1
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Serna S, Wang T, Torkelson JM. Eliminating the Tg-confinement and fragility-confinement effects in poly(4-methylstyrene) films by incorporation of 3 mol % 2-ethylheyxl acrylate comonomer. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:034903. [PMID: 38235797 DOI: 10.1063/5.0189409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanoconfined poly(4-methylstyrene) [P(4-MS)] films exhibit reductions in glass transition temperature (Tg) relative to bulk Tg (Tg,bulk). Ellipsometry reveals that 15-nm-thick P(4-MS) films supported on silicon exhibit Tg - Tg,bulk = - 15 °C. P(4-MS) films also exhibit fragility-confinement effects; fragility decreases ∼60% in going from bulk to a 20-nm-thick film. Previous research found that incorporating 2-6 mol % 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (EHA) comonomer in styrene-based random copolymers eliminates Tg- and fragility-confinement effects in polystyrene. Here, we demonstrate that incorporating 3 mol % EHA in a 4-MS-based random copolymer, 97/3 P(4-MS/EHA), eliminates the Tg- and fragility-confinement effects. The invariance of fragility with nanoconfinement of 97/3 P(4-MS/EHA) films, hypothesized to originate from the interdigitation of ethylhexyl groups, indicates that the presence of EHA prevents the free surface from perturbing chain packing and the cooperative mobility associated with Tg. This method of eliminating confinement effects is advantageous as it relies on the simplest of polymerization methods and neat copolymer only slightly altered in composition from homopolymer. We also investigated whether we could eliminate the Tg-confinement effect with low levels of 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate (EHMA) in 4-MS-based or styrene-based copolymers. Although EHMA is structurally nearly identical to EHA, 4-MS-based and styrene-based copolymers incorporating 4 mol % EHMA exhibit Tg-confinement effects similar to P(4-MS) and polystyrene. These results support the special character of EHA in eliminating confinement effects originating at free surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Serna
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - John M Torkelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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2
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Hu S, Wang T, Wei T, Peera A, Zhang S, Pujari S, Torkelson JM. Very low levels of n-butyl acrylate comonomer strongly affect residual stress relaxation in styrene/acrylic random copolymer films. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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3
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Wang T, Hu S, Zhang S, Peera A, Reffner J, Torkelson JM. Eliminating the Tg-Confinement Effect in Polystyrene Films: Extraordinary Impact of a 2 mol % 2-Ethylhexyl Acrylate Comonomer. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Sumeng Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Sipei Zhang
- The Dow Chemical Company, 400 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania19426, United States
| | - Asghar Peera
- The Dow Chemical Company, 400 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania19426, United States
| | - John Reffner
- The Dow Chemical Company, 400 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania19426, United States
| | - John M. Torkelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
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4
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Han Y, Roth CB. Temperature dependent perylene fluorescence as a probe of local polymer glass transition dynamics. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:6094-6104. [PMID: 35929948 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00552b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate how the temperature dependence of perylene's fluorescence emission spectrum doped in bulk polymer matrices is sensitive to the local glass transition dynamics of the surrounding polymer segments. Focusing on the first fluorescence peak, we show that the intensity ratio IRatio(T) = IPeak(T)/ISRR between the first peak and a self referencing region (SRR) has a temperature dependence resulting from the temperature-dependent nonradiative decay pathway of the excited perylene dye that is influenced by its intermolecular collisions with the surrounding polymers segments. For different polymer matrices, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polystyrene (PS), poly(2-vinyl pyridine) (P2VP), and polycarbonate (PC), we demonstrate that IRatio(T) exhibits a transition from a non-Arrhenius behavior above the glass transition temperature Tg of the polymer to an Arrhenius temperature dependence with constant activation energy E below the Tg of the polymer matrix, indicating perylene's sensitivity to cooperative α-relaxation dynamics of the polymer matrix. This transition in temperature dependence allows us to identify a perylene defined local Tperyleneg of the surrounding polymer matrix that agrees well with the known Tg values of the polymers. We define a fluorescence intensity shift factor in analogy with the Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equation and use literature WLF parameters for the polymer matrix to quantify the calibration factor cf needed to convert the fluorescence intensity ratio to the effective time scale ratio described by the conventional WLF shift factor. This work opens up a new characterization method that could be used to map the local dynamical response of the glass transition in nanoscale polymer materials using appropriate covalent attachment of perylene to polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Han
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
