1
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Sun L, Ding L, Guo X, Wang Y, Liu X, Ren Y, Li Y. "One for two" strategy to construct an organic-inorganic polymer colloid for flame-retardant modification of flax fabric and rigid polyurethane foam. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 275:133562. [PMID: 38955299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Polymeric materials such as fabric and foam have high flammability which limits their application in the field of fire protection. To this end, an organic-inorganic polymer colloid constructed from carboxymethyl chitosan and ammonium polyphosphate was used to improve the flame retardancy of flax fabric (FF) and rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) based on a "one for two" strategy. The modification processes of FF and RPUF relied on pad-dry-cure method and UV-curing technology, respectively, and the modified FF and RPUF were severally designated as CMC/APP-FF and RFR-RPUF. Flame retardancy studies showed that CMC/APP-FF and RFR-RPUF exhibited limiting oxygen index values as high as 39.4 % and 42.6 %, respectively, and both achieved self-extinguishing behavior when external ignition source was removed. Thermogravimetric analysis and cone calorimetry test confirmed that CMC/APP-FF and RFR-RPUF had good charring ability and demonstrated reduced peak heat release rate values of 90.1 % and 10.8 %, respectively, distinct from before they were modified. In addition, condensed phase analysis showed that after burning, CMC/APP-FF became an integration char structure, whereas RFR-RPUF turned into a sandwiched char structure. In summary, the "one for two" strategy reported in this work provides a new insight into the economical fabrication of flame-retardant polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Municipal Key Lab of Advanced Fiber and Energy Storage Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Lan Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Municipal Key Lab of Advanced Fiber and Energy Storage Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Xiuyan Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Municipal Key Lab of Advanced Fiber and Energy Storage Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Municipal Key Lab of Advanced Fiber and Energy Storage Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Municipal Key Lab of Advanced Fiber and Energy Storage Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China.
| | - Yuanlin Ren
- School of Science and Technology Textiles, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Yuesheng Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
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2
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Rudawska A, Szabelski J, Frigione M, Brunella V. Modification of Epoxides with Metallic Fillers-Mechanical Properties after Ageing in Aqueous Environments. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7181. [PMID: 38005110 PMCID: PMC10672693 DOI: 10.3390/ma16227181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research was a comparative analysis of selected mechanical properties of epoxy compounds that were modified with metallic fillers and aged in aqueous environments. The tested epoxy compounds consisted of three components: styrene modified epoxy resin based on Bisphenol A, triethylenetetramine curing agent (resin/curing agent ratio of 100:10) and two types of metallic fillers in the form of particles: aluminum alloy (EN AW-2024-AlCu4Mg1) and tin-phosphor bronze (CuSn10P). Samples were subjected to ageing in 4 water environments: low-, medium- and high-mineralized natural water and in a sugar-containing solution for 1, 2 and 3 months. The epoxy samples were subjected to compressive strength tests in accordance with the ISO 604:2002 standard. It was observed that, among others, the compositions seasoned in low-mineralized water usually achieved the highest average compressive strength. As for filler type, using the bronze filler (CuSn10P) usually achieved the highest average compressive strength results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rudawska
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
- Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, Via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Jakub Szabelski
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
- Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, Via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Mariaenrica Frigione
- Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, Via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Valentina Brunella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy;
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3
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Cao M, Ji W, Chao C, Li J, Dai F, Fan X. Recent Advances in UV-Cured Encapsulation for Stable and Durable Perovskite Solar Cell Devices. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3911. [PMID: 37835960 PMCID: PMC10575197 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The stability and durability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are two main challenges retarding their industrial commercialization. The encapsulation of PSCs is a critical process that improves the stability of PSC devices for practical applications, and intrinsic stability improvement relies on materials optimization. Among all encapsulation materials, UV-curable resins are promising materials for PSC encapsulation due to their short curing time, low shrinkage, and good adhesion to various substrates. In this review, the requirements for PSC encapsulation materials and the advantages of UV-curable resins are firstly critically assessed based on a discussion of the PSC degradation mechanism. Recent advances in improving the encapsulation performance are reviewed from the perspectives of molecular modification, encapsulation materials, and corresponding architecture design while highlighting excellent representative works. Finally, the concluding remarks summarize promising research directions and remaining challenges for the use of UV-curable resins in encapsulation. Potential solutions to current challenges are proposed to inspire future work devoted to transitioning PSCs from the lab to practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Cao
- SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China; (M.C.); (W.J.); (J.L.)
