1
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Rayung M, Ghani NA, Hasanudin N. A review on vegetable oil-based non isocyanate polyurethane: towards a greener and sustainable production route. RSC Adv 2024; 14:9273-9299. [PMID: 38505386 PMCID: PMC10949916 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08684d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The transition from conventional polyurethane (PU) to non isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) is driven mainly by safety concerns, environmental considerations, and sustainability issues associated with the current PU technology. NIPU has emerged as a promising alternative, addressing limitations related to traditional PU production. There has been increasing interest in bio-based NIPU aligning with the aspiration for green materials and processes. One important biomass resource for the development of bio-based NIPU is vegetable oil, an abundant, renewable, and relatively low cost feedstock. As such, this review aims to provide insight into the progression of NIPU derived from vegetable oils. This article highlights the synthetic and green approach to NIPU production, emphasizing the method involving the polyaddition reaction of cyclic carbonates and amines. The review includes case studies on vegetable oil-based NIPU and perspectives on their properties. Further, discussions on the potential applications and commercial importance of PU and NIPU are included. Finally, we offer perspectives on possible research directions and the future prospects of NIPU, contributing to the ongoing evolution of PU technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwah Rayung
- School of Wood Industry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pahang Kampus Jengka 26400 Bandar Tun Razak Pahang Malaysia
| | - Noraini Abd Ghani
- Centre of Research in Ionic Liquids, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Seri Iskandar 32610 Perak Malaysia
- Fundamental and Applied Science Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Seri Iskandar 32610 Perak Malaysia
| | - Norhafizah Hasanudin
- Terra Mineral Lab Sdn Bhd Level 16, Perak Techno Trade Centre Bandar Meru Jaya, Off Jalan Jelapan Ipoh 30020 Perak Darul Ridzuan Malaysia
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2
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Zhao Y, Zhang Q, Lei H, Zhou X, Du G, Pizzi A, Xi X. Preparation and fire resistance modification on tannin-based non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) rigid foams. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128994. [PMID: 38157632 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) as a new type of polyurethane material has become a hot research topic in the polyurethane industry due to its no utilization of toxic isocyanates during the synthesis process. And the developing on recyclable biomass materials has also much attention in the industrial sector, hence the preparation and application of bio-based NIPU has also become a very meaningful study work. So, in this paper, tannin as a biomass material was used to synthesize tannin based non-isocyanate polyurethanes (TNIPU) resin, and then successfully prepared a self-blowing TNIPU foam at room temperature by using formic acid as initiator and glutaraldehyde as cross-linking agent. The compressive strength of this foam as high as 0.8 MPa, which is an excellent compressive performance. Meanwhile it will return to the state before compression when removing the pressure. This indicating that the foam has good toughness. In addition, formic acid can react with the amino groups in TNIPU to form amide substances, and generated enough heat to initiate the foaming process. Glutaraldehyde, as a crosslinking agent, reacts with the amino group in TNIPU to form a network structure system. By scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation of the cell shapes, it can be seen that the foam cells were uniform in size and shape, and the cell pores showed open and closed cells. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) tested value of this TNIPU foam is 24.45 % without any flame retardant added, but compared to the LOI value of polyurethane foam (17 %-19 %), TNIPU foam reveal a better fire resistance. It has a wider application prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsen Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glue Products, College of Material science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, 650224 Kunming, China
| | - Qianyu Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glue Products, College of Material science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, 650224 Kunming, China
| | - Hong Lei
- College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, 311300 Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaojian Zhou
- International Joint Research Center for Biomass materials, Southwest Forestry University, 650224 Kunming, China
| | - Guanben Du
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glue Products, College of Material science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, 650224 Kunming, China
| | - Antonio Pizzi
- LERMAB, University of Lorraine, 88000 Epinal, France
| | - Xuedong Xi
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glue Products, College of Material science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, 650224 Kunming, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Fiber Functional Materials, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350108 Fuzhou, China.