| | - Connie B Roth
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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5
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Valdez S, Robertson M, Qiang Z. Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Measurements in Polymer Science: A Review. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200421. [PMID: 35689335 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a non-invasive characterization method for studying molecular structures and dynamics, providing high spatial resolution at nanometer scale. Over the past decades, FRET-based measurements are developed and widely implemented in synthetic polymer systems for understanding and detecting a variety of nanoscale phenomena, enabling significant advances in polymer science. In this review, the basic principles of fluorescence and FRET are briefly discussed. Several representative research areas are highlighted, where FRET spectroscopy and imaging can be employed to reveal polymer morphology and kinetics. These examples include understanding polymer micelle formation and stability, detecting guest molecule release from polymer host, characterizing supramolecular assembly, imaging composite interfaces, and determining polymer chain conformations and their diffusion kinetics. Finally, a perspective on the opportunities of FRET-based measurements is provided for further allowing their greater contributions in this exciting area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Valdez
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Mark Robertson
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Zhe Qiang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
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6
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Cheng B, Jiang Z, Yang J, Zhao J. Molecular motion activated by residual stress in a glassy polymer thin film. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:234903. [PMID: 34937386 DOI: 10.1063/5.0073756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation, by residual stress, of the fast portion of rotational motion of single fluorescent probe molecules inside a polymer thin film near its glass transition temperature is studied at a single molecular level. Spin-casted poly n-butyl methacrylate thin films without thermal annealing are chosen as the model system and single molecule fluorescence defocused microscopy is adopted as the method. The rotational motion of the probes under residual stress is found to be more activated than that under mere thermal activation, and the kinetic energy exhibits a monotonic increase with the stress strength. A rough linear dependence of rotational kinetic energy at low stress is found, yielding the value of characteristic volume for the residual stress to activate the motion of the probes. The values of the volume are close to the van der Waals volume of the probes, indicating that the activation of the fast dynamics by residual stress is localized. The activation effect is weakened and vanishes at or above the glass transition temperature due to stress relaxation. The effect is also absent at temperatures far below Tg due to the frozen molecular motion with a much higher activation energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Cheng
- Beijing National Research Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhichao Jiang
- Beijing National Research Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jingfa Yang
- Beijing National Research Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiang Zhao
- Beijing National Research Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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7
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Xu J, Lv C, Du B, Wang X, Tsui OKC. Effective Viscosity of Unentangled Random Copolymer Films of Styrene and 4-Methoxystyrene with Different Copolymer Compositions. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianquan Xu
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chao Lv
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Binyang Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ophelia K. C. Tsui
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
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8
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Wang T, Yan J, Yuan H, Xu J, Lam HY, Yu X, Lv C, Du B, Tsui OKC. Tg Confinement Effect of Random Copolymers of 4- tert-Butylstyrene and 4-Acetoxystyrene with Different Compositions. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:1280-1284. [PMID: 35651168 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We observe that the Tg confinement effect of polymer films can saturate with polymer-substrate interaction. Thickness dependences of the glass transition temperature, Tg(h0), of random copolymer films of 4-tert-butylstyrene (TBS) and 4-acetoxystyrene (AS) supported by silica (SiOx) were measured for different TBS concentrations, XTBS. For 0 ≤ XTBS ≤ 0.47, Tg(h0) displays identical enhancements, independent of XTBS. For XTBS > ∼0.66; however, Tg(h0) decreases steadily with XTBS. The XTBS > 0.66 result is in keeping with expectations that TBS interacts less strongly with SiOx than AS does, and weaker polymer-substrate interaction renders greater dominance of the air surface over substrate surface on Tg, and thereby Tg reduction. We propose that saturation in Tg(h0) found for XTBS ≤ 0.47 is caused by the maximization in polymer-substrate-specific bond formation. Further experiments and a calculation support this proposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wang
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Jinsong Yan
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Hailin Yuan