| | - Wenxi Ji
- SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China; (M.C.); (W.J.); (J.L.)
| | - Cong Chao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emission Surveillance and Control for Thermal Power Generation, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China;
| | - Ji Li
- SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China; (M.C.); (W.J.); (J.L.)
| | - Fei Dai
- Laboratory of Distributed Energy System and Renewable Energy, Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xianfeng Fan
- Institute for Materials and Processes, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, UK
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4
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Li D, Lin S, Hao J, He B, Zhang H, Chen M. A Rigid-Flexible and Multi-Siloxane Bridge Strategy for Toughening Epoxy Resin with Promising Flame Retardancy, Mechanical, and Dielectric Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14059. [PMID: 37762362 PMCID: PMC10531251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing highly efficient and multifunctional epoxy resins (EPs) that overcome the shortcomings of flammability and brittleness is crucial for pursuing sustainable and safe application but remains a huge challenge. In this paper, a novel biomass-containing intumescent flame retardant containing a rigid-flexible and multi-siloxane bridge structure (DPB) was synthesized using siloxane; 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO); and biomass vanillin. DPB could facilitate the formation of a carbon residual with an intumescent structure, which effectively blocked the propagation of heat and oxygen. As a result, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) of DPB/EP-7.5 decreased by 38.8% and 45.0%, respectively. In terms of mechanical properties, the tensile and flexural elongations at break of DPB/EP-7.5 increased by 77.2% and 105.3%, respectively. Impressively, DPB/EP-7.5 had excellent dielectric properties, with a dielectric constant of 2.5-2.9. This was due to the Si-O bonds (multi-siloxane bridges) contained in DPB/EP, which can quench the polarization behavior of the hydroxyl group. This paper provides a facile strategy for the preparation of multifunctional EP, which will pave the way for the promotion and application of EP in the high-end field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mingfeng Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
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5
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Wang X, Wu K, Zhou C, Pan Z, Feng L, Cheng Q, Zhou H. Phenylenediamine‐phenyl phosphonic acid salts toward good flame retardancy and smoke suppression epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Kunxiong Wu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Chenyu Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Zhiquan Pan
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Lu Feng
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Qingrong Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Hong Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
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6
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Guo X, Zhao H, Qiang X, Ouyang C, Wang Z, Huang D. Facile construction of agar-based fire-resistant aerogels: A synergistic strategy via in situ generations of magnesium hydroxide and cross-linked Ca-alginate. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 227:297-306. [PMID: 36549030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Biomass-based aerogel materials have many advantages, such as low thermal conductivity and non-toxicity. These materials are environmentally friendly and have broad development potential in the fields of packaging, cushioning and green building insulation. However, defects, such as low mechanical strength and poor fire safety, greatly limit the application of these materials. In this work, the agar/polyvinyl alcohol composite aerogel modified by the magnesium hydroxide (MH)/sodium alginate (SA) composite flame retardant system was developed by using a freeze-dried technology and the strategy of in-situ generation of MH and crosslinking of SA. The results showed that the MH/SA dramatically enhanced the mechanical and thermal stability of the composites. The compression modulus of AP-M35S15 was 2.37 MPa, which was 152.13 % higher than that of AP-M50. The limiting oxygen index value of AP-M35S15 was 34.1 % and reached V-0 level in the vertical burning test, which was better than those of the samples with a single MH effect. The cone calorimetric test showed that the MH/SA composite flame retardant system performed better in extending the ignition time, slowing down the heat release rate and reducing the total heat release and had a more complete dense carbon structure after burning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Hong Zhao
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Xiaohu Qiang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Chengwei Ouyang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Zhehui Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Dajian Huang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China.