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3
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Mangal M, H S, Bose S, Banerjee T. Innovations in applications and prospects of non-isocyanate polyurethane bioplastics. Biopolymers 2023; 114:e23568. [PMID: 37846654 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Currently, conventional plastics are necessary for a variety of aspects of modern daily life, including applications in the fields of healthcare, technology, and construction. However, they could also contain potentially hazardous compounds like isocyanates, whose degradation has a negative impact on both the environment and human health. Therefore, researchers are exploring alternatives to plastic which is sustainable and environmentally friendly without compromising its mechanical and physical features. This review study highlights the production of highly eco-friendly bioplastic as an efficient alternative to non-biodegradable conventional plastic. Bioplastics are produced from various renewable biomass sources such as plant debris, fatty acids, and oils. Poly-addition of di-isocyanates and polyols is a technique employed over decades to produce polyurethanes (PUs) bioplastics from renewable biomass feedstock. The toxicity of isocyanates is a major concern with the above-mentioned approach. Novel green synthetic approaches for polyurethanes without using isocyanates have been attracting greater interest in recent years to overcome the toxicity of isocyanate-containing raw materials. The polyaddition of cyclic carbonates (CCs) and polyfunctional amines appears to be the most promising method to obtain non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs). This method results in the creation of polymeric materials with distinctive and adaptable features with the elimination of harmful compounds. Consequently, non-isocyanate polyurethanes represent a new class of green polymeric materials. In this review study, we have discussed the possibility of creating novel NIPUs from renewable feedstocks in the context of the growing demand for efficient and ecologically friendly plastic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangal Mangal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Supriya H
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Suryasarathi Bose
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Tamal Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
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4
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Iswanto AH, Lubis MAR, Sutiawan J, Al-Edrus SSO, Lee SH, Antov P, Kristak L, Reh R, Mardawati E, Santoso A, Kusumah SS. Latest Advancements in the Development of High-Performance Lignin- and Tannin-Based Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Adhesive for Wood Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3864. [PMID: 37835913 PMCID: PMC10575091 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The depletion of natural resources and increasing environmental apprehension regarding the reduction of harmful isocyanates employed in manufacturing polyurethanes (PUs) have generated significant attention from both industrial and academic sectors. This attention is focused on advancing bio-based non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) resins as viable and sustainable substitutes, possessing satisfactory properties. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the progress made in developing bio-based NIPU polymers for wood adhesive applications. The main aim of this paper is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the latest advancements in the production of high-performance bio-based NIPU resins derived from lignin and tannin for wood composites. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted on scholarly publications retrieved from the Scopus database, encompassing the period from January 2010 to April 2023. In NIPU adhesive manufacturing, the exploration of substitute materials for isocyanates is imperative, due to their inherent toxicity, high cost, and limited availability. The process of demethylation and carbonation of lignin and tannin has the potential to produce polyphenolic compounds that possess hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups. Bio-based NIPUs can be synthesized through the reaction involving diamine molecules. Previous studies have provided evidence indicating that NIPUs derived from lignin and tannin exhibit enhanced mechanical properties, decreased curing temperatures and shortened pressing durations, and are devoid of isocyanates. The characterization of NIPU adhesives based on lignin and tannin was conducted using various analytical techniques, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization with time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The adhesive performance of tannin-based NIPU resins was shown to be superior to that of lignin-based NIPUs. This paper elucidates the potential of lignin and tannin as alternate sources for polyols in the manufacturing of NIPUs, specifically for their application as wood adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apri Heri Iswanto
- Department of Forest Product, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia;
| | - Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; (M.A.R.L.); (A.S.); (S.S.K.)
- Research Collaboration Center for Biomass and Biorefinery between BRIN and Universitas Padjadjaran, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bandung 40600, Indonesia;
| | - Jajang Sutiawan
- Department of Forest Product, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia;
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; (M.A.R.L.); (A.S.); (S.S.K.)
| | | | - Seng Hua Lee
- Department of Wood Industry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Kampus Jengka, Pahang 26400, Malaysia;
| | - Petar Antov
- Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Lubos Kristak
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia; (L.K.); (R.R.)
| | - Roman Reh
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia; (L.K.); (R.R.)
| | - Efri Mardawati
- Research Collaboration Center for Biomass and Biorefinery between BRIN and Universitas Padjadjaran, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bandung 40600, Indonesia;
- Department of Agro-Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 40600, Indonesia
| | - Adi Santoso
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; (M.A.R.L.); (A.S.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Sukma Surya Kusumah
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; (M.A.R.L.); (A.S.); (S.S.K.)
