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Dou Y, Ju A, Zhong Z, Huo Y, Yao W. Flame-Retardant and Transparent Unsaturated Polyester Based on P/N Liquid Flame Retardants and Modified Halloysite Nanotubes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:761. [PMID: 38591628 PMCID: PMC10856195 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) with excellent flame retardant is mainly obtained by adding large amounts of flame retardants, usually at the expense of mechanical properties. In this work, a reactive flame retardant containing phosphorus and nitrogen (DOPO-N) was successfully synthesized and incorporated in UPR as a crosslinker. The mechanical and flame-retardant properties of UPR composites were enhanced. UPR/30DOPO-N passed a UL-94 V-1 rating with a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 30.8%. The tensile strength of UPR/30DOPO-N increased by 24.4%. On this basis, a small amount of modified HNTs (VHNTs) was added to further improve the flame-retardant properties of the composite. With the introduction of 3 wt% VHNTs, the composite passed the UL-94 V-0 rating. The peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) of it decreased by 60.7% and 48.3%, respectively. Moreover, the detailed flame-retarding mechanism of DOPO-N and VHNTs was investigated by thermogravimetric infrared spectroscopy (TG-IR), Raman spectra, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was found that DOPO-N played a role in quenching the flame in the gas phase and cooperated with VHNTs to enhance the barrier effect in the condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Weiguo Yao
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Automotive Material, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China; (Y.D.); (A.J.); (Z.Z.); (Y.H.)
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2
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Chu F, Wang W, Zhou Y, Xu Z, Zou B, Jiang X, Hu Y, Hu W. Fully bio-based and intrinsically flame retardant unsaturated polyester cross-linked with isosorbide-based diluents. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 344:140371. [PMID: 37820874 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Unsaturated polyester resins (UPR) are composed of prepolymers and styrene diluents, while the former are produced by co-polycondensation between diol, unsaturated diacid and saturated diacid. In this work, bio-based UPR prepolymers were synthesized from bio-based oxalic acid, itaconic acid, and ethylene glycol, which were then diluted with bio-based isosorbide methacrylate (MI). Meanwhile, the phenylphosphonate were introduced into the molecular chains of prepolymers to achieve intrinsic flame retardancy of bio-based UPR. The potential of the reactive MI diluents as substitutes of volatile styrene, was also assessed through the volatility test, curing kinetics and gel contents analysis. For UPR materials with styrene diluents, the UPR materials can achieve UL-94 V0 level and the 28% of limiting oxygen index (LOI) with 2.63 wt% of phosphorus contents. By contrast, the UPR materials with MI diluents can reach UL-94 V0 level with only 2.14 wt% of phosphorus contents. As the phosphorus contents were further increased to 2.63 wt%, UPR materials can achieve highest 29%, while the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) were decreased by 68.01% and 48.62%, respectively. The Flame Retardancy Index (FRI) was also used to comprehensively evaluate the flame retardant performance of UPR composites. Compared with neat UPR, the composites with MI diluents and phosphorus containing structures increased from 1.00 to 6.46. The mechanism for improved flame retardancy was analyzed from gaseous and condensed phase. Additionally, the tensile strengths of bio-based UPR materials with styrene and MI diluents were studied. This work provides an effective method to prepared high-performance and fully bio-based UPR materials with improved flame retardant properties and safety application of reactive diluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fukai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yifan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Zhoumei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Bin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Xin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Yandong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Weizhao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
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3
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Jiang Z, Ma M, Wang X, Chen S, Shi Y, He H, Wang X. Toward flame-retardant and toughened poly(lactic acid)/cross-linked polyurethane blends via the interfacial reaction with the modified bio-based flame retardants. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 251:126206. [PMID: 37562482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating bio-based flame retardants into polylactic acid (PLLA) to improve flame retardancy has always been the focus of research, but the improvement of flame retardancy is usually at the expense of mechanical properties. How to successfully balanced the material's mechanical and combustion properties has puzzled many scholars. Herein, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and chitosan (CS) were used as acid source and carbon source respectively. Biological flame retardant APP@CS was designed and synthesized by electrostatic self-assembly method. In addition, toughened PLLA composites were prepared by reactive blending with the in-situ formed polyurethane (PU) as toughening phase. The results show that the CS shell not only reduces the hydrophilicity of the flame retardant, but also has good flame retardant property because of its excellent char forming property. The addition of 10 phr APP@CS can endow PLLA/crosslinked PU (CPU) with UL-94 V-2 rating and a LOI value of 24.9 %. Interestingly, CS shell participates in the in-situ reaction, which improves the mechanical properties of the composite with elongation at break of 74 %, which is higher than that of sample doped with the same amount of APP. This work provides guidance for the high performance modification of PLLA and is expected to expand the practical application range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoliang Jiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Meng Ma