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7
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Hu J, Zhang L, Chen M, Dai J, Teng N, Zhao H, Ba X, Liu X. Synthesis of Hyperbranched Flame Retardants with Varied Branched Chains' Rigidity and Performance of Modified Epoxy Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020449. [PMID: 36679329 PMCID: PMC9863857 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To overcome the high flammability and brittleness of epoxy resins without sacrificing their glass transition temperature (Tg) and mechanical properties, three epoxy-terminated hyperbranched flame retardants (EHBFRs) with a rigid central core and different branches, named EHBFR-HB, EHBFR-HCM, and EHBFR-HBM, were synthesized. After chemical structure characterization, the synthesized EHBFRs were introduced into the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and cured with 4, 4-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM). The compatibility, thermal stability, mechanical properties, and flame retardancy of the resultant resins were evaluated. Results showed that all three EHBFRs could significantly improve the fire safety of cured resins, and 30 wt. % of EHBFRs (less than 1.0 wt. % phosphorus content) endowed cured DGEBA with a UL-94 V-0 rating. In addition, the increased rigidity of branches in EHBFRs could increase the flexural strength and modulus of cured resins, and the branches with appropriate rigidity were also beneficial for improving their room temperature impact strength and Tg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Hu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Liyue Zhang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Mingxuan Chen
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Jinyue Dai
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Correspondence: (J.D.); (X.L.)
| | - Na Teng
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Hongchi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xinwu Ba
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Correspondence: (J.D.); (X.L.)
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8
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Luo X, Li Y, Li S, Liu X. Enhancement of Mechanical Properties and Bonding Properties of Flake-Zinc-Powder-Modified Epoxy Resin Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235323. [PMID: 36501717 PMCID: PMC9740281 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As a typical brittle material, epoxy resin cannot meet its application requirements in specific fields by only considering a single toughening method. In this paper, the effects of carboxyl-terminated polybutylene adipate (CTPBA) and zinc powder on the mechanical properties, adhesion properties, thermodynamic properties and medium resistance of epoxy resin were studied. A silane coupling agent (KH-550) was used to modify zinc powder. It was found that KH-550 could significantly improve the mechanical properties and bonding properties of epoxy resin, and the modification effect of flake zinc powder (f-Zn) was significantly better than that of spherical zinc powder (s-Zn). When the addition amount of f-Zn was 5 phr, the tensile shear strength and peel strength of the composites reached a maximum value of 13.16 MPa and 0.124 kN/m, respectively, which were 15.95% and 55% higher than those without filler. The tensile strength and impact strength reached a maximum value of 43.09 MPa and 7.09 kJ/m2, respectively, which were 40.54% and 91.11% higher than those without filler. This study provides scientific support for the preparation of f-Zn-modified epoxy resin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xin Liu
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (X.L.)