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5
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Zhang B, Chen X, Pizzi A, Petrissans M, Dumarcay S, Petrissans A, Zhou X, Du G, Colin B, Xi X. Highly Branched Tannin-Tris(2-aminoethyl)amine-Urea Wood Adhesives. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040890. [PMID: 36850174 PMCID: PMC9960572 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Condensed tannin copolymerized with hyperbranched tris(2-aminoethyl)amine-urea formed by amine-amido deamination yields a particleboard thermosetting adhesive without any aldehydes satisfying the requirements of relevant standards for the particleboard internal bond strength. The tannin-triamine-urea cures well at 180 °C, a relatively low temperature for today's particleboard hot pressing. As aldehydes were not used, the formaldehyde emission was found to be zero, not even in traces due to the heating of wood. The effect is ascribed to the presence of many reactive sites, such as amide, amino, and phenolic groups belonging to the three reagents used. The tannin appears to function as an additional cross-linking agent, almost a nucleating agent, for the triamine-urea hyperbranched oligomers. Chemical analysis by MALDI ToF and 13C NMR has shown that the predominant cross-linking reaction is that of the substitution of the tannin phenolic hydroxyls by the amino groups of the triamine. The reaction of tannin with the still-free amide groups of urea is rather rare, but it may occur with the rarer tannin flavonoid units in which the heterocyclic ring is opened. Due to the temperature gradient between the surfaces and the board core in the particleboard during hot pressing, the type and the relative balance of covalent and ionic bonds in the resin structure may differ in the surfaces and the board core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengang Zhang
- LERMAB, IUT Hubert Curien, University of Lorraine, 7 rue Fusillés Résistance, 88000 Epinal, France
| | - Xinyi Chen
- LERMAB-ENSTIB, University of Lorraine, 27 rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glue Products, College of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Antonio Pizzi
- LERMAB-ENSTIB, University of Lorraine, 27 rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Mathieu Petrissans
- LERMAB, IUT Hubert Curien, University of Lorraine, 7 rue Fusillés Résistance, 88000 Epinal, France
| | - Stephane Dumarcay
- LERMAB, Faculté des Sciences, University of Lorraine, Blvd. des Aiguillettes, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Anelie Petrissans
- LERMAB, IUT Hubert Curien, University of Lorraine, 7 rue Fusillés Résistance, 88000 Epinal, France
| | - Xiaojian Zhou
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glue Products, College of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Guanben Du
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glue Products, College of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Baptiste Colin
- LERMAB, IUT Hubert Curien, University of Lorraine, 7 rue Fusillés Résistance, 88000 Epinal, France
| | - Xuedong Xi
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glue Products, College of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
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6
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Azadeh E, Abdullah UH, Ali NBM, Pizzi A, Gerardin-Charbonnier C, Gerardin P, Samiun WS, Ashari SE. Development of Water Repellent, Non-Friable Tannin-Furanic-Fatty Acids Biofoams. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14225025. [PMID: 36433152 PMCID: PMC9692386 DOI: 10.3390/polym14225025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tannin-furanic foams were prepared with a good yield using the addition of relatively small proportions of a polyflavonoid tannin extract esterified with either palmitic acid, oleic acid, or lauric acid by its reaction with palmitoyl chloride, oleyl chloride, or lauryl chloride. FTIR analysis allowed us to ascertain the esterification of the tannin, and MALDI-TOF analysis allowed us to identify a number of multi-esterified flavonoid oligomers as well as some linked to residual carbohydrates related to the equally esterified tannin. These foams presented a markedly decreased surface friability or no friability at all, and at densities lower than the standard foam they were compared to. Equally, these experimental foams presented a much-improved water repellence, as indicated by their initial wetting angle, its small variation over time, and its stabilization at a high wetting angle value, while the wetting angle of the standard foam control went to zero very rapidly. This conclusion was supported by the calculation of the total surface energy of their surfaces as well as of their dispersive and polar components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Azadeh
- Faculty of Science and Technology, LERMAB, University of Lorraine, Bd. des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France
| | - Ummi Hani Abdullah
- Department of Wood and Fiber Industries, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (U.H.A.); (A.P.); (C.G.-C.)