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plastic Modification and Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
| | - Xinpeng Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Si Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plastic Modification and Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Yanqin Shi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plastic Modification and Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Huiwen He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plastic Modification and Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plastic Modification and Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
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4
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Jiang L, Gao M, Xiao L, Wang X, Zhou W. Improving the flame retardancy efficiency and mechanical properties of the intumescent flame retarded low‐density polyethylene by the dual actions of polyurea microencapsulation and aluminum hypophosphite. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Licong Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
| | - Ming Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
| | - Leqin Xiao
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
| | - Xinlong Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
| | - Weiliang Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
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Hu WJ, Li YM, Hu SL, Li YR, Wang DY. The design of the nano-container to store the highly efficient flame retardants toward the enhancement of flame retardancy and smoke suppression for the unsaturated polyester resins. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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6
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Synthesis and performance of a new temperature-sensitive and super-absorbent fire prevention hydrogel based on ultrasonic method. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zhang J, Zhang H, Wang X, Zhang M. An environment friendly hemp fiber modified with phytic acid for enhancing fire safety of automobile parts. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2021-0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
To overcome the pollution to the environment with the application of flame retardants in automobiles, complete environment-friendly flame retardants have aroused wide concern. Furthermore, natural fibers have replaced artificial fibers in various fields due to their excellent performance and environmentally friendly. Thus, in this work, modified hemp fiber (HF-P) via phytic acid was obtained and used as a green flame retardant for automobile parts containing unsaturated polyester resins (UPR). The flame retardance of UPR composites were tested by thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index (LOI), and cone calorimeter test. A total of 3 wt% HF-P imparted UPR matrix excellent flame retardancy. The LOI value of UPR/HF-P-3 composites was increased from 18.9% of pure UPR to 22.1%, and the values of AHRR and THR were reduced to 401.9 kW/m2 and 150.6 MJ/m2, respectively. TGA test shows that HF-P can effectively improve the carbon-forming ability of UPR composites, which provides a material basis for condensed phase flame retardancy. For mechanical properties, the incorporation of HP-F endows a better enhancement on flexural strength of UPR composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- School of New Energy and Intelligent Connected Vehicle, Anhui University of Science and Technology , Hefei 231100 , China
- Institute of Environment-Friendly Materials and Occupational Health, Anhui University of Science and Technology , Wuhu 241000 , China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology , Huainan 231001 , China
| | - Han Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology , Huainan 231001 , China
| | - Xuanyao Wang
- Institute of Environment-Friendly Materials and Occupational Health, Anhui University of Science and Technology , Wuhu 241000 , China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology , Huainan 231001 , China
| | - Min Zhang
- Engineering and Research Institute, Chery Automobile Co., Ltd. , Wuhu 241000 , China
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Song D, He C, Zhang G, Wang Y, Liang Z, Jiang Z, Ma S. The Effect of a Polymeric Flame Retardant Containing Phosphorus–Sulfur–Silicon and a Caged Group on Unsaturated Polyester Resin. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-022-02260-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Shen J, Liang J, Lin X, Lin H, Yu J, Wang S. The Flame-Retardant Mechanisms and Preparation of Polymer Composites and Their Potential Application in Construction Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:82. [PMID: 35012105 PMCID: PMC8747271 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Against the background of people's increasing awareness of personal safety and property safety, the flame retardancy (FR) of materials has increasingly become the focus of attention in the field of construction engineering. A variety of materials have been developed in research and production in this field. Polymers have many advantages, such as their light weight, low water absorption, high flexibility, good chemical corrosion resistance, high specific strength, high specific modulus and low thermal conductivity, and are often applied to the field of construction engineering. However, the FR of unmodified polymer is not ideal, and new methods to make it more flame retardant are needed to enhance the FR. This article primarily introduces the flame-retardant mechanism of fire retardancy. It summarizes the preparation of polymer flame-retardant materials by adding different flame-retardant agents, and the application and research progress related to polymer flame-retardant materials in construction engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Shen
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Jianwei Liang
- Building Office, Taizhou Urban and Rural Planning & Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd., Taizhou 318000, China;