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9
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Hou B, Zhang W, Lu H, Song K, Geng Z, Ye X, Pan YT, Zhang W, Yang R. Multielement Flame-Retardant System Constructed with Metal POSS-Organic Frameworks for Epoxy Resin. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:49326-49337. [PMID: 36270017 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The direct coordination between polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) and Co forms an assembly of nanoparticles with low specific surface area and leads to a poor dispersion state in the epoxy resin matrix, resulting in unsatisfactory flame-retardant efficiency. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), for instance, ZIF-67, provide not only the cobalt element but also the porous framework that endows the nanocomposite of MOFs and POSS with high specific surface area and abundant Co sites in the silica skeleton. Herein, ZIF-67 is hybridized with octacarboxyl POSS, resulting in the removal of the alkaline ligand to form novel metal POSS-organic frameworks (MPOFs). The size differences for organic groups and silica nanocages of POSS vs. micropores of ZIF-67 gave rise to a reverse click reaction, reforming octavinyl POSS isolated on the outer surface of the Co complex, which could be further modified by a phosphorous flame retardant using an addition reaction. The obtained MPOFs-P with 2 wt % loading in epoxy resin could improve the limiting oxygen index value of the composites to 27.0% and pass the V-0 rating in the UL-94 test. Meanwhile, the peaks of the heat release rate and especially the total smoke production were reduced by 46.6 and 25.2%, respectively. The robust char layer reduces the emission of toxic gas CO by 39.8%. The above epoxy product with promising flame retardancy also improved mechanical properties, thanks to the filler with a unique nanostructure. The ingenious work offers enlightenment for the hybridization method of MOFs and POSS to fabricate a multielement flame-retardant system for epoxy resin with high efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyou Hou
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Wenyuan Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Lu
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Kunpeng Song
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Zhishuai Geng
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xinming Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Ye-Tang Pan
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Rongjie Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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10
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Vryonis O, Vaughan AS, Andritsch T, Morshuis PHF, Claverie A. On Molecular Dynamics and Charge Transport in a Flexible Epoxy Resin Network. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6413. [PMID: 36143722 PMCID: PMC9504667 DOI: 10.3390/ma15186413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An epoxy based on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A was reacted with a long-chain poly(oxypropylene diamine) hardener in the presence of an accelerator, resulting in a flexible epoxy network. Tensile properties were tested as a function of accelerator concentration. All systems exhibited high levels of extensibility, with strain at failure values in excess of 65%. Molecular dynamics in a formulation containing 10 phr of accelerator were then examined using dielectric spectroscopy over the temperature range of 103-433 K. At low temperatures, a molecular relaxation process (γ relaxation) was observed and shown to conform well to both the Arrhenius equation and activated tunnelling. A stronger relaxation appeared (203-303 K) just before the onset of charge transport, which dominated the behaviour at higher temperatures. The former takes an unusual bimodal form, which we consider a result of overlapping β and α relaxations, consequently termed αβ mode. Analysis of this mechanism revealed a Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann (VFT) behaviour. The temperature-dependent DC conductivity, σDC (deduced from the low-frequency charge transport contribution to εr″), also revealed VFT behaviour with an onset statistically equivalent to that of the αβ mode, therefore suggesting that charge transport, at this temperature regime, is strongly affiliated with cooperative molecular motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orestis Vryonis
- The Tony Davies High Voltage Laboratory, Department of Electronics and Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Alun S. Vaughan
- The Tony Davies High Voltage Laboratory, Department of Electronics and Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Thomas Andritsch
- The Tony Davies High Voltage Laboratory, Department of Electronics and Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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11
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Hou Z, Cai H, Li C, Li B, Wang H. A phosphorus/silicon/triazine‐containing flame retardant towards flame retardancy and mechanical properties of epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan PR China
| | - Haopeng Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan PR China
| | - Chuan Li
- Shanghai Composites Science & Technology Co., Ltd. Shanghai PR China
| | - Bolun Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan PR China
| | - Huihuan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan PR China
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12