| | - Nurul Basirah Md Ali
- Department of Wood and Fiber Industries, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Antonio Pizzi
- Faculty of Science and Technology, LERMAB, University of Lorraine, Bd. des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France
- LERMAB-ENSTIB, University of Lorraine, 27 Rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France
- Correspondence: (U.H.A.); (A.P.); (C.G.-C.)
| | - Christine Gerardin-Charbonnier
- Faculty of Science and Technology, LERMAB, University of Lorraine, Bd. des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France
- Correspondence: (U.H.A.); (A.P.); (C.G.-C.)
| | - Philippe Gerardin
- Faculty of Science and Technology, LERMAB, University of Lorraine, Bd. des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France
| | - Wan Sarah Samiun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Efliza Ashari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Bio-Foam with Inherent Heat and Fire Resistance. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14225019. [PMID: 36433146 PMCID: PMC9697988 DOI: 10.3390/polym14225019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyurethanes (PUs) are versatile and widespread, particularly as flexible and rigid foams. To avoid isocyanates and other toxic reagents required for synthesis, such as phosgene, alternative synthetic routes have been utilized to produce non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs). A thermally and flame-resistant rigid NIPU was produced from environmentally benign and bio-sourced ingredients, requiring no catalyst or solvents. A foamed structure was obtained by the addition of glutaraldehyde and four different carboxylic acids: malic acid, maleic acid, citric acid, and aconitic acid. The resulting morphology, thermal degradation, and flame resistance of each foam were compared. The properties vary with each carboxylic acid used, but in each case, peak thermal degradation and peak heat release are postponed by >100 °C compared to commercial rigid PU foam. Furthermore, in a butane torch test, NIPU foams exhibit an 80% higher remaining mass and a 75% reduction in afterburn time, compared to commercial polyurethane. This bio-based polyurethane eliminates the hazards of traditional PUs, while imparting inherent thermal stability and flame resistance uncharacteristic of conventional foams.
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8
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A Review of Rigid Polymeric Cellular Foams and Their Greener Tannin-Based Alternatives. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193974. [PMID: 36235923 PMCID: PMC9572835 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the description of the main processes and materials used for the formulation of rigid polymer foams. Polyurethanes and their derivatives, as well as phenolic systems, are described, and their main components, foaming routes, end of life, and recycling are considered. Due to environmental concerns and the need to find bio-based alternatives for these products, special attention is given to a recent class of polymeric foams: tannin-based foams. In addition to their formulation and foaming procedures, their main structural, thermal, mechanical, and fire resistance properties are described in detail, with emphasis on their advanced applications and recycling routes. These systems have been shown to possess very interesting properties that allow them to be considered as potential substitutes for non-renewable rigid polymeric cellular foams.