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Jianquan Xu
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Ho Yi Lam
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Xuanji Yu
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Chao Lv
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Binyang Du
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ophelia K. C. Tsui
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
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9
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Adrjanowicz K, Winkler R, Dzienia A, Paluch M, Napolitano S. Connecting 1D and 2D Confined Polymer Dynamics to Its Bulk Behavior via Density Scaling. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:304-309. [PMID: 35650833 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Under confinement, the properties of polymers can be much different from the bulk. Because of the potential applications in technology and hope to reveal fundamental problems related to the glass-transition, it is important to realize whether the nanoscale and macroscopic behavior of polymer glass-formers are related to each other in any simple way. In this work, we have addressed this issue by studying the segmental dynamics of poly(4-chlorostyrene) (P4ClS) in the bulk and upon geometrical confinement at the nanoscale level, in either one- (thin films on Al substrate) or two- (within alumina nanopores) dimensions. The results demonstrate that the segmental relaxation time, irrespective of the confinement size or its dimensionality, can be scaled onto a single curve when plotted versus ργ/T with the same single scaling exponent, γ = 3.1, obtained via measurements at high pressures in bulk. The implication is that the macro- and nanoscale confined polymer dynamics are intrinsically connected and governed by the same underlying rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Adrjanowicz
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research (SMCEBI), 75 Pulku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Roksana Winkler
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research (SMCEBI), 75 Pulku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Dzienia
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research (SMCEBI), 75 Pulku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9 1, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Marian Paluch
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research (SMCEBI), 75 Pulku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Simone Napolitano
- Laboratory of Polymer and Soft Matter Dynamics, Faculté des Sciences, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP 223, Boulevard du Triomphe, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
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10
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Davis MJB, Zuo B, Priestley RD. Competing polymer-substrate interactions mitigate random copolymer adsorption. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:7204-7213. [PMID: 30131985 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01433g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Annealing a supported polymer film in the melt state, a common practice to relieve residual stresses and erase thermal history, can result in the development of an irreversibly adsorbed nanolayer. This layer of polymer chains physically adsorbed to the substrate interface has been shown to influence thin film properties such as viscosity and glass transition temperature. Its growth is attributed to many simultaneous interactions between individual monomer units and the substrate stabilizing chains against desorption. A better understanding of how these specific polymer-substrate interactions influence the growth of the adsorbed layer is needed, particularly given how strongly the properties of geometrically-confined polymeric systems are impacted by interfaces. Here, we use homopolymers and random copolymers of styrene and methyl methacrylate to form adsorbed layers and examine the influence of chemical composition and the resulting polymer-substrate interactions on adsorbed layer growth and structure. Ellipsometric measurements reveal a non-monotonic trend between composition and thickness of the adsorbed layers that is inconsistent with the behavior normally exhibited by random copolymers, being intermediate to their respective homopolymers. We examine this trend in terms of plateau thickness and growth kinetics at two different annealing temperatures and propose a mechanism for how different polymer-substrate interactions combine to influence adsorption when copolymer films are annealed. By introducing compositional heterogeneity, this mechanism extends the study of irreversible adsorption to complex chemistries and provides for a more general understanding of how annealing should be accounted for in the proper selection and processing of polymer thin films for applications in nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J B Davis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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11