| | - Xinfeng Lin
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Hongjian Lin
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Jing Yu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Shifang Wang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
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Zhu K, Jiang Z, Xu X, Zhang Y, Zhu M, Wang J, Ren A. Preparation and thermal cross-linking mechanism of co-polyester fiber with flame retardancy and anti-dripping by in situ polymerization. RSC Adv 2021; 12:168-180. [PMID: 35424466 PMCID: PMC8978624 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07410e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research has been conducted on polyester flame retardants and anti-droplet modifications in recent years. The conventional methods used to improve the effectiveness of the anti-droplet modifications usually involve improving the melt fluidity and the combustion char formation through reactive cross-linking. However, these methods, while reducing the droplets, may produce more smoke. This study proposes a combustion cross-linking method which avoids the droplet and flame retardancy synergistic modification problem. Based on the flame retardancy of polyester, anti-droplet properties were realized using a collaborative cross – linking structure formed by a phosphorus – containing flame – retardant group and acid silicon solvent to achieve a flame retardant and anti-droplets result. The results show that the phosphorus–silicon copolyester presents an enhancement effect for flame retardancy, confirmed by obvious reductions in the peak value of heat release rate (78.4%) and total heat release (44.2%). Meanwhile, the total smoke release and smoke product rate of phosphorus–silicon copolyester are decreased by 45.1% and 41.5%, respectively. And the phosphorus–silicon copolyester has a high LOI value of 34.8 ± 0.1% and UL-94 is V-0 rating with superior anti-dripping performance. Flame retardancy index (FRI) of the copolyesters containing phosphorus–silica are up to 4.3093 (good flame retardancy). Nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was performed for qualitative analysis of network formation by the aid of Cure Index (CI) dimensionless criterion. It was observed that the acidic silica led to Excellent cure situation. The TG-DSC, XPS, and FTIR results validate the thermal cross-linking ability of the copolymer due to the synergistic cross-linking effect between the self-cross-linking characteristic of the catalysed acidic silica sol containing the phosphorus flame retardant. The SEM-EDX and Raman results further verify the effectiveness of the condensed-phase flame-retardant mechanism. Phosphorus–silicon copolyester has good spinnability, flame retardancy and anti-droplets properties. Which provides a simple method for preparing polyester by using this combustion synergistic crosslinking effect to achieve flame retardant and anti-dripping modification of copolymers. Scheme of proposed thermal cross-linking mechanism.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Research Center for Advanced Mirco- and Nano-Fabrication Materials, Shanghai University of Engineering Sciences Shanghai 201620 PR China
| | - Zhenlin Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Research Center for Advanced Mirco- and Nano-Fabrication Materials, Shanghai University of Engineering Sciences Shanghai 201620 PR China .,Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology Changsha 410073 PR China
| | - Xiaotong Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Research Center for Advanced Mirco- and Nano-Fabrication Materials, Shanghai University of Engineering Sciences Shanghai 201620 PR China
| | - Yun Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Research Center for Advanced Mirco- and Nano-Fabrication Materials, Shanghai University of Engineering Sciences Shanghai 201620 PR China
| | - Min Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Research Center for Advanced Mirco- and Nano-Fabrication Materials, Shanghai University of Engineering Sciences Shanghai 201620 PR China
| | - Jianghua Wang
- Jiangsu Guowanggaoke Fiber Co., Ltd Suzhou 215228 PR China
| | - Alex Ren
- Shanghai Rongteng Packing Service Co., Ltd Shanghai 201620 PR China
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Han L, Liao C, Mu X, Wu N, Xu Z, Wang J, Song L, Kan Y, Hu Y. Flame-Retardant ADP/PEO Solid Polymer Electrolyte for Dendrite-Free and Long-Life Lithium Battery by Generating Al, P-rich SEI Layer. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:4447-4453. [PMID: 33973796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The poly(ethylene oxide) solid polymer electrolyte (PEO SPE) has recently received much attention, however, the organic components in the SPE are still flammable. In this paper, we find that the high efficiency halogen-free aluminum (Al) diethyl hypophosphite flame retardant (ADP) is effective in reducing the flammability of PEO SPE. The SEI layer containing Al and phosphorus (P) inhibits the growth of lithium dendrite and enhances the cycle life of the battery. The capacity of a LiFePO4/SPE/Li battery containing ADP is still 123.2 mAh g-1 at 1.0 C and the Coulombic efficiency is as high as 99.95% after 1000 cycles (60 °C). At the same time, Al, P-rich SEI can inhibit the growth of lithium dendrite and the cycle stability of the battery is further enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Can Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaowei Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Na Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhoumei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yongchun Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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12
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Enhance the interaction between ammonium polyphosphate and epoxy resin matrix through hydrophobic modification with cationic latex. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Effect of silica aerogel – Aluminium trihydroxide hybrid filler on the physio-mechanical and thermal decomposition behaviour of unsaturated polyester resin composite. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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