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9
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Coste G, Denis M, Sonnier R, Caillol S, Negrell C. Synthesis of reactive phosphorus-based carbonate for flame retardant polyhydroxyurethane foams. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Liu Z, Liu T, Jiang H, Zhang X, Li J, Shi SQ, Gao Q. Biomimetic lignin-protein adhesive with dynamic covalent/hydrogen hybrid networks enables high bonding performance and wood-based panel recycling. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 214:230-240. [PMID: 35697168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Exploring the reusability of wood-based panels is imperative in the wood industry for sustainable development and carbon balance. Non-reusable adhesives make wood-based panel recycling difficult. In this study, inspired by the adhesion and de-adhesion behavior of snail slime, we built dynamic covalent/hydrogen hybrid networks into adhesive system for achieving both high bonding performance and reusability. Specifically, the softwood lignin was purified and pretreated by ultrasonication to form a catechol structure (UAL) and then combined with soybean protein to develop a 100 % bio-based wood adhesive. The catechol structure of UAL formed dynamic covalent bonds (CN) with the amino groups of the protein to improve the water resistance and formed multiple hydrogen bonds as a sacrificial network to improve the toughness of the adhesive. Thus, the wet shear strength of plywood bonded by the resultant adhesive improved by 101.4 % to 1.37 MPa. The adhesive also exhibited flame retardancy (LOI = 37.7 %), mildew resistance (60 h), and antibacterial performance (inhibition zone = 8 mm). Notably, owing to the rearrangement of dynamic covalent/hydrogen hybrid networks and the thermoplastic property of UAL, the resultant adhesive was reusable (3 cycles) and degradable (2 months), which provides a potential method for the reuse of wood-based panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application & Beijing Key, Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tao Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application & Beijing Key, Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Huguo Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application & Beijing Key, Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application & Beijing Key, Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianzhang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application & Beijing Key, Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Sheldon Q Shi
- Mechanical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Qiang Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application & Beijing Key, Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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11
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Gomez-Lopez A, Elizalde F, Calvo I, Sardon H. Trends in non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) development. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12254-12265. [PMID: 34709246 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05009e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The transition towards safer and more sustainable production of polymers has led to a growing body of academic research into non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs) as potential replacements for conventional, isocyanate-based polyurethane materials. This perspective article focuses on the opportunities and current limitations of NIPUs produced by the reaction between biobased cyclic carbonates with amines, which offers an interesting pathway to renewable NIPUs. While it was initially thought that due to the similarities in the chemical structure, NIPUs could be used to directly replace conventional polyurethanes (PU), this has proven to be more challenging to achieve in practice. As a result, and in spite of the vast amount of academic research into this topic, the market size of NIPUs remains negligible. In this perspective, we will emphasize the main limitations of NIPUs in comparison to conventional PUs and the most significant advances made by others and us to overcome these limitations. Finally, we provide our personal view of where research should be directed to promote the transition from the academic to the industrial sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Gomez-Lopez
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Fermin Elizalde
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Iñigo Calvo
- ORIBAY Group Automotive S.L. R&D Department, Portuetxe bidea 18, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
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12
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Bio-Based Polyurethane Resins Derived from Tannin: Source, Synthesis, Characterisation, and Application. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12111516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tannins are soluble, astringent secondary phenolic metabolites generally obtained from renewable natural resources, and can be found in many plant parts, such as fruits, stems, leaves, seeds, roots, buds, and tree barks, where they have a protective function against bacterial, fungal, and insect attacks. In general, tannins can be extracted using hot water or organic solvents from the bark, leaves, and stems of plants. Industrially, tannins are applied to produce adhesives, wood coatings, and other applications in the wood and polymer industries. In addition, tannins can also be used as a renewable and environmentally friendly material to manufacture bio-based polyurethanes (bio-PUs) to reduce or eliminate the toxicity of isocyanates used in their manufacture. Tannin-based bio-PUs can improve the mechanical and thermal properties of polymers used in the automotive, wood, and construction industries. The various uses of tannins need to be put into perspective with regards to possible further advances and future potential for value-added applications. Tannins are employed in a wide range of industrial applications, including the production of leather and wood adhesives, accounting for almost 90% of the global commercial tannin output. The shortage of natural resources, as well as the growing environmental concerns related to the reduction of harmful emissions of formaldehyde or isocyanates used in the production of polyurethanes, have driven the industrial and academic interest towards the development of tannin-based bio-PUs as sustainable alternative materials with satisfactory characteristics. The aim of the present review is to comprehensively summarize the current state of research in the field of development, characterization, and application of tannin-derived, bio-based polyurethane resins. The successful synthesis process of the tannin-based bio-PUs was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analyses.
