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Application of supercritical carbon dioxide jet to recycle waste tire rubber: an experimental and optimization study. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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2
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Gumede JI, Hlangothi BG, Woolard CD, Hlangothi SP. Organic chemical devulcanization of rubber vulcanizates in supercritical carbon dioxide and associated less eco-unfriendly approaches: A review. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2022; 40:490-503. [PMID: 33829913 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x211008515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing need to recover raw materials from waste due to increasing environmental concerns and the widely adopted transition to circular economy. For waste tyres, it is necessary to continuously develop methods and processes that can devulcanize rubber vulcanizates into rubber products with qualities and properties that can closely match those of the virgin rubber. Currently, the most common, due to its efficiency and perceived eco-friendliness in recovering raw rubber from waste rubbers, such as tyres, is devulcanization in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) using commercial and typical devulcanizing agents. The scCO2 has been generally accepted as an attractive alternative to the traditional liquid-based devulcanization media because of the resultant devulcanized rubber has relatively better quality than other processes. For instance, when scCO2 is employed to recover rubber from waste tyres (e.g. truck tyres) and the recovered rubber is blended with virgin natural rubber (NR) in various compositions, the curing and mechanical properties of the blends closely match those of virgin NR. The atmospheric toxicity and cost of the commonly used devulcanization materials like chemical agents, oils and solvents have enabled a shift towards utilization of greener (mainly organic) and readily available devulcanization chemical components. This literature review paper discusses the approaches, which have less negative impact on the environment, in chemical devulcanization of rubber vulcanizates. A special focus has been on thermo-chemical devulcanization of waste tyres in scCO2 using common organic devulcanizing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jabulani I Gumede
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Rubber Science and Technology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Buyiswa G Hlangothi
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Rubber Science and Technology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Chris D Woolard
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Materials Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Shanganyane P Hlangothi
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Rubber Science and Technology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
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Wang Z, Pan C, Hu Y, Zeng D, Huang M, Jiang Y. High-quality ground tire rubber production from scrap tires by using supercritical carbon dioxide jet pulverization assisted with diphenyl disulfide. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.117061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Effects of Posttreatments on the Storage Stability of Reclaimed Rubber. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/6617666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Reclaimed rubber should be considered a source of new material with an economic impact, so the recycling of waste rubber is especially important. In this paper, sulfur-cured waste tire rubber powder is successfully devulcanized in a normal-pressure continuous regeneration system under the application of an activator and aromatic oil. Then, the reclaimed rubber was subjected to further mechanical shearing using a two-roll mill, rubber extruder, and rubber strainer. The effects of the storage time at room temperature on the properties and structure of reclaimed rubber were examined by sol fraction measurement, Mooney viscosity measurement, crosslink density measurement, tensile property testing, and Rubber Process Analyzer (RPA) measurement. The results under the test conditions indicated that different postprocessing operations were not making much difference to the properties of the reclaimed rubber. But the effect of storage time is more significant; the Mooney viscosity value increased from 65 to 90 when the storage period increases to 60 days, the sol fraction decreased, and the crosslink and density storage modulus also increased with increasing storage time due to the slow recombination and aggregation of the molecular fragments with free radicals happening in the reclaimed rubber during the storage.
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Asaro L, Gratton M, Poirot N, Seghar S, Aït Hocine N. Devulcanization of natural rubber industry waste in supercritical carbon dioxide combined with diphenyl disulfide. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 118:647-654. [PMID: 33011542 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The elimination of rubber wastes without affecting the environment is one of the most important challenges of the 21st century waste management. Accordingly, the present work is focused on the recycling of natural rubber (NR) industry waste by means of devulcanization in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) atmosphere. With that aim, a novel device allowing to perform rubber devulcanization was developed. It consists of a triaxial compression reactor integrated into a dynamic hydraulic universal testing machine with a heating chamber. NR industry waste was devulcanized in the mentioned device at different temperatures, in scCO2 by using diphenyl disulfide (DD) as devulcanizing reagent. The devulcanization degree and quality of the treated materials were evaluated by the swelling test combined with the Horikx theory. It was appeared that a successful devulcanization, with almost no degradation, was obtained, and the devulcanization degree reached maximum value of ~90%. Thermogravimetric tests and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images strengthened these results. Finally, it was concluded that the developed device is appropriate to perform rubber recycling, which contributes to the progress in the environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Asaro
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology (INTEMA), University of Mar del Plata and National Research Council (CONICET), Av. Colón 10850, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| | - Michel Gratton
- INSA CVL, Univ. Tours, Univ. Orléans, LaMé, 3 rue de la Chocolaterie, CS 23410, 41034 Blois Cedex, France.
| | - Nathalie Poirot
- IUT de Blois, 15 rue de la Chocolaterie, C.S. 2903, 41029 Blois, France.
| | - Said Seghar
- PHENIX TECHNOLOGIES, 29 Rue de Champfroid, 28800 Sancheville, France
| | - Nourredine Aït Hocine
- INSA CVL, Univ. Tours, Univ. Orléans, LaMé, 3 rue de la Chocolaterie, CS 23410, 41034 Blois Cedex, France.
