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Cheng X, Wang S, Zhang X, Iqbal MS, Yang Z, Xi Y, Xiang X. Accelerated aging behavior of degradable and non-degradable microplastics via advanced oxidation and their adsorption characteristics towards tetracycline. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 284:116864. [PMID: 39137460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
The increasing global utilization of biodegradable plastics due to stringent regulations on traditional plastics has caused a significant rise in microplastic (MPs) pollution in aquatic ecosystems from biodegradable products. However, the environmental behavior of biodegradable MPs remains inadequately elucidated. This study explored the aging processes of polylactic acid (PLA) and polystyrene (PS) under a heat-activated potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) system, as well as their adsorption characteristics towards tetracycline (TCs). In comparison to PS, the surface structure of PLA experienced more pronounced changes over aging, exhibiting evident pits, cracks, and fragmentation. The carbonyl index (CI) and oxygen/carbon ratio (O/C) of PS displayed exponential growth over time, whereas the values for PLA showed linear and exponential increases, respectively. The adsorption capacity of TCs by PS and PLA aged for 6 days increased from 0.312 mg‧g-1 and 0.457 mg‧g-1for original PS and PLA, respectively, to 0.372 mg‧g-1 and 0.649 mg‧g-1. Meanwhile, the adsorption rate (k2 values) for TCs decreased by 42.03 % for PS and 79.64 % for PLA compared to their initial values. The findings indicated that biodegradable PLA-MPs may exhibit higher tetracycline carrying capacities than PS, potentially increasing environmental and organismal risks, particularly in view of aging effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfeng Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.
| | - Shihao Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | | | - Zhifu Yang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Yilong Xi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - XianLing Xiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.
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Lomakin S, Mikheev Y, Usachev S, Rogovina S, Zhorina L, Perepelitsina E, Levina I, Kuznetsova O, Shilkina N, Iordanskii A, Berlin A. Evaluation and Modeling of Polylactide Photodegradation under Ultraviolet Irradiation: Bio-Based Polyester Photolysis Mechanism. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:985. [PMID: 38611243 PMCID: PMC11013448 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In our study, we investigated the accelerated aging process of PLA under 253.7 nm UV-C irradiation with the use of the GPC, NMR, FTIR, and DSC methods and formal kinetic analysis. The results of GPC and DSC indicated a significant degree of destructive changes in the PLA macromolecules, while spectroscopic methods NMR and FTIR showed maintenance of the PLA main structural elements even after a long time of UV exposure. In addition to that, the GPC method displayed the formation of a high molecular weight fraction starting from 24 h of irradiation, and an increase in its content after 144 h of irradiation. It has been shown for the first time that a distinctive feature of prolonged UV exposure is the occurrence of intra- and intermolecular radical recombination reactions, leading to the formation of a high molecular weight fraction of PLA decomposition products. This causes the observed slowdown of the photolysis process. It was concluded that photolysis of PLA is a complex physicochemical process, the mechanism of which depends on morphological changes in the solid phase of the polymer under UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Lomakin
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Academy of Science, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.U.); (S.R.); (L.Z.); (O.K.); (N.S.); (A.B.)
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (Y.M.); (I.L.)
| | - Yurii Mikheev
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (Y.M.); (I.L.)
| | - Sergey Usachev
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Academy of Science, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.U.); (S.R.); (L.Z.); (O.K.); (N.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Svetlana Rogovina
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Academy of Science, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.U.); (S.R.); (L.Z.); (O.K.); (N.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Lubov Zhorina
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Academy of Science, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.U.); (S.R.); (L.Z.); (O.K.); (N.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Evgeniya Perepelitsina
- Federal State Research Center for Chemical Physics and Medical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia;
| | - Irina Levina
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (Y.M.); (I.L.)
| | - Olga Kuznetsova
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Academy of Science, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.U.); (S.R.); (L.Z.); (O.K.); (N.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Natalia Shilkina
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Academy of Science, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.U.); (S.R.); (L.Z.); (O.K.); (N.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Alexey Iordanskii
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Academy of Science, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.U.); (S.R.); (L.Z.); (O.K.); (N.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Alexander Berlin
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Academy of Science, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.U.); (S.R.); (L.Z.); (O.K.); (N.S.); (A.B.)