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Hou Z, Li C, Wang H, Li B, Cai H. The P/Si synergistic effect enduing epoxy resin with improved flame retardancy and outstanding mechanical properties. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09540083221080661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The bisphenol F epoxy resin (DGEBF) reacted with 10-(2,5-Dihydroxyphenyl)-10H-9-oxa-10-phospha-phenantbrene-10-oxide (ODOPB) and phenyltrimethoxysilane (PTMS) to obtain a novel epoxy resin containing both phosphorus and silicon (EP-P/Si). EP-P/Si exhibited evidently improved flame retardancy, with a limited oxygen index value of 33.4% and UL-94 V-1 rating acquired. In cone calorimeter test, its peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), average effective heat of combustion (av-EHC), and total smoke production (TSP) were reduced by 36.0%, 19.5%,11.5%, and 7.2% compared with neat epoxy resin (EP), respectively, indicating that the P/Si synergistic effect not only improved the flame retardancy but also inhibited the smoke release. The flame retardancy mechanism was studied by analysis of char residue and pyrolysis behavior in gas phase. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results exhibited that EP-P/Si formed a dense and compact carbon layer acting as a barrier to inhibit further combustion. And the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicated that it had good thermal stability. In addition, the pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) results suggested that the phosphorus-containing radicals (·PO2) that had quenching effect existed in the gas phase. While the flame retardancy got improved, EP-P/Si also exhibited excellent mechanical properties, with an improvement of 31.8%, 6.2%, and 369.7% in tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength compared with EP, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuan Li
- Shanghai Composites Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Huihuan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bolun Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haopeng Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Advanced Materials Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
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13
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Phytic acid doped polyaniline-coupled g-C3N4 nanosheets for synergizing with APP promoting fire safety and waterproof performance of epoxy composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Wang X, Zhou C, Dai S, Wang J, Pan Z, Zhou H. Function of chitosan in a
DOPO
‐based flame retardant modified epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Chenyu Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Shengsong Dai
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Junjie Wang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Zhiquan Pan
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Hong Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
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15
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Bao Q, Liu Y, He R, Wang Q. The effect of strawberry-like nickel-decorated flame retardant for enhancing the fire safety and smoke suppression of epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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16
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Hsissou R. Review on epoxy polymers and its composites as a potential anticorrosive coatings for carbon steel in 3.5% NaCl solution: Computational approaches. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Hyperbranched flame retardant to simultaneously improve the fire-safety, toughness and glass transition temperature of epoxy resin. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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18
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Xiong T, Wang N, Liao J, Zhang Y. Modified boron
nitride‐basalt
fiber/epoxy resin composite laminates and their enhanced mechanical properties. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Energy Materials & School of National Defence Science and Technology Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
- Sichuan Co‐Innovation Center for New Energetic Materials Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Nan Wang
- Sichuan Co‐Innovation Center for New Energetic Materials Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Jun Liao
- Sichuan Co‐Innovation Center for New Energetic Materials Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Energy Materials & School of National Defence Science and Technology Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
- Sichuan Co‐Innovation Center for New Energetic Materials Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
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19
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Seraji SM, Gan H, Issazadeh S, Varley RJ. Investigation of the Dual Polymerization of Rapid Curing Organophosphorous Modified Epoxy/Amine Resins and Subsequent Flame Retardancy. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohsen Seraji
- Carbon Nexus at the Institute for Frontier Materials Deakin University Waurn Ponds Victoria 3216 Australia
| | - Houlei Gan
- Carbon Nexus at the Institute for Frontier Materials Deakin University Waurn Ponds Victoria 3216 Australia
| | - Salumeh Issazadeh
- Carbon Nexus at the Institute for Frontier Materials Deakin University Waurn Ponds Victoria 3216 Australia
| | - Russell J. Varley