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Wang H, Hor JL, Zhang Y, Liu T, Lee D, Fakhraai Z. Dramatic Increase in Polymer Glass Transition Temperature under Extreme Nanoconfinement in Weakly Interacting Nanoparticle Films. ACS NANO 2018; 12:5580-5587. [PMID: 29792676 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Properties of polymers in polymer nanocomposites and nanopores have been shown to deviate from their respective bulk properties due to physical confinement as well as polymer-particle interfacial interactions. However, separating the confinement effects from the interfacial effects under extreme nanoconfinement is experimentally challenging. Capillary rise infiltration enables polymer infiltration into nanoparticle (NP) packings, thereby confining polymers within extremely small pores and dramatically increasing the interfacial area, providing a good system to systematically distinguish the role of each effect on polymer properties. In this study, we investigate the effect of spatial confinement on the glass transition temperature ( Tg) of polystyrene (PS) infiltrated into SiO2 NP films. The degree of confinement is tuned by varying the molecular weight of polymers, the size of NPs (diameters between 11 and 100 nm, producing 3-30 nm average pore sizes), and the fill-fraction of PS in the NP films. We show that in these dense NP packings the Tg of confined PS, which interacts weakly with SiO2 NPs, significantly increases with decreasing pore size such that for the two molecular weights of PS studied the Tg increases by up to 50 K in 11 nm NP packings, while Tg is close to the bulk Tg in 100 nm NP packings. Interestingly, as the fill-fraction of PS is decreased, resulting in the accumulation of the polymer in the contacts between nanoparticles, hence an increased specific interfacial area, the Tg further increases relative to the fully filled films by another 5-8 K, indicating the strong role of geometrical confinement as opposed to the interfacial effects on the measured Tg values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Jyo Lyn Hor
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Zahra Fakhraai
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
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12
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Glor EC, Angrand GV, Fakhraai Z. Exploring the broadening and the existence of two glass transitions due to competing interfacial effects in thin, supported polymer films. J Chem Phys 2018; 146:203330. [PMID: 28571332 DOI: 10.1063/1.4979944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, we use ellipsometry to characterize the glass transition in ultra-thin films of poly(2-vinyl pyridine) (P2VP) supported on a silicon substrate. P2VP is known to have attractive substrate interactions, which can increase the Tg of ultra-thin films compared to the bulk value. Here, we use an extended temperature range to show that the glass transition can be extremely broad, indicating that a large gradient of the dynamics exists through the film with slow dynamics near the substrate and enhanced dynamics at the free surface. To observe the effect of these two interfaces on the average thin film dynamics, cooling rate-dependent Tg (CR-Tg) measurements were used to indirectly probe the average relaxation times of the films. We demonstrate that ultra-thin films have lower fragility compared to bulk films, and, when cooled at slow cooling rates (<1 K/min), exhibit extreme broadening of the dynamics (<70 nm) and eventually complete decoupling between the free surface and substrate regions to produce films with two distinct Tg's (<16 nm). Tg,high increases with decreasing thickness in a similar manner to what has been observed in previous studies on P2VP, and Tg,low decreases with decreasing film thickness in a similar manner to what has been observed in polymer films with enhanced free surfaces and neutral substrate interactions. These observations indicate that the dynamics in thin films of P2VP can be strongly coupled over a length scale of ∼10-20 nm, resulting in two co-existing layers with two distinct glass transitions when the range of the dynamical gradients become too large to sustain (breadth of the transition > 50 K).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan C Glor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Gabriel V Angrand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Zahra Fakhraai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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13
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Zhao Y, Zhou J, Lan Y, Li P, Du F, Lei F, Li H, Huang Q. Progressive Relaxation Behavior and Relaxation Dynamics of sPS Gels upon Controlled Heating. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E526. [PMID: 30966560 PMCID: PMC6415395 DOI: 10.3390/polym10050526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive relaxation behavior of syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) chains in sPS gel was detected in the course of melting via the application of intrinsic fluorescence and fluorescence anisotropy techniques. The melting process included a dissociative process of the network at lower temperature and a relaxation process from helix to worm-like chains at higher temperature. The dynamics of structural relaxation behavior was discovered by intrinsic fluorescence technique, and an abrupt bend emerged at 58 °C on the Arrhenius plot. At temperatures lower than 58 °C, only the dissociation of the helical structure existed and the rate of relaxation from helix to worm-like conformation was negligible. At temperatures higher than 58 °C, the transition from helical chain to worm-like chain was the rate-determining step. The intrinsic fluorescence technique demonstrated its practicability in detecting kinetic processes of sPS/chloroform gel in the course of melting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhi Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China.
| | - Juying Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China.
| | - Yanjiao Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China.
| | - Pengfei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China.
| | - Fangkai Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China.
| | - Fuhou Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China.
| | - Hao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China.
| | - Qin Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China.