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Rizzarelli P, Leanza M, Rapisarda M. Investigations into the characterization, degradation, and applications of biodegradable polymers by mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023. [PMID: 38014928 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable polymers have been getting more and more attention because of their contribution to the plastic pollution environmental issues and to move towards a circular economy. Nevertheless, biodegradable materials still exhibit various disadvantages restraining a widespread use in the market. Therefore, additional research efforts are required to improve their performance. Mass spectrometry (MS) affords a relevant contribution to optimize biodegradable polymer synthesis, to confirm macromolecular structures, to examine along the time the progress of degradation processes and highlight advantages and drawbacks in the extensive applications. This review aims to provide an overview of the MS investigations carried out to support the synthesis of biodegradable polymers, with helpful information on undesirable products or polymerization mechanism, to understand deterioration pathways by the structure of degradation products and to follow drug release and pharmacokinetic. Additionally, it summarizes MS studies addressed on environmental and health issues related to the extensive use of plastic materials, that is, potential migration of additives or microplastics identification and quantification. The paper is focused on the most significant studies relating to synthetic and microbial biodegradable polymers published in the last 15 years, not including agro-polymers such as proteins and polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rizzarelli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per i Polimeri Compositi e Biomateriali (IPCB), ede Secondaria di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Melania Leanza
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per i Polimeri Compositi e Biomateriali (IPCB), ede Secondaria di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Rapisarda
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per i Polimeri Compositi e Biomateriali (IPCB), ede Secondaria di Catania, Catania, Italy
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Rizzarelli P, Rapisarda M. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption and Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry of Microbial and Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102356. [PMID: 37242931 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The in-depth structural and compositional investigation of biodegradable polymeric materials, neat or partly degraded, is crucial for their successful applications. Obviously, an exhaustive structural analysis of all synthetic macromolecules is essential in polymer chemistry to confirm the accomplishment of a preparation procedure, identify degradation products originating from side reactions, and monitor chemical-physical properties. Advanced mass spectrometry (MS) techniques have been increasingly applied in biodegradable polymer studies with a relevant role in their further development, valuation, and extension of application fields. However, single-stage MS is not always sufficient to identify unambiguously the polymer structure. Thus, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has more recently been employed for detailed structure characterization and in degradation and drug release monitoring of polymeric samples, among which are biodegradable polymers. This review aims to run through the investigations carried out by the soft ionization technique matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) MS/MS in biodegradable polymers and present the resulting information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rizzarelli
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Rapisarda
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
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Tian R, Li K, Lin Y, Lu C, Duan X. Characterization Techniques of Polymer Aging: From Beginning to End. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3007-3088. [PMID: 36802560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Polymers have been widely applied in various fields in the daily routines and the manufacturing. Despite the awareness of the aggressive and inevitable aging for the polymers, it still remains a challenge to choose an appropriate characterization strategy for evaluating the aging behaviors. The difficulties lie in the fact that the polymer features from the different aging stages require different characterization methods. In this review, we present an overview of the characterization strategies preferable for the initial, accelerated, and late stages during polymer aging. The optimum strategies have been discussed to characterize the generation of radicals, variation of functional groups, substantial chain scission, formation of low-molecular products, and deterioration in the polymers' macro-performances. In view of the advantages and the limitations of these characterization techniques, their utilization in a strategic approach is considered. In addition, we highlight the structure-property relationship for the aged polymers and provide available guidance for lifetime prediction. This review could allow the readers to be knowledgeable of the features for the polymers in the different aging stages and provide access to choose the optimum characterization techniques. We believe that this review will attract the communities dedicated to materials science and chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kaitao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanjun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Chao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xue Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Rizzarelli P, La Carta S, Mirabella EF, Rapisarda M, Impallomeni G. Sequencing Biodegradable and Potentially Biobased Polyesteramide of Sebacic Acid and 3-Amino-1-propanol by MALDI TOF-TOF Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081500. [PMID: 35458250 PMCID: PMC9032766 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable and potentially biobased polyesteramide oligomers (PEA-Pro), obtained from melt condensation of sebacic acid and 3-amino-1-propanol, were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight/time of flight-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS/MS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). NMR analysis showed the presence of hydroxyl and amino terminal groups as well as carboxylic groups of the sebacate moiety. Hydroxyl and carboxyl termination had the same abundance, while the amine termination was 2.7-times less frequent. Information regarding the fragmentation pathways and ester/amide bond sequences was obtained by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS/MS analysis performed on sodiated adducts of cyclic species and linear oligomers. Different end groups did not influence the observed fragmentation. Three fragmentation pathways were recognized. The β-hydrogen-transfer rearrangement, which leads to the selective scission of the –O–CH2– bonds, was the main mechanism. Abundant product ions originating from –CH2–CH2– (β–γ) bond cleavage in the sebacate moiety and less abundant ions formed by –O–CO– cleavages were also detected. TGA showed a major weight loss (74%) at 381 °C and a second degradation step (22% weight loss) at 447 °C. Py-GC/MS performed in the temperature range of 350–400 °C displayed partial similarity between the degradation products and the main fragments detected in the MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS/MS experiments. Degradation products derived from amide bonds were related to the formation of CN groups, in agreement with the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rizzarelli
- Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (E.F.M.); (M.R.); (G.I.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Stefania La Carta
- STMicroelectronics Srl, Stradale Primosole, 50, 95121 Catania, Italy;
| | - Emanuele Francesco Mirabella
- Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (E.F.M.); (M.R.); (G.I.)
