: 10.1007/s10570-022-04522-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Currently, researchers are focusing on the development of nano-additive preservatives during the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. This research aimed to constitute a small sized preservative nano-formulation which emerges from the biopolymer carboxymethyl cellulose (a green stabilizing agent) and hydromagnesite stromatolite (a fossilized natural additive). In this study, we investigated the optimization of the experimental design of carboxymethyl cellulose/hydromagnesite stromatolite (CMC/HS) bio-nanocomposites using a green and one-step sonochemical method at room temperature. In addition, we constructed a mathematical model which relates the intrinsic viscosity with all operating variables, and we carried out statistical error analysis to assess the validity of the proposed model. The characterization and chemical functional groups of CMC/HS bio-nanocomposites were determined by different advanced techniques such as SEM, HRTEM, DLS, FTIR, XRD, and BET. The challenge test was used to show the preservative efficacy of CMC/HS bio-nanocomposites against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus brasiliensis. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was performed on L929 cells to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity of CMC/HS bio-nanocomposites. According to the results, we showed that the synthesized CMC/HS bio-nanocomposites have no cytototoxic effects on L929 fibroblast cells and could be considered to be an alternative green nano-additive preservative against pathogenic microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selcan Karakuş
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34320 Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mert Akın Insel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, 34210 Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - İnci Albayrak
- Department of Mathematical Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Istanbul, 34210 Turkey
| | - Fulya Ustun-Alkan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34500 Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Each year, more than 330 million tons of plastic are produced worldwide. The main consumers of plastics are the packaging (40%), building (20%) and automotive (8%) industries, as well as for the manufacture of household appliances. The vast majority of industrial plastics are not biodegradable and, therefore, create environmental problems due to the increase in the amount of solid waste. Studies have been conducted to produce biodegradable materials such as bioplastics to overcome this environmental problem. Bioplastics are defined as materials that are bio-based, biodegradable, or both; they can provide excellent biodegradability and can be used to help alleviate environmental problems. Therefore, this article presents an overview of the introduction of bioplastic materials and classifications, and a comprehensive review of their drawbacks and areas of importance, including basic and applied research, as well as biopolymer mixtures and biocomposites developed in the last decade. At the same time, this article provides insights into the development of bioplastics research to meet the needs of many industries, especially in the packaging industry in Malaysia. This review paper also focuses generally on bioplastic packaging applications such as food and beverage, healthcare, cosmetics, etc.
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu F, Misra M, Mohanty AK. Challenges and new opportunities on barrier performance of biodegradable polymers for sustainable packaging. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
11
|
Development of Poly(L-Lactic Acid)/Chitosan/Basil Oil Active Packaging Films via a Melt-Extrusion Process Using Novel Chitosan/Basil Oil Blends. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the global trend toward a cyclic economy, the development of a fully biodegradable active packaging film is the target of this work. An innovative process to improve the mechanical, antioxidant, and barrier properties of Poly(L-Lactic Acid)/Chitosan films is presented using essential basil oil extract. A Chitosan/Basil oil blend was prepared via a green evaporation/adsorption method as a precursor for the development of the Poly(L-Lactic Acid)/Chitosan/Basil Oil active packaging film. This Chitosan/Basil Oil blend was incorporated directly in the Poly(L-Lactic Acid) matrix with various concentrations. Modification of the chitosan with the Basil Oil improves the blending with the Poly(L-Lactic Acid) matrix via a melt-extrusion process. The obtained Poly(L-Lactic Acid)/Chitosan/Basil Oil composite films exhibited advanced food packaging properties compared to those of the Poly(L-Lactic Acid)/Chitosan films without Basil Oil addition. The films with 5%wt and 10%wt Chitosan/Basil Oil loadings exhibited better thermal, mechanical, and barrier behavior and significant antioxidant activity. Thus, PLLA/CS/BO5 and PLLA/CS/BO10 are the most promising films to potentially be used for active packaging applications.
Collapse
|
12
|
Kosowska K, Szatkowski P. Influence of ZnO, SiO 2 and TiO 2 on the aging process of PLA fibers produced by electrospinning method. JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY 2020; 140:1769-1778. [PMID: 32435152 PMCID: PMC7223675 DOI: 10.1007/s10973-019-08890-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the effect of ceramics particles addition (SiO2, ZnO, TiO2) on the ultraviolet (UV) aging of poly(lactic acid) nonwovens fabricated using electrospinning method. The resistance to aging is a key factor for outdoor and medical applications (UV light sterilization). Nonwovens were placed in special chamber with UV light. Changes of physicochemical properties were recorded using differential scanning calorimetry and attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The fibers' morphology was studied by using scanning electron microscopy. Obtained results clearly showed that only PLA fibers with ZnO particles gained an increase in UV resistance. The paper presents a description of structural changes taking place under the influence of UV aging processes and describes the mechanisms of this process and the effect of ceramic addition on the lifetime of such materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kosowska
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Szatkowski
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|