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Lin T, Ke J, Wang J, Lin C, Wu X. Decrosslinking of zinc diacrylate‐cured epoxidized natural rubber via selective cleavage of carbon–oxygen bond. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Lin
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringFuzhou University Fuzhou China
| | - Jinhuang Ke
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringFuzhou University Fuzhou China
| | - Jinyun Wang
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringFuzhou University Fuzhou China
| | - Cong Lin
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringFuzhou University Fuzhou China
| | - Xiao Wu
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringFuzhou University Fuzhou China
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Markl E, Lackner M. Devulcanization Technologies for Recycling of Tire-Derived Rubber: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E1246. [PMID: 32164175 PMCID: PMC7085078 DOI: 10.3390/ma13051246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In general, composite materials are difficult to recycle. Tires belong to this class of materials. On top, one of their main constitutents, vulcanized rubber, is as elastomer, which cannot be remolten and hence is particularly challenging to put to a new use. Today, the main end-of-life routes of tires and other rubber products are landfilling, incineration in e.g., cement plants, and grinding to a fine powder, generating huge quantities and indicating a lack of sustainable recycling of this valuable material. True feedstock recycling is not feasible for complex mixtures such as tires, but devulcanization can be done to reactivate the cross-linked polymer for material recycling in novel rubber products. Devulcanization, i.e., the breaking up of sulfur bonds by chemical, thermophysical, or biological means, is a promising route that has been investigated for more than 50 years. This review article presents an update on the state-of-the art in rubber devulcanization. The article addresses established devulcanization technologies and novel processes described in the scientific and patent literatures. On the one hand, tires have become high-tech products, where the simultaneous improvement of wet traction, rolling resistance, and abrasion resistance (the so-called "magic triangle") is hard to achieve. On the other hand, recycling and sustainable end-of-life uses are becoming more and more important. It is expected that the public discussion of environmental impacts of thermoplastics will soon spill over to thermosets and elastomers. Therefore, the industry needs to develop and market solutions proactively. Every year, approximately 40 million tons of tires are discarded. Through the devulcanization of end-of-life tires (ELT), it is possible to produce new raw materials with good mechanical properties and a superior environmental footprint over virgin products. The devulcanization process has become an interesting technology that is able to support the circular economy concept.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maximilian Lackner
- University of Applied Sciences FH Technikum Wien, A-1200 Vienna, Austria;
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Mangili I, Lasagni M, Anzano M, Collina E, Tatangelo V, Franzetti A, Caracino P, Isayev AI. Mechanical and rheological properties of natural rubber compounds containing devulcanized ground tire rubber from several methods. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Mangili I, Oliveri M, Anzano M, Collina E, Pitea D, Lasagni M. Full factorial experimental design to study the devulcanization of ground tire rubber in supercritical carbon dioxide. J Supercrit Fluids 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Yao C, Zhao S, Hu M, Wang B, Zhang L. Half-submerged cultivation method for the microbial desulfurization of waste latex rubber. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chu Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Suhe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for the Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Minghan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Bingwu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for the Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for the Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
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Mangili I, Collina E, Anzano M, Pitea D, Lasagni M. Characterization and supercritical CO2 devulcanization of cryo-ground tire rubber: Influence of devulcanization process on reclaimed material. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Shi J, Jiang K, Zou H, Ding L, Zhang X, Li X, Zhang L, Ren D. Independent investigation on the influences of the processing conditions on the reclamation of crosslinked isoprene rubber after the impregnation of a reclaiming reagent. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for the Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Kuan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for the Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Zou
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for the Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Linlin Ding
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for the Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | | | - Xiaolin Li
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for the Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for the Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyun Ren
- Institute of Plastics Machinery and Engineering, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
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Continuous production of liquid reclaimed rubber from ground tire rubber and its application as reactive polymeric plasticizer. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Wang X, Shi C, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Effects of shear stress and subcritical water on devulcanization of styrene-butadiene rubber based ground tire rubber in a twin-screw extruder. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanjing University of Technology; Nanjing; China
| | - Changping Shi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanjing University of Technology; Nanjing; China
| | - Ling Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanjing University of Technology; Nanjing; China
| | - Yuncan Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanjing University of Technology; Nanjing; China
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Jiang K, Shi J, Ge Y, Zou R, Yao P, Li X, Zhang L. Complete devulcanization of sulfur-cured butyl rubber by using supercritical carbon dioxide. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.37542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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18
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Kim EB, Kim JT, Kim SY, Ju CS. Synthesis of copper-poly tetrafluoro-ethylene composites by supercritical impregnation process. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-010-0374-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Thaicharoen P, Thamyongkit P, Poompradub S. Thiosalicylic acid as a devulcanizing agent for mechano-chemical devulcanization. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-010-0168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Niu H, Dong JY. Is isoprene capable of being a comonomer under metallocene catalysis to reach side chain-unsaturated isotactic polypropylene? POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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