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14
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Burroughs MJ, Christie D, Gray LAG, Chowdhury M, Priestley RD. 21st Century Advances in Fluorescence Techniques to Characterize Glass‐Forming Polymers at the Nanoscale. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary J. Burroughs
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Dane Christie
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Laura A. G. Gray
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Mithun Chowdhury
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Rodney D. Priestley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
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15
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Vogt BD. Mechanical and viscoelastic properties of confined amorphous polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D. Vogt
- Department of Polymer Engineering; University of Akron; Akron Ohio 44325
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16
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Ren YK, Li YT, Li LB. A theoretical interpretation of free volume at glass transition. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-017-1968-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Chebil MS, Vignaud G, Bal JK, Beuvier T, Delorme N, Grohens Y, Gibaud A. Reversibility in glass transition behavior after erasing stress induced by spin coating process. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Fluorescent quantum yield of pyrene probe in ultrathin polymer films. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-017-1884-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Sun S, Xu H, Han J, Zhu Y, Zuo B, Wang X, Zhang W. The architecture of the adsorbed layer at the substrate interface determines the glass transition of supported ultrathin polystyrene films. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:8348-8358. [PMID: 27714375 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm01500j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the mechanism underlying the effect of polymer/solid interfacial interactions on the dynamics of thin polymer films, the glass transition of thin end-functionalized polystyrene films supported on SiO2-Si, such as proton-terminated PS (PS-H), α,ω-dicarboxy-terminated PS (PS-COOH), and α,ω-dihydroxyl-terminated PS (PS-OH), was investigated. All the PS films exhibited a substantial depression in Tg with decreasing film thickness, while the extent of such depression was strongly dependent on the chemical structure of the end groups and molecular weights. It was found that T - T of the various PS films increased linearly with increasing hads/Rg, in which hads is the thickness of the interfacial adsorbed layer and Rg is the radius of gyration of PS. The hads/Rg is a direct reflection of the macromolecular chain conformation within the adsorbed layer which was affected by its end groups and molecular weights. These findings are in line with the work of Napolitano, and present direct experimental evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Jun Han
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Yumei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Biao Zuo
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Xinping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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20
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Stiffness of thin, supported polystyrene films: Free-surface, substrate, and confinement effects characterized via self-referencing fluorescence. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Christie D, Zhang C, Fu J, Koel B, Priestley RD. Glass transition temperature of colloidal polystyrene dispersed in various liquids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dane Christie
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Princeton University; Princeton New Jersey 08544
| | - Chuan Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Princeton University; Princeton New Jersey 08544
| | - Jie Fu
- Department of Chemistry; Princeton University; Princeton New Jersey 08544
| | - Bruce Koel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Princeton University; Princeton New Jersey 08544
- Department of Chemistry; Princeton University; Princeton New Jersey 08544
| | - Rodney D. Priestley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Princeton University; Princeton New Jersey 08544
- Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials; Princeton University; Princeton New Jersey 08544
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22
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Tan AW, Torkelson JM. Poly(methyl methacrylate) nanotubes in AAO templates: Designing nanotube thickness and characterizing the T-confinement effect by DSC. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Zhang L, Elupula R, Grayson SM, Torkelson JM. Major Impact of Cyclic Chain Topology on the Tg-Confinement Effect of Supported Thin Films of Polystyrene. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ravinder Elupula
- Department
of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Scott M. Grayson
- Department
of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
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24
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Evans CM, Kim S, Roth CB, Priestley RD, Broadbelt LJ, Torkelson JM. Role of neighboring domains in determining the magnitude and direction of Tg-confinement effects in binary, immiscible polymer systems. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Residual stress relaxation and stiffness in spin-coated polymer films: Characterization by ellipsometry and fluorescence. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Kim SK, Nguyen NA, Wie JJ, Park HS. Manipulating the glass transition behavior of sulfonated polystyrene by functionalized nanoparticle inclusion. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:8864-8872. [PMID: 25909461 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr01151e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale interfaces can modify the phase transition behaviors of polymeric materials. Here, we report the double glass transition temperature (Tg) behavior of sulfonated polystyrene (sPS) by the inclusion of 14 nm amine-functionalized silica (NH2-SiO2) nanoparticles, which is different from the single Tg behaviors of neat sPS and silica (SiO2)-filled sPS. The inclusion of 20 wt% NH2-SiO2 nanoparticles results in an increase of Tg by 9.3 °C as well as revealing a second Tg reduced by 44.7 °C compared to the Tg of neat sPS. By contrast, when SiO2 nanoparticles with an identical concentration and size to NH2-SiO2 are dispersed, sPS composites possess a single Tg of 7.3 °C higher than that of the neat sPS. While a nanoscale dispersion is observed for SiO2 nanoparticles, as confirmed by microscopic and X-ray scattering analyses, NH2-SiO2 nanoparticles show the coexistence of micron-scale clustering along with a nanoscale dispersion of the individual nanoparticles. The micro-phase separation contributes to the free volume induced Tg reduction by the plasticization effect, whereas the Tg increase originates from the polymer segment mobility constrained by nanoconfinement and the rigid amorphous fractions deriving from strong polymer-particle interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Kon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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27