| | - Marco Rapisarda
- Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (E.F.M.); (M.R.); (G.I.)
| | - Giuseppe Impallomeni
- Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (E.F.M.); (M.R.); (G.I.)
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Photo-oxidative resistance and adjustable degradation of poly-lactic acid (PLA) obtained by biomass addition and interfacial construction. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Szigetvári Á, Szántay C. On the utility of nonuniformly sampled two-dimensional NMR spectra in the pharmaceutical industry. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2021; 59:264-286. [PMID: 32754953 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we discuss representative examples of the application of nonuniform sampling (NUS) in small-molecule structure determination in a pharmaceutical research and development and quality control setting. We demonstrate the advantages of NUS over traditional sampling in various industrial applications of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). We propose an optimal trade-off between the quality and the time efficiency of 'routine' measurements, as demonstrated via a test sample of vinpocetine analyzed on a 'work horse' NMR spectrometer. In addition, we present case studies where the application of NUS contributed significantly to the successful completion of some challenging structure determination task at hand. To that end, in some cases, we combined NUS with a method of decoupling in the indirect dimension that gives 'constant time' nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) and 'constant time' heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) spectra. NUS proved to be superior over traditional sampling even for the analysis of trace impurities, where the need to cope with a thousand-fold or even larger dynamic range and low signal-to-noise ratio for the impurity signals is quite a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Áron Szigetvári
- Spectroscopic Research Department, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Szántay
- Spectroscopic Research Department, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
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Rizzarelli P, Rapisarda M, Valenti G. Mass spectrometry in bioresorbable polymer development, degradation and drug-release tracking. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 2:e8697. [PMID: 31834664 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A detailed characterization of polymeric matrices and appropriate degradation monitoring techniques are required to sustain the development of new materials as well as to enlarge the applications of the old ones. In fact, polymer analysis is essential for the clarification of the intrinsic relationship between structure and properties that ascertains the industrial applications in diverse fields. In bioresorbable and biodegradable polymers, the role of analytical methods is dual since it is pointed both at the polymeric matrices and at degradation tracking. The structural architectures, the mechanical and morphological properties, and the degradation rate, are of outstanding importance for a specific application. In some cases, the complexity of the polymer structure, the processes of decomposition or the low concentration of the degradation products need the concurrent use of different complementary analytical techniques to give detailed information of the reactions taking place. Several analytical methods are used in bioresorbable polymer development and degradation tracking. Among them, mass spectrometry (MS) plays an essential role and it is used to refine polymer syntheses, for its high sensitivity, to highlight degradation mechanism by detecting compounds present in trace amounts, or to track the degradation product profile and to study drug release. In fact, elucidation of reaction mechanisms and polymer structure, attesting to the purity and detecting defects as well as residual catalysts, in biodegradable and bioresorbable polymers, requires sensitive analytical characterization methods that are essential in providing an assurance of safety, efficacy and quality. This review aims to provide an overview of the MS strategies used to support research and development of resorbable polymers as well as to investigate their degradation mechanisms. It is focused on the most significant studies concerning synthetic bioresorbable matrices (polylactide, polyglycolide and their copolymers, polyhydroxybutyrate, etc.), published in the last ten years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rizzarelli
- Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gaifami 18, Catania, 95126, Italy
| | - Marco Rapisarda
- Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gaifami 18, Catania, 95126, Italy
| | - Graziella Valenti
- Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gaifami 18, Catania, 95126, Italy
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