- Carbon Nexus at the Institute for Frontier Materials Deakin University Waurn Ponds Victoria 3216 Australia
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20
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Januszewski R, Dutkiewicz M, Nowicki M, Szołyga M, Kownacki I. Synthesis and Properties of Epoxy Resin Modified with Novel Reactive Liquid Rubber-Based Systems. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Januszewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Dutkiewicz
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Marek Nowicki
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
- Institute of Physics Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
| | - Mariusz Szołyga
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Kownacki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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21
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Gan H, Seraji SM, Zhang J, Swan SR, Issazadeh S, Varley RJ. Synthesis of a phosphorus‑silicone modifier imparting excellent flame retardancy and improved mechanical properties to a rapid cure epoxy. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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22
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Chen J, Chu N, Zhao M, Jin F, Park S. Synthesis and application of thermal latent initiators of epoxy resins: A review. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Department of Polymer Materials Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology Jilin City China
| | - Na Chu
- Department of Polymer Materials Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology Jilin City China
- College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun City China
| | - Miao Zhao
- Department of Polymer Materials Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology Jilin City China
| | - Fan‐Long Jin
- Department of Polymer Materials Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology Jilin City China
| | - Soo‐Jin Park
- Department of Chemistry Inha University Incheon South Korea
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23
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Dagdag O, El Gouri M, El Mansouri A, Outzourhit A, El Harfi A, Cherkaoui O, El Bachiri A, Hamed O, Jodeh S, Hanbali G, Khalaf B. Rheological and Electrical Study of a Composite Material Based on an Epoxy Polymer Containing Cyclotriphosphazene. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040921. [PMID: 32316145 PMCID: PMC7240388 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we have studied, formulated, prepared, and characterized the rheological and electrical behavior of a composite material based on an epoxy resin Diglycidyl Ether of Bisphenol A (DGEBA) reinforced with hexaglycidyl cyclotriphosphazene (HGCP). The epoxy system was cured with 4,4’-methylene dianiline (MDA). DGEBA-HGCP-MDA epoxy composite materials with reinforced HGCP which varied from 5% to 10% by weight were prepared by mixing in the molten state. The morphology was evaluated by SEM. The rheological behavior was studied using small deformation rheology. The electrical characterization was carried out with a frequency variation range from 1 Hz to 100 KHz at room temperature. These measurements revealed that the rheological and electrical behaviors strongly depend on the quantity of HGCP in the DGEBA matrix. The linear viscoelastic properties study reveals that the modulus of elasticity G’ is dependent on the amount of HGCP present in the epoxy resin DGEBA. The capacitance-frequency measurements suggest a distribution of localized states in the band gap of the blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Dagdag
- Laboratory of Industrial Technologies and Services (LITS), Department of Process Engineering, Height School of Technology, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdallah University, P.O. Box 2427, Fez 30000, Morocco;
- Correspondence: (O.D.); (S.J.); Tel.: +33-06-01831572 (O.D.); +970-599590498 (S.J.)
| | - M. El Gouri
- Laboratory of Industrial Technologies and Services (LITS), Department of Process Engineering, Height School of Technology, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdallah University, P.O. Box 2427, Fez 30000, Morocco;
| | - A. El Mansouri
- LPSCM, Department of physics, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech PB 2390, Morocco;
| | - A. Outzourhit
- Nanomaterials for Energy and Environment Laboratory, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech PB 2390, Morocco;
| | - A. El Harfi
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Process Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ibn Tofail University, BP 133, Kenitra 14000, Morocco;
| | - O. Cherkaoui
- Higher School of Textile and Clothing Industries, Laboratory REMTEX, Oulfa BP 7731, Casablanca, Morocco;
| | - A. El Bachiri
- University Department, Royal Naval School, Sour Jdid Boulevard, Casablanca B.P 16303, Morocco;
| | - O. Hamed
- Department of Chemistry, An-Najah National University, Nablus P. O. Box 7, Palestine; (O.H.); (G.H.); (B.K.)
| | - S. Jodeh
- Department of Chemistry, An-Najah National University, Nablus P. O. Box 7, Palestine; (O.H.); (G.H.); (B.K.)
- Correspondence: (O.D.); (S.J.); Tel.: +33-06-01831572 (O.D.); +970-599590498 (S.J.)
| | - G. Hanbali
- Department of Chemistry, An-Najah National University, Nablus P. O. Box 7, Palestine; (O.H.); (G.H.); (B.K.)
| | - B. Khalaf
- Department of Chemistry, An-Najah National University, Nablus P. O. Box 7, Palestine; (O.H.); (G.H.); (B.K.)
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