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Lan T, Torkelson JM. Substantial spatial heterogeneity and tunability of glass transition temperature observed with dense polymer brushes prepared by ARGET ATRP. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Zhang L, Torkelson JM. Influence of initiator fragments as chain ends on the Tg-confinement effect and dewetting of thin films of ultralow molecular weight polymer. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Antonelli C, Serrano B, Baselga J, Ozisik R, Cabanelas JC. Interfacial characterization of epoxy/silica nanocomposites measured by fluorescence. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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Methacrylate-based polymer films useful in lithographic applications exhibit different glass transition temperature-confinement effects at high and low molecular weight. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Evans CM, Deng H, Jager WF, Torkelson JM. Fragility is a Key Parameter in Determining the Magnitude of Tg-Confinement Effects in Polymer Films. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401017n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wolter F. Jager
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628
BL Delft, The Netherlands
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32
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Zuo B, Qian C, Yan D, Liu Y, Liu W, Fan H, Tian H, Wang X. Probing Glass Transitions in Thin and Ultrathin Polystyrene Films by Stick–Slip Behavior during Dynamic Wetting of Liquid Droplets on Their Surfaces. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3023734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Zuo
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile
Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Chao Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile
Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Donghuan Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile
Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yingjun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile
Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Wanglong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile
Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hao Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile
Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Houkuan Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile
Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile
Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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33
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Evans CM, Torkelson JM. Determining multiple component glass transition temperatures in miscible polymer blends: Comparison of fluorescence spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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34
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Katzenstein JM, Janes DW, Cushen JD, Hira NB, McGuffin DL, Prisco NA, Ellison CJ. Patterning by Photochemically Directing the Marangoni Effect. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:1150-1154. [PMID: 35607202 DOI: 10.1021/mz300400p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polystyrene (PS) that has been exposed to ultraviolet light (UV) undergoes partial dehydrogenation of the alkane polymer backbone which increases its surface energy. Exploiting this photochemistry, we exposed polystyrene films to UV light using a photomask to induce a patterned photochemical reaction producing regions in the film with differing surface energy. Upon heating the solid polymer film with the preprogrammed surface energy pattern to a liquid state, the polymer flows from the low surface energy unexposed regions to high surface energy exposed regions. This flow creates three-dimensional topography by the Marangoni Effect, which describes convective mass transfer due to surface energy gradients. The topographical features can be permanently preserved by quenching the film below its glass to liquid transition temperature. Their shape and organization are only limited by the pattern on the photomask.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Katzenstein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
United States
| | - Dustin W. Janes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
United States
| | - Julia D. Cushen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
United States
| | - Nikhil B. Hira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
United States
| | - Dana L. McGuffin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
United States
| | - Nathan A. Prisco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
United States
| | - Christopher J. Ellison
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
United States
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35
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Evans CM, Torkelson JM. Major Roles of Blend Partner Fragility and Dye Placement on Component Glass Transition Temperatures: Fluorescence Study of Near-Infinitely Dilute Species in Binary Blends. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3014614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Evans
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering and ‡Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - John M. Torkelson
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering and ‡Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- M. D. Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Peter Harrowell
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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37
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Evans CM, Narayanan S, Jiang Z, Torkelson JM. Modulus, confinement, and temperature effects on surface capillary wave dynamics in bilayer polymer films near the glass transition. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:038302. [PMID: 22861904 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.038302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report relaxation times (τ) for surface capillary waves on 27-127 nm polystyrene (PS) top layers in bilayer films using x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy. At ∼10 °C above the PS glass transition temperature (T(g)), τ tracks with underlayer modulus, being significantly smaller on softer substrates at low in-plane scattering wave vector. Relative to capillary wave theory, we also report stiffening behavior upon nanoconfinement of the PS layers. At PS T(g)+40 °C, both effects become negligible. We demonstrate how neighboring polymer domains impact dynamics over substantial length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Evans
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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38
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Hoppe ET, Hopp I, Port M, Menges B, Papadakis CM. Optical properties of polybutadiene in the bulk and near a gold interface. Colloid Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-012-2711-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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39
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Boucher VM, Cangialosi D, Alegría A, Colmenero J. Enthalpy Recovery in Nanometer to Micrometer Thick Polystyrene Films. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma300622k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virginie M. Boucher
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal
5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Daniele Cangialosi
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal
5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Angel Alegría
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal
5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de Física
de Materiales, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Apartado 1072, 20080 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Juan Colmenero