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Superior radical scavenging and catalytic carbonization capacities of bioderived assembly modified ammonium polyphosphate as a mono-component intumescent flame retardant for epoxy resin. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Non-Furanic Humins-Based Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane (NIPU) Thermoset Wood Adhesives. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13030372. [PMID: 33504084 PMCID: PMC7865859 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Predominantly non-furanic commercial humins were used to prepare humin-based non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) resins for wood panel adhesives. Pure humin-based NIPU resins and tannin–humin NIPU resins were prepared, the latter to upgrade the humins’ performance. Species in the raw humins and species formed in the NIPU resins were identified by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight (MALDI ToF) spectrometry and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). Humins, fulvic acid and derivatives, humic acid and its fragments, some lignans present and furanic oligomers present formed NIPU linkages. Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) showed that as with other biomaterials-based NIPU resins, all these resins also showed two temperature peaks of curing, the first around 130 °C and the second around 220 °C. A decrease in the Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) between the two indicated that the first curing period corresponded to linear growth of the oligomers forming a physical entanglement network. This then disentangled, and the second corresponded to the formation of a chemical cross-linked network. This second peak was more evident for the tannin–humin NIPU resins. All the laboratory particleboard made and tested either bonded with pure humins or with tannin–humin NIPU adhesives satisfied well the internal bond strength requirements of the relevant standard for interior grade panels. The tannin–humin adhesives performed clearly better than the pure humins one.
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Abstract
This review critically addresses the most relevant and innovative techniques for obtaining polymers from tannins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myleidi Vera
- Department of Polymer
- Faculty of Chemistry Science
- University of Concepción
- Concepción
- Chile
| | - Bruno F. Urbano
- Department of Polymer
- Faculty of Chemistry Science
- University of Concepción
- Concepción
- Chile
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Chen X, Guigo N, Pizzi A, Sbirrazzuoli N, Li B, Fredon E, Gerardin C. Ambient Temperature Self-Blowing Tannin-Humins Biofoams. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112732. [PMID: 33213107 PMCID: PMC7698803 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambient temperature self-blowing tannin-furanic foams have been prepared by substituting a great part-even a majority-of furfuryl alcohol with humins, a polyfuranic material derived from the acid treatment at high temperature of fructose. Closed-cell foams were prepared at room temperature and curing, while interconnected-cell foams were prepared at 80 °C and curing, this being due to the more vigorous evaporation of the solvent. These foams appear to present similar characteristics as other tannin-furanic foams based only on furfuryl alcohol. A series of tannin-humins-furfuryl alcohol oligomer structures have been defined indicating that all three reagents co-react. Humins appeared to react well with condensed tannins, even higher molecular weight humins species, and even at ambient temperature, but they react slower than furfuryl alcohol. This is due to their high average molecular weight and high viscosity, causing their reaction with other species to be diffusion controlled. Thus, small increases in solvent led to foams with less cracks and open structures. It showed that furfuryl alcohol appears to also have a role as a humins solvent, and not just as a co-reagent and self-polymerization heat generator for foam expansion and hardening. Stress-strain for the different foams showed a higher compressive strength for both the foam with the lowest and the highest proportion of humins, thus in the dominant proportions of either furfuryl alcohol or the humins. Thus, due to their slower reactivity as their proportion increases to a certain critical level, more of them do proportionally participate within the expansion/curing time of the foam to the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Chen
- LERMAB, University of Lorraine, 27 rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France; (X.C.); (E.F.)
| | - Nathanael Guigo
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Cote d’Azur, 06103 Nice, France; (N.G.); (N.S.); (B.L.)
| | - Antonio Pizzi
- LERMAB, University of Lorraine, 27 rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France; (X.C.); (E.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nicolas Sbirrazzuoli
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Cote d’Azur, 06103 Nice, France; (N.G.); (N.S.); (B.L.)
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Cote d’Azur, 06103 Nice, France; (N.G.); (N.S.); (B.L.)
| | - Emmanuel Fredon
- LERMAB, University of Lorraine, 27 rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France; (X.C.); (E.F.)
| | - Christine Gerardin
- LERMAB, University of Lorraine, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, 54000 Nancy, France;
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