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal
5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de Física
de Materiales, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Apartado 1072, 20080 San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018
San Sebastián, Spain
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40
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Yin H, Napolitano S, Schönhals A. Molecular Mobility and Glass Transition of Thin Films of Poly(bisphenol A carbonate). Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma202127p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huajie Yin
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen
87, D-12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone Napolitano
- Department of Physics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du
Triomphe CP 223, Bâtiment NO, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Andreas Schönhals
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen
87, D-12200 Berlin, Germany
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41
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Gray LAG, Yoon SW, Pahner WA, Davidheiser JE, Roth CB. Importance of Quench Conditions on the Subsequent Physical Aging Rate of Glassy Polymer Films. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma202493n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. G. Gray
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Suk W. Yoon
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - William A. Pahner
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | - Connie B. Roth
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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42
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Burt TM, Keum J, Hiltner A, Baer E, Korley LTJ. Confinement of elastomeric block copolymers via forced assembly coextrusion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:4804-4811. [PMID: 22124208 DOI: 10.1021/am201297f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Forced assembly processing provides a unique opportunity to examine the effects of confinement on block copolymers (BCPs) via conventional melt processing techniques. The microlayering process was utilized to produce novel materials with enhanced mechanical properties through selective manipulation of layer thickness. Multilayer films consisting of an elastomeric, symmetric block copolymer confined between rigid polystyrene (PS) layers were produced with layer thicknesses ranging from 100 to 600 nm. Deformation studies of the confined BCP showed an increase in ductility as the layer thickness decreased to 190 nm due to a shift in the mode of deformation from crazing to shear yielding. Postextrusion annealing was performed on the multilayer films to investigate the impact of a highly ordered morphology on the mechanical properties. The annealed multilayer films exhibited increased toughness with decreasing layer thickness and resulted in homogeneous deformation compared to the as-extruded films. Multilayer coextrusion proved to be an advantageous method for producing continuous films with tunable mechanical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffani M Burt
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, USA
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43
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Yuan Z, Yang D, Fan L. Temperature-induced Molecular Chain Motions of Styrenic Triblock Copolymers Studied by Intrinsic Fluorescence Spectra. CHINESE J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201180376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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44
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Evans CM, Sandoval RW, Torkelson JM. Glass Transition Temperature of a Component near Infinite Dilution in Binary Polymer Blends: Determination via Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201259w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Evans
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and ‡Department of Materials Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Robert W. Sandoval
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and ‡Department of Materials Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - John M. Torkelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and ‡Department of Materials Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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45
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Zhou J, Yang J, Yang K, Zhang B, Hu C, Chen X. Conformational behaviors of syndiotactic polystyrene in chloroform revealed by intrinsic fluorescence technique. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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46
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Choi HS, Ismail S, Armani AM. Studying polymer thin films with hybrid optical microcavities. OPTICS LETTERS 2011; 36:2152-4. [PMID: 21633479 DOI: 10.1364/ol.36.002152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic and inorganic polymeric thin films have numerous applications, including solar cells, biodetection, and nanocomposites. Improving our understanding of the fundamental material behavior is critical to designing polymers with ideal behavior and increased lifetime. However, there are limited nondestructive characterization methods that are able to perform these high-resolution measurements. In this Letter, we demonstrate a method that is able to detect temperature-induced changes in the refractive index of polystyrene polymer thin films as small as 10(-7). This approach is based on optical microcavity resonators. The experimental results agree well with the theoretical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Seok Choi
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
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47
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Pye JE, Rohald KA, Baker EA, Roth CB. Physical Aging in Ultrathin Polystyrene Films: Evidence of a Gradient in Dynamics at the Free Surface and Its Connection to the Glass Transition Temperature Reductions. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma101412r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin E. Pye
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Kate A. Rohald
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | | | - Connie B. Roth
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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48
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Lu H, Chen W, Russell TP. Relaxation of Thin Films of Polystyrene Floating on Ionic Liquid Surface. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma901789k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Lu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Thomas P. Russell
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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49
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Rowe BW, Pas SJ, Hill AJ, Suzuki R, Freeman BD, Paul D. A variable energy positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy study of physical aging in thin glassy polymer films. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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50
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Nambiar RR, Blum FD. Plasticization of Adsorbed Poly(vinyl acetate) on Silica by Deuterium Solid-State NMR. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma901205u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh R. Nambiar
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409-0010
| | - Frank D. Blum
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